be clearly seen by those who looked into the near future that on the army would eventually hang the destinies of both opposing parties, that the common soldiers had to be reckoned with as important elements in the contest, and that their politics and religion should therefore be carefully coached and tutored, and, above all, any religious scruples especially cleared and directed. This will appear from the following curious literature, of which but few copies have escaped to our days: 1. A Spirituall Snapsacke for the Parliament Souldiers, containing Cordiall Encouragements unto the Successfull Prosecution of this Present Cause. Lond., 1643, 4to. 2. The Christian Souldier; or, Preparation for Battaile. Lond., 1642, 4to. go on. 1644, 4to. 6. The Zealous Souldier. or, a Discourse 7. The Mercenary Souldier. Both broadsheets, c. 1646. 8. The Souldier's Pocket Bible. Lond., 1643, 12mo. And a second edition, Lond., 1644. 9. The Souldier's Catechism, composed for the Parliaments Army, in two parts, wherein are chiefly taught: (1) The Justification, (2) The Qualification, of our Soldiers, written for the encouragement and instruction of all that have taken up arms in the cause of God and His People, especially the Common Soldier. Lond., 1644, 12mo. The last two are associated with the name of Cromwell, as having been issued according to the wish and instruction of his rising and influential party. Both are extremely scarce, only two copies each being known of the originals. The 'Pocket Bible' is well known, having been frequently reprinted, and is mainly a collection of Scripture texts suitable for soldiers with appropriate headings. But the 'Soldier's Catechism' is by far the most remarkable and interesting book ever issued for a soldier's breast-pocket, and, as is acknowledged, was a powerful instrument in determining the king's execution. It would be interesting to know who drew it up, and how it is we know so little about it. No bibliographers, no historians, even mention it. NE QUID NIMIS. "BOER."-It may be of interest to note that the word boer, pronounced as a dissyllable booer, is in common use in this part of Scotland (Galloway), although it is not to be found in Jamieson's 'Dictionary.' It is used to denote the person, usually a peasant, to whom a farmer lets his dairy cows for the season. Perhaps I should have said that this seems to be the same word as the Dutch boer and English boor; but it is to be noted that a dairy of cows is spoken of here as a booing, apparently onomatopeic, and our word booer may signify one who takes over the booing. HERBERT MAXWELL. ROGERS'S GINEVRA.'-- Within that chest she had concealed herself, Fluttering with joy, the happiest of the happy; When a spring-lock that lay in ambush there Fastened her down for ever! If the following, taken from the Daily Telegraph for 26 June, 1897, is the bond fide account of an actual occurrence, and not an exaggeration or invention suggested by the story, we have what seems to be a striking parallel or illustration : "Henderson, Kentucky, Friday.-Two sisters, five years respectively, while playing hide-and seek named Laura and Jennie Melton, aged seven and with three other children at their father's house, hid inside a big trunk in the cellar. Two others hid in a bed upstairs. The fifth child found the latter two, but could not find the others. The parents were away visiting a neighbour, and did not come back for three hours, but, on learning the two children were missing, at once began to search for them. After an investigation lasting an hour, the father remembered the trunk, and on opening it discovered the two girls lying dead in each other's The lid of the trunk fastened with a spring. arms. lock, and when the children were once in the box, they were unable to open it, and were slowly suffocated.-Dalziel." The incident, if truly such, lends itself to poetry on the lines of 'Lucy Gray'; but any writer so utilizing it would, of course, be thought to be simply imitating Rogers. Bath. แ C. LAWRENCE FORD, B.A. QUAGGA" AND "ZEBRA."