governor of the Dutch colony. Nichols soon arrived at the mouth of the Hudson, and took a position before the capital of New Netherlands. Governor Stuyvesant resolved to make a gallant resistance; but the colonists, apprehending that any resistance to the disciplined forces and powerful artillery of the invaders would be utterly hopeless, were anxious to spare the effusion of blood and the destruction of their property. As the governor was unsupported by his countrymen, he was compelled to agree to a treaty of capitulation.

2. The first article in the treaty declared that the inhabitants should freely enjoy all their farms and houses, except such as were in forts; that the West India Company should have liberty to transmit all their arms and ammunition out of the country at any time within six months, or that they should be paid for the same; that all the people should continue denizens, and enjoy their lands, houses, and goods, or dispose of them as they pleased; that any people might come from the Netherlands and settle in the colony; that any Dutch vessel might freely come hither, and that any of the Dutch might freely return home, or send any sort of merchandise home in vessels of their country.

3. Soon after its subjugation, New Amsterdam received. the name of New York; and the name was extended to the whole province. Colonel Nichols immediately assumed the command of the territory as deputy-governor for the Duke of York. The governor, council, and justices of the peace were invested with every power of the colonylegislative, executive, and judicial. Trial by jury was introduced as a check upon judicial proceedings. The of the colony? What did he resolve to do? Was he sustained by the colonists? What was the governor compelled to do?

2. What were the inhabitants to enjoy by the first article in the treaty? What were the West India Company allowed to do with their arms and ammunition? Who were allowed to come and settle in the colony? What privileges were extended to vessels and merchandise? 3. What name was given to New Netherlands soon after its subjugation? In whom were the powers of government vested? For what purpose was trial by jury introduced? In forming a code of laws, what was

court collected into one code the ancient customs, regarding the laws of England as supreme, and transmitted their ordinances to England; which were confirmed by the Duke of York. About the same time the inhabitants of New York City were incorporated under a mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff.

4. In 1682, the inhabitants of New York first participated in legislation. The council and the corporation of New York having concurred in soliciting their royal patentee to permit the people to possess some share in the government, the deputy-governor was informed that the same form of government would be established as the other colonies enjoyed, particularly in choosing an assembly; and the deputy-governor was accordingly instructed to call together an assembly of the province. Orders were issued for the election of eighteen members of assembly. A session was held, and several important laws were passed.

5. At the death of Charles II., in 1685, the Duke of York, to whom the charter of New York was granted, became king of England, with the title of James II. On assuming the throne, he expressed his contempt for the anthority of parliament, and his determination to exercise an unlimited despotism. His short and inglorious reign was wholly employed in attempting to set aside the Protestant religion, and to establish the Roman Catholic faith. The notorious Jeffreys, the most unscrupulous and profligate judge in English history, was chief-justice, and afterwards appointed lord chancellor. He gloried in his barbarity, and boasted that he had hanged more men regarded as supreme? Under what officers was New York City incorporated? 4. When did the inhabitants of New York first participate in legisla tion? What petition was sent to the patentee? What was the reply? What was the deputy-governor instructed to do? Of how many Liembers did the assembly consist?

5. When did the Duke of York become king of England? Under what title? On assuming the throne, what did he express? In what was his short and inglorious reign employed? Who was then chiefjustice in England? What was his character? Of what did he boast?

than any other judge since the days of William the Conqueror.

6. The efforts of James in favor of the Catholic religion were, for a time, attended with success. But having committed seven bishops to the Tower for having refused to read a declaration to suspend the laws against popery, a spirit of general indignation was aroused. William, prince of Orange, was invited to assume the government. The principal nobility and officers joined his standard; and James, finding himself deserted by the people, and even by his own children, escaped to France. Parliament declared the king's flight an abdication, and settled the crown upon William III. and Mary.

