the sovereign power. Taking with him three hundred soldiers, whom he left at the door, he entered the House, and listened awhile to the debates. He then started up, stamped on the floor, gave a signal for his soldiers to enter, and addressing himself to the members, he said: "Get you gone. Give place to honester men. I tell you, you are no longer a parliament; the Lord has done with you." Having turned out all the members, he ordered the doors to be locked.

10. Cromwell having seized the reins of government, gave his subjects a new parliament. The congregational ministers in the several counties took the sense of their churches, and made returns of the names of such persons as were deemed qualified. From these, the council, in the presence of Cromwell, selected one hundred and sixtythree representatives, who were summoned to attend.. This parliament is sometimes called Barebone's parliament, from a leading member, a leather-dresser, whose name was Praise-God Barebone. This parliament assembled on the 4th of July, 1653, and was dissolved in the following December. At the time of the dissolution, a new constitution was published, and Cromwell assumed the title of Protector. He was assisted by a council of twenty-one members.

11. He administered the government with great energy and ability, and became the most able and powerful potentate of his time in Europe. After having usurped the government for nine years, he died, in the sixtieth year of his age. Richard Cromwell, after the death of his father, was proclaimed Protector; but after a few months, he resigned the office, and retired to private life. In 1660, attempt to reduce the army? What did Cromwell then resolve upon ? How did he effect his object? What did he say to parliament?

10. What did Cromwell do after he had seized the reins of government? How did he select the members of this parliament? What is this parliament sometimes called? Why? When did this parliament assemble? When was it dissolved? What was published at the time of its dissolution? What title did Cromwell assume?

11. How did Cromwell administer the government? For what time? Who was proclaimed Frotector after Oliver Cromwell's death? How long

Charles II., now thirty years of age, was restored to the throne of his father.

12. Charles I., when he ascended the throne, placed the government of Virginia under the immediate direction of the crown. He appointed a governor and council, and ordered that all process should issue in his own name. In 1639, the Colonial Assembly was restored, and allowed to enact a body of laws for the colony. For this favor, the colonists manifested a strong attachment to their king. During the civil war, they professed great sympathy for him. Parliament became irritated by their adherence to the royal cause, and sent a squadron to reduce them to obedience. They capitulated on the most favorable terms. Under the articles of capitulation, the colony was left to govern themselves. The assembly elected their governor and councillors, and all other officers. From this period, the history of this colony is, to a greater or less extent, the history of all the colonies.

CHAPTER V.

SETTLEMENT OF NORTH VIRGINIA, OR NEW ENGLAND.

1. THE first permanent settlement in New England was commenced in 1620, by a company of men, women, and children from England, called Puritans. They landed on the 22d day of December, at Plymouth. They were destitute of any right to the soil on which they landed. They

did Richard Cromwell hold this office? When was Charles II. restored to the throne of his father?

12. What action did Charles I. take in reference to Virginia when he ascended the throne? When did he restore the Colonial Assembly? What effect did this have upon the colonists? What action did parliament take? What were the terms of their capitulation?

1. By whom was the first permanent settlement in New England commenced? When? When did they land? Where? Had they any right in the soil? Had they any powers of government? What did they form? By how many was it signed? How did this constitution com

had no powers of government derived from any earthly authority. They voluntarily entered into a written compact or constitution. It was signed by forty-one persons. It is as follows:

"IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN: We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, having undertaken, for the glory of God, and the advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern part of Virginia, do, by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws and ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony. Unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."

In pursuance of this constitution, John Carver was, by unanimous consent, chosen their first governor. This colony, early in the following spring, entered into an alliance with Massasoit, an Indian chief, which remained inviolate for more than fifty years. Several other attempts were soon after made to form settlements in other parts of New England.

2. In 1628 a small colony settled at Salem. The following year they were joined by others, increasing their number to about three hundred. About one hundred persons settled at Charlestown. Powers of government were granted to these colonists by Charles I., which constituted mence? Of whom did they acknowledge themselves the subjects? For what purposes was the voyage undertaken? Into what did they combine themselves? For what purpose? To what did they promise submission and obedience? Who was elected their first governor? What treaty was made by them the following spring? How long did it continue?

2. When did a colony settle at Salem? Where did the next colonists settle? What powers were granted to them by Charles I.? What officers were they authorized to elect? What laws were they authorized to enact? Who arrived the next year? Where did they settle? Where

them a corporation, with power to elect annually a governor, lieutenant-governor, and eighteen assistants. They were authorized to enact such laws for the government of the colony as to them should seem advisable, provided they were not repugnant to the laws of England. The following year many distinguished persons emigrated from England, and settled at Charlestown. The governor and most of his assistants removed to Trimountain, now called Boston. The colonists assembled in Boston to enact laws. The freemen all went, every man for himself. Their government was then a simple Democracy. After the settlements became more extended, they elected a part of their number to act as their trustees or agents. The democracy was thus changed, and became a representative democracy, or a Republic. At their first meeting, a law was passed that none should be admitted freemen, or be entitled to any share in the government, or be capable of being chosen magistrate, or of serving as jurymen, unless they had been, or should thereafter be, received into the Church as members.

3. In 1631 a young Puritan minister, by the name of Roger Williams, arrived in Massachusetts, and became pastor of a church in Salem. He advocated the doctrine that the churches of New England should not acknowledge the hierarchy from which they had separated; that infants should not be subjects for baptism; that magis trates should confine their authority wholly to temporal affairs; and that there should be a general and unlimited toleration of all religions; and for any man to be punished for matters of conscience, was persecution. propagating these sentiments, he was banished from the colony. He afterwards became the founder of the colony

For

did the colonists assemble to enact laws? How did the freemen enact their laws? What was their government? After the settlements became more extended, what course was adopted? What was this form of government? What law was passed at their first meeting?

3. When did Roger Williams arrive in Massachusetts? What dootrines did he advocate? To what was he sentenced for promulgating these doctrines? What colony did he form? Upon what principles ?

of Rhode Island. The government of the colony was formed on the principle that, in matters of faith and worship, every citizen should act according to the light of his own conscience, without restraint or interference of any magistrate.

4. In June, 1636, a company of one hundred persons, under the direction of Thomas Hooker, determined to plant themselves upon the Connecticut. They reached their destined location, which they called Hartford. In 1639, the colony adopted a constitution. They ordained that the whole body of freemen should elect a governor, lieutenant-governor, six magistrates, and other officers an

nually.

5. Among the earliest towns settled in New Hampshire were Portsmouth, Exeter, and Dover. In 1630, the people of Exeter established civil government. These towns were incorporated with Massachusetts. It was afterwards determined that New Hampshire should constitute a separate province, to be ruled by a governor and council, to be appointed by the king, and a house of representatives, to be chosen by the people.

6. In 1609, Captain Henry Hudson, an Englishman by birth, in the employment of the Dutch East India Company, discovered the Hudson River, and the island of Manhattan, on which New York City is built. As he was in the service of the Dutch when he made the discovery, that government claimed the country. They gave it the general name of New Netherlands, and the station on Manhattan Island, New Amsterdam. The English government laid claim to this territory, partly on the ground of its being discovered by an English captain, and

4. Where was the first settlement in Connecticut? When did the colony adopt a constitution? What did they ordain ?

5. What were the earliest towns settled in New Hampshire? When did the people of Exeter establish a civil government? With what State were they at first connected? What was afterwards determined? How were the officers of government appointed?

6. When were the Hudson River and Manhattan Island discovered? By whom? In whose employ? What government claimed the country?