-The names of these two nearly allied animals have never been satisfactorily traced to their sources. Taking Prof. Skeat's 'Dictionary' and the เ Century' as the two best authorities, I find in the former, "Quagga, said to be Hottentot"; in the latter, "Quagga, apparently South African." The word is South African. It is not Hottentot, but Xosa-Kaffir. As early as 1812, Lichtenstein, in his 'Travels,' gives it as such in a vocabulary of Xosa words; and in the 'Dictionary of the Kaffir Language,' by the Rev. W. J. Davis (London, 1872), I find it again. Davis spells it iqwara, but his represents a "deep guttural sound," hence the European forms quagga and quacha (pronounced kwokka). As to zebra, the nearest approach to an etymology of it is due to Littré, who calls it "mot éthiopien." Prof. Skeat quotes this only to express doubt of its accuracy, though he has nothing with which to replace it. The 'Century' vaguely guesses the word to be "African." Yet there are plenty of dictionaries which would have decided its origin. I turn to the Dictionary of the Amharic Language,' by the Rev. C. W. Isenberg (London, 1841, p. 157), and I find that zebra is Ethiopian, Amharic being, I need hardly say, the court and official language of Abyssinia. Isenberg prints it in Ethiopic characters, which cannot be reproduced here. The transliteration is zěběra. The short e's, corresponding to the Hebrew sheva, are practically silent in pronunciation, and the stress should be upon the last syllable. JAMES PLATT, Jun. "The French King Charles the Sixth, his mind A PASTILLE-BURNER.-We have a china being distempered, committed the governement ornament, that has been in existence upwards of his Realme to others, and gave himselfe to pastimes there chanced a marriage to bee solemof sixty years, in the form of a cottage, four nized in his Court, where the King was disposed to by five by three inches, and that, in spite make himselfe and others merrie, he put off all his of its preposterous floral embellishment, in-apparell, and disguised his face like a Lion, annointdicates a purpose in its construction. The ing his body with pitch, and fastned flaxe so base is recessed, and pierced, as it were artificially to it, that he represented a monster, rough, and covered with haire. When he was through the floor, in four places. At the thus attired, and five others as wise as himselfe, sides and back of this base there are three they came into the chamber among the Lords and inlets, measuring three-quarters of an inch Ladies, dauncing and singing in a strange tune, all each, apparently for air. The doorway at the Court beholding them. The Duke of Orleance, the back is ample and unobstructed by a door. whether that hee might better see, or for some There are six window-spaces at the front, and held it so neare the King, that a spark falling other toy, snatched a torch out of a mans hand, also open; and the flues of the two chimneys upon him set them all on a flaming fire; two of the connect with the interior. This is doubtless five companions were miserably burnt in the place, one of the old pastille-burners, the pastilles crying and howling most pitifully without any being placed in the chimneys, and obtaining daies after; the fifth running speedily into a place remedie; other two dyed in great torment two by means of these various contrivances suffi- where was water and wine, to wash himselfe, was cient air for their free combustion. ARTHUR MAYALL. HENRY CAVENDISH.-The notice in the 'Encycl. Brit.' of this celebrated chemist states that he was educated at Newcombe's school at Hackney. This seems to have been a notable seminary in the middle of last century. It would be interesting to glean some facts about its exact site, &c., and respecting any scholars who were contemporaries of Cavendish, and made their mark in science, letters, or arms. M. L. BRESLAR. "WROTH SILVER."-The following, from the Liverpool Echo for 13 November, 1899, may be of interest :: "At sunrise on Saturday morning the ancient custom of collecting wroth silver' on the Duke of Buccleuch's Warwickshire estate was observed at Knightlow Hill, a short distance from Rugby. The duke has rights over the common lands in a number of parishes, and he therefore claims to take dues from those parishes. One group is called upon to pay ld. each, another lot 1d., and so on to 28. 3d. A large number of people go out at sunrise and follow the Buccleuch agent into a field where stands the cross at which tribute is paid. As a rule the money is forthcoming, not from the official coffers saved; the King having more helpe than the rest, before the flame had compassed his body round about, was saved by a Lady that cast her traine and gowne about him, and quenched the fire." RICHARD H. THORNTON. Portland, Oregon. "WOUND" FOR "WINDED."-It is rather to be regretted that in the 'H.E.D.' under Horn,' Scott's line ('Lady of the Lake,' I. xvii.) But scarce again his horn he wound should be quoted without comment. It would instance of a false past tense. have been more in place under "wind," as an C. C. B. THE PRINCE OF WALES AS DUKE OF CORNWALL. (See 7th S. xii. 362.)