7. Ireland still adhered to James, and the parliament of Ireland declared William a usurper. Assisted by France, James landed with some French forces, where he was joined by a large army; but he was defeated by William at the River Boyne, and Ireland submitted to the new king. During the reign of James he had instituted a suit in the Court of Chancery against Massachusetts, and obtained a decree that their charter should be forfeited. The king then appointed a governor, who declared that the old charter being forfeited, the title of the colonists to their lands was of no validity. He then compelled the colonists to procure new deeds, for which large sums were demanded.

8. The surrender of the charter of Connecticut was demanded and refused. It had been concealed in a large

6. What was the first effect of the efforts of King James in favor of the Catholic religion? For what did he send seven bishops to the Tower? What effect did this have upon the nation? Who was invited to assume the government? Who joined his standard? What did James then do? What action did parliament then take?

7. What part of the country adhered to James? What did their local parliament declare? By what government was James assisted? What action did he take? By whom was he defeated? Where? For what purpose did James, during his reign, institute a suit against Massachusetts? What did the governor appointed by the king declare? What did he compel the colonists to procure?

8. What other charters were demanded? How was the proclamation

oak-tree, called the "Charter Oak." For more than two years there was a general suspension of the charters of the colonies. The proclamation of the accession of William and Mary to the throne was celebrated in Massachussets with great ceremony. In the war between James, assisted by France, and William, in command of the English forces, the colonies were deeply involved. The French colonies, in alliance with the Indians, commenced the work of destruction. It continued for about seven years, during which time the colonists suffered severe losses. After a few years of peace, war broke out again in Europe, and hostilities speedily commenced in the colonies, which continued for a period of eleven years.

CHAPTER VIII.

WAR BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH COLONIES.

1. In the preceding chapters we have taken a rapid review of many important events connected with the establishment and early history of the English colonies in North America. Intimately connected with the history of the English colonies, is the early history of the French colonies in America. Champlain is regarded as the founder of Canada, or New France. He built and fortified Quebec. He explored the vast wilderness by which it was surrounded. The French continued their discoveries to the Mississippi, and in the year 1717 founded the city of New Orleans. They conceived the idea of uniting of the accession of William and Mary to the throne received in Massachusetts? Did the war between the French, on the part of James, and the English, on the part of William, extend to America? With whom did the French colonies form an alliance? How long did this war in the colonies continue? What occurred after a few years of peace? How long did it continue?

1. Of what have we taken a rapid review in the preceding chapters? What is intimately connected with this history? Who was the founder

their northern and southern possessions by a chain of forts, along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. They soon erected many strong fortifications. Many of the grants from the English crown extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The plans of the French interfered with these grants, and they determined to resist. A messenger was sent from Virginia to the commanding officer on the Ohio, to demand, in the name of the king of England, that the French desist from the prosecution of a design which was considered a violation of the treaties subsisting between England and France. In reply, the commanding officer stated that he had taken possession of the country by direction of the governor-general of Canada, and to his orders he should yield implicit obedience.

2. This reply was not satisfactory to Virginia, and they determined to repel the invasion. The proceedings of the French excited great interest in England, and war was deemed inevitable. Orders were sent to the governors of the several colonies to repel force by force, and to dislodge the French from their posts on the Ohio. These orders were accompanied by a recommendation to form a union of the colonies, for a more effective defence. Delegates were appointed to meet at Albany for the purpose of conferring with the Five Nations, and the subject of union was also discussed at the convention. A committee was appointed to devise some scheme for the proposed confederation. A plan was drawn up by Benjamin Franklin, and adopted on the 4th of July, 1754. It recommended a government similar in form to the government of the

of New France? What city did he build? In what direction did the French continue their discoveries? How far? What idea did they conceive? What did they erect? How far did many of the grants from England extend? With what did the plans of the French interfere? What did the English colonists determine to do? What was sent from Virginia? To whom? What was the reply to this demand?

2. Was this reply satisfactory? What effect did the proceedings of the French have in England? What orders were sent to the governors of the several colonies? With what were their orders accompanied? When were delegates to meet? For what purpose? What subject did they discuss? For what purpose was a committee appointed? By whom was