States have adopted the same form. The doctrine of the liberty of speech and of the press, as set forth in the scveral constitutions, is as follows: 1. The free communica tion of thought and opinion is one of the invaluable rights of man. 2. The liberty of the press is essential to the security of freedom in a State. 3. The freedom of speech and debate in the legislature is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation of any prosecution or complaint in any other place whatsoever. 4. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of this liberty. 5. No law shall be passed restraining the freedom of the press. 6. In prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury. 7. If the matter charged as libellous shall appear to the jury to be true, and to have been published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party accused shall be acquitted. 8. The jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court. 9. Congress can make no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press.

CHAPTER XVI.

PERSONAL SECURITY.

THE subject of personal security is presented in fifteen different forms in the several constitutions.

The

CH. 15. In how many different forms is the liberty of speech and of the press described in the several constitutions? How many States have adopted the same form? What is declared to be one of the invaluable. rights of man? To what is the liberty of the press essential? What privilege belongs to the freedom of speech and debate in the legislature? What may every citizen freely speak, write, and publish? For what is he responsible? What law cannot be passed? In prosecutions and indictments for libel, what evidence may be given to the jury? In what case shall the party accused be acquitted? What have the jury a right to determine? What law is Congress prohibited from making?

doctrine as therein set forth is as follows: 1. Every person has a right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his house, his papers, and all his possessions. 2. General warrants, whereby an officer may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of the offence committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, whose offences are not particularly described, and without oath or affirmation, are dangerous to liberty. 3. No warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.

CHAPTER XVII.

RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL ACTIONS.

THE rights of the accused in criminal cases are presented in sixteen different forms in the several constitutions. These rights, as therein set forth, are as follows: 1. In all criminal prosecutions, every man has a right to be informed of the accusation against him. 2. Every man being presumed innocent until he is pronounced guilty by the law, no act of severity which is not necessary to secure the accused person can be permitted. 3. He shall have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 4. He has a right to be heard by himself and his counsel. 5. He is entitled to a copy of the indictment or charge against him, in due time to prepare for his defence. 6. He is entitled

CH. 16. In how many different forms is the subject of personal liberty presented in the several constitutions? From what has every person & right to be secure? What are general warrants? What is declared in reference to such warrants? Upon what only shall a warrant issue? What shall be described in such warrant?

CH. 17. In how many different forms are the rights of the accused in criminal cases presented in the several constitutions? Of what has the accused the right to be informed? Until what time is every man presumed to be innocent? What is the only act of severity which can be permitted before

to a speedy, public, and impartial trial by jury. 7. He is entitled to meet the witnesses, in their examination against him, face to face. 8. He is entitled to have compulsory process, on application, in due time, by himself or counsel, for obtaining witnesses in his favor. 9. He is entitled to have all the witnesses examined on oath. 10. He cannot be compelled to furnish evidence against himself. 11. He cannot be found guilty, without the unanimous verdict of the jury. 12. No person can be held to answer for a capital or other infamous crime, but on an indictment or presentment of a grand-jury, except in cases of impeachment, or in cases usually cognizable by justices of the peace; and except, also, in cases arising in the army and navy, in actual service, in time of war or public danger. 13. All persons, before conviction, may give bail for their appearance at court at the time of trial, except those arrested for a capital offence, where the proof is evident or the presumption great. 14. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed; and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. 15. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature of the offence. 16. Every freeman restrained of his liberty is entitled to a remedy, to inquire into the lawfulness of such restraint, and to remove the same if unlawful. Such remedy is called a writ of habeas corpus, which cannot be suspended or denied, except, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 17. No person shall be liable to be tried a second time for the same ofence, after an acquittal. 18. In criminal cases, and in controversies respecting property, the ancient trial by jury

that time? What aid shall he have for his defence? By whom shall he be heard? To a copy of what is he entitled? When is he entitled to be tried? By whom? Whom is he entitled to meet face to face? How may he compel witnesses in his favor to attend the trial? On what must all witnesses be examined? What is he not compelled to furnish? How many of the jurors must agree in the verdict? Before a person charged with crime can be held to answer, what must be done by a grand jury? What are the exceptions? Who may give bail for their appearance at court at the time of trial? What shall not be required, or imposed, or inflicted? To what shall all penalties be proportioned? To what remedy

is preferable to any other, and ought to be held sacred. 19. Retrospective laws punishing acts committed before the existence of such laws, and by them declared criminal, are oppressive and unjust. These are called ex post facto laws. 20. Treason shall consist only in levying war against the government, adhering to its enemies, and giving them aid and comfort. No person can be convicted of treason, except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Such conviction shall not cause a forfeiture of the estate of the criminal. 21. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE MILITARY POWER.

THE doctrine set forth in the several constitutions in reference to the military power is as follows: 1. A wellregulated militia is the proper, natural, and sure defence of the State. 2. Standing armies in times of peace are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be raised or kept up without the consent of the legislature. 3. In all cases, and at all times, the military ought to be under strict subordination to the civil power. 4. No soldier, in time of peace, can be quartered in any house without the con

is every person restrained of liberty entitled? What is this remedy called? When only can it be suspended or denied? Can a person be tried a second time after an acquittal? What mode of trial is preferable in criminal cases? What laws are declared to be oppressive and unjust? In what does treason alone consist? How many witnesses are required? What power has Congress as to treason? What shall attainder of treason not work?

CH. 18. What is the proper defence of the State? What is declared in reference to standing armies in times of peace? To what should the military be under strict subordination? Where shall no soldier be quartered

sent of the owner. 5. In time of war, such quartering should be made only in a manner prescribed by the legis lature. 6. No person shall be subject to law-martial, except those employed in the army and navy, and the militia in actual service.

CHAPTER XIX.

RIGHT OF PETITION-OF SUFFRAGE, AND REMEDY FOR INJURIES.

THE doctrine set forth in the several constitutions in reference to these subjects is as follows: 1. The people have a right to assemble together to consult for the common good. 2. They have the right to petition the legis lature for redress of grievances. 3. They have a right to instruct their representatives. 4. All elections should be free, and without corruption. 5. All men who possess the qualifications required by the constitution and laws of the State, have equally the right of suffrage. 6. Every person in the State is entitled to a certain remedy by law for all injuries or wrongs which he may receive in his person, property, or character. 7. He shall obtain right and justice freely, and without being obliged to purchase it, completely and without denial, promptly and without delay, conformably to the law. 8. Every member of the community has a right to be protected by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and property. He is also bound to contribute his share to the expense of such protection,

in time of peace? In times of war, how shall such quartering be made? Who only are subject to law-martial?

CH. 19. For what purpose have the people a right to assemble? What right of petition have they? Whom may they instruct? What should be free and without corruption? Who have the right of suffrage? For what is every person entitled to a remedy by law? How shall he obtain right and justice? In what has every member of the community a right to be protected by it? What is he bound to contribute? How only can a