-I would supplement this note-which illustrated the fact that for nearly the first month of his life the present heir-apparent bore only the title of Duke of Cornwall, to which he had the right by birth, and that it was not until 4 December, 1841, he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester-by a reference to the phrase used by Henry VI. in 1455 in reference to his unfortunate son Edward, and to be found in the Rolls of Parliament jacket, and so an appropriate Kinnui (vernacular (vol. v. p. 293), "His best belovyd first form) of Jacob." begotten sonne, tyme of his birth is Duke of Cornewayle." It is separately entered that the King, "by his Letters Patentes under his grete Seall, hath creat Edward his moost entierly belovyd firstbegottyn sonne and heir apparaunt, Prince of Wales, and Erle of the Counte Palatyne of Chestre" (ibid., p. 290). The birth had taken place on 13 October, 1453; the creation here noted on 15 March, 1454. ALFRED F. ROBBINS. A PASQUIL. From a rare and curious pamphlet in Latin and Italian of the fifteenth century which I have before me, it appears that pasquils or pasquinades were not always synonymous with lampoons or libels, but might be applied to any written or printed news and report of exciting interest. They were probably at first stuck upon pillars (cp. the columna of Horace's Ars Poetica') at Rome, and afterwards in other large cities of Italy, where the public could read them. Now the pasquinade, which is not mentioned in Brunet's Manuel' (where nine earlier pieces of a similar character, printed 15121526 in Rome, are described), and may deserve a brief record, bears the title 'Carmina apposita ad Pasquillum in personam Victorie [sic] MDXXXIII.' It is a pamphlet of 12mo. size, without place and date, but most probably printed at Rome in 1533, the year after the eventful victory to which its title refers, comprising twenty-four pages. The title-page is adorned with the large woodcut figure of a woman, and the text with four woodcut medals representing the goddess Victoria. The Latin text is followed by four pages of Italian 'Pasquini,' and the whole work concludes with a curious Latin song of six lines in hexameters, each word of which begins with the letter p. Considering its subject, this pasquil is evidently not satirical, but really an historical poem or hymn, which purposed to glorify the famous victory gained by the Emperor Charles V.'s captain Sebas tian Schertlin over the Turks near Vienna on 19 September, A.D. 1532, when the Papal see was held by the Roman Pontiff Clemens VII., who reigned 1523–34. Oxford. H. KREBS. KINNUI JEWISH EKE-NAMES. In Mr. Joseph Jacobs's 'Jews of Angevin England' (1893, p. 370), in a dissertation on old AngloJewish names, it is stated that "English is indeed conspicuous by its absence in the list, except for Alfild, among the ladies, and Jurnet (Jornet), among the men, if the latter be, as has been suggested, derived from jornet, a jerkin or Readers of Jewish history are familiar with such curious forms as Rambam, Rashbam, and Rashi, which respectively stand for Rabbi Maimun ben Maimun (Maimonides), Rabbi Samuel ben Meir, and Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac. Borrow, in his celebrated eulogy on prizefighting ('Lavengro,' ch. xxvi.), says, "The Jews may have Rambams in plenty, but never a Fielding nor a Shakespeare.' The ordinary Hebrew names Berachyah, Isaiah, Eleazar, are converted into Benedict, Deulesalt, and Deusaie (or Deus adjuvet), and so forth; and the common form Hyams is vulgarized Hebrew for Chaim (life), also found in the forms Vives, Vivard, Vivelot, &c. The same may be said of other common Jewish names, as Myers, Bear, Ursel, and so forth. Some Jews cast off their Hebrew patronymics altogether, and, if I remember rightly, the well-known clothier Moses, who had extensive premises in Aldgate, when he retired from business and occupied a WestEnd mansion, called himself Beddington, and under that name left a large fortune. Kinnui. But it seems that the Jews not suppose "Barney Barnato only confuse their names while alert in business, but as a last resource, to cheat Azrael, change them when dying, for Mr. Jacobs tells us that "it is a Jewish custom to change a man's name when in articulo mortis, in the hope that the Angel of Death will not recognize him under the altered name." Surely a very strange superstition. I Norwich. was pure JAMES HOOPER. "WAITS" AND "GAITAS."-Talking a few days ago in Berlin to Don Pedro de Muxica, Professor of Castilian in the Oriental Seminary there, about the false etymologies and absence of etymologies which he criticizes so Academy at Madrid, I suggested that gaita, justly in the 'Dictionary' of the Royal the name of a kind of bagpipes used in some parts of Spain, might be of Keltic origin, from a word meaning wind, as it is eminently a wind instrument. Gustav Korting, in his 'Lateinisch-Romanisches Wörterbuch' (Paderborn, 1891), explains the word as little as the Castilian Academy. The choice of an etymon seems to confine itself to the tribe to which English gay, Basque jai, Manx gaih ('A Dictionary of the Manks Language,' by A. Cregeen, Douglas, 1835), belong, or to the wind-words represented by Manx geay, gheay. Prof. Muxica, however, is inclined to connect it with English waits. In discussing this word Prof. W. W. Skeat makes no allusion favourite haunt - -a potter's workshop, under the to the Iberian instrument. But Spanish form of some earthen vessel. Thus the epitaph gaiteros wear gaiters, and are waiters upon Catharine Gray to abate their grief, since after a above mentioned advises the weeping friends of those who like gay music upon festive occa-run of years,' sions, no less than those ale-knights who wind up their notes before English homes at Yuletide. PALAMEDES. In some tall pitcher, or broad pan, In a note Sir William refers to the "158 but also referring to 9, 66, 68, 79, 89, 103, 138, Rebáayát," mentioning particularly No. 111, and 146. These precise references will serve to show that Sir William Ouseley had an intimate acquaintance with the verses of Omar. WILLIAM E. A. AXON. Moss Side, Manchester. "BYRE.”—To enable them to appreciate the humour of the subjoined cutting from the Aberdeen Evening Express some readers may need to be inforined, as the Poet Laureate evidently does, that in Scotland the "byre" is the cow-house : Partridge, The ALMANAC-MAKER. In the accounts of John Partridge, the almanacmaker, and George Parker, the astrologer, given in the 'Dictionary of National Biography' (vol. xliii. pp. 428 and 234), their pamphlet warfare of 1697-9 is noted; but there is no reference to a legal action of 1700 which ensued upon it. Record of the commencement of this is to be found in the Post Boy of 7 May, 1700, in the following paragraph: "This Week commences a Tryal at Guild-Hall, between Partridge, the Almanack-maker, and Parker, the Astrologer; the first is Plaintiff: He brings an Action of a 1000l. against the other, for "Alfred Austin, the Poet Laureate, has made Printing in his Ephemeris this Year, That He's a several contributions to the literature of the war, Rebel in his Principles; An Enemy to Monarchy; To Arms!' being his latest effort to represent the Ungrateful to his Friend; A Scoundrel in his Con-position of the nation. In Scotland, however, Mr. versation; A Malignant in his Writings; A Lyer in his Almanack; And a Fool of an Astrologer. Tho' they are great Men in the way of Predictions, they can't tell how the Cause will go. We hear the polite Gipsies, alias Judicial Fortune-tellers, lay great Wagers on both sides." But there is no mention of the result of the trial in such immediately succeeding issues as I have been able to search. ALFRED F. ROBBINS. OMAR KHAYYAM.-A place must be found for Sir William Ouseley in the list of the students of Omar Khayyam who preceded Edward FitzGerald. In some Observations on some Extraordinary Anecdotes concerning Alexander; and on the Eastern Origin of Several Fictions popular in Different Languages of Europe, which was read before the Royal Society of Literature, 15 Nov., 1826, and is printed in the Transactions (vol. i. part ii. pp. 5-23), Ouseley very judiciously says:- It is not, however, my opinion that every coincidence of this kind must be pronounced an imitation of some Eastern prototype; the resemblance between parallel passages (of which different languages furnish a multiplicity) must be, in several instances, regarded as merely accidental, notwithstanding a conformity both in sentiments and expressions." Austin's verses will provoke smiles rather than From English hamlet, Irish hill, The poetic licence is great, but it does not cover R. M. SPENCE. ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH, BASSISHAW.-AS some one is certain sooner or later to inquire for the date of the demolition of this ancient church, the following cutting from a local paper of Saturday, 9 Dec., 1899, might usefully be transferred to the pages of 'N. & Q.': "St. Michael's Church, Bassishaw, near the Guildhall, was put up for auction on Tuesday, the sale being conducted in the building itself. It is about to be demolished under the Union of Benefices Act, after a history that dates back to 1140. Four churches have stood upon the site, the present one, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, being the successor of the one destroyed by the Great Fire. The building has no claim to architectural beauty. There were few persons present at the unique auction gained was 1801. for all the lead covering to the on Tuesday, and the highest price steeple, flats, and gutters.' The weather vane was "I cannot for a moment suspect that the well- bought for 2. 158., and eight ornamental coloured known epitaph on a celebrated vendor of earthen-glass lead lights brought 2. 5s. Other articles were ware at Chester was borrowed from a Persian tetrastich, composed in the twelfth century by Omar Khayám, who calls for wine that he may banish care, expecting to be once more in his He enforces this caution by the following example:-- sold at a ridiculously low figure. Two lots, comprising the whole of the brick and stone work of the church and tower, failed to find a purchaser. The whole amount of bids accepted just exceeded 2007." WE must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct. PORTRAIT OF MADAME LAFFITTE AND HER DAUGHTER. I have two life-sized pastels of Madame Laffitte, wife of M. Laffitte, a celebrated banker in Paris during the reign of Louis Philippe, and her daughter, who became the wife of an English gentleman, Mr. Lockwood; and afterwards the wife of a gentleman in the English army named Jenkins or Jenkyns. Can any one give me the artist's name or any other information? The first named is a three-quarter figure, and the last a little girl, whole figure, with large hat. A. W. HANCOCK. The Limes, Magdala Road, Nottingham. CORRESPONDENCE OF ENGLISH AMBASSADORS TO FRANCE.-What correspondence has been published by English Ambassadors to the Court of France from 1620 to 1648, and what were the names of such? G. J. LE TEXIER. 188bis, Boulevard Pereire, Paris. ON A PINCUSHION.'-I wish to know the publisher of a child's book called 'On a Pincushion,' consisting of five or six separate stories, one entitled 'Jacky through the Fire.' I bought it twenty years ago; it was supposed to have been written by Miss De Morgan, but published anonymously. DORA LLOYD. The Coppice, Hindhead, Haslemere. GENERAL LAMBERT IN GUERNSEY.-I have often endeavoured to learn something of the later life of this great Parliamentary leader in the Civil War, who was exiled to Guernsey, and it is said died there, broken in mind and spirit, in 1683. But I have seen it stated that he died at Plymouth. Is the place of his interment known; or is it known where in Guernsey he lived? H. S. [Mr. C. H. Firth, an admirably competent authority, in his life of Lambert in theDict. Nat. Biog.,' says that General Lambert died a prisoner in the winter of 1683. The context seems to imply that it was in the Island of St. Nicholas, in Plymouth Sound. From N. & Q.,' 1st S. iv. 339-40, it is evident that he died there after being imprisoned there from fifteen to sixteen years. What is said at this reference merits your close attention. Other interesting references to Lambert are traceable in the Indexes to 'N. & Q.'] "THE DUKES."--Stablemen, &c., refer to the itch in horses as the dukes." "A dukey horse" means a horse suffering from itch. What is the origin of this word? The itch affects the hands, or "the dukes," hence the name. This is the only explanation I can invent, but it is far-fetched and probably erroneous. Perhaps some of your readers can help me. Dictionaries do not give it, and I know of no word in French, German, &c., which would afford a clue. GEORGE PERNET. 'METHODIST PLEA TO A CHURCHMAN; or, the servant's reply to his master on deriding him for being become a Methodist.'--The above is the title of a poem sixty-five lines long, of which I possess a written version. The opening lines are: Master I beg you pardon while I speak He strives to sooth himself but strives in vain Till God to him the mistry explain He sees and feels the deadly strokes of sin Nor can ougt ease the grief that he is in Until he hears the cheering still small voice That quits his fears and bids his soul rejoice. I have not altered the spelling of the original or placed stops, as in the copy there are none. The time the poem was written is about 1822.. I should be glad of any information referring to the above. GEO. D. HARBRON. MARRIAGE GIFT.-What does a wooden spoon, given as a wedding present, signify in popular custom? I have been asked whether it does not carry with it some implication of a jocose or gibing nature. G. W. AUTHOR WANTED.-Who wrote "The Home Life of English Ladies in the Seventeenth Century. By the author of 'Magdalen Stafford.' London, Bell & Daldy, 1860," 12mo.? The same author wrote also 'The Romance and its Hero.' C. W. S. MOSELEY HALL.-Will any one kindly tell me who now owns or lives at Moseley Hall, the property of the Whitbreads? I am very anxious to know. E. A. STRONG. Windermere Bank, Bowness-on-Windermere. |