2. Members of the House of Representatives, both State and national, are elected by the direct vote of the people. Members of the State Senates are elected by the direct vote of the people. Members of the national Senate are elected by the legislatures of the several States, in joint ballot of the State Senate and House of Representatives. Members of the State legislatures must be twenty-one years of age, and otherwise qualified to vote. Representatives in Congress must be twenty-five years of age, and senators must be thirty. They receive three thousand dollars per annum.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE JUDICIARY.

1. THE second branch of government is the judiciary. The business of the judiciary is to preside in court over the investigation of all controversies in law for the settlement of claims or the punishment of crimes; to instruct the jury on points of law applicable to the case under investigation before them; and to pronounce sentence upon all criminals when found guilty by the jury.

2. The judicial powers of the States and of the nation are vested in courts of various grades. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the nation. The Court of Appeals is the highest court in the State of New York. There are courts of inferior grades: the Supreme

2. How are members of the House of Representatives elected? How are members of the State Senate elected? How are members of the United States Senate elected? What are the qualifications of members of the State legislatures? What are the qualifications of members of the national House of Representatives? What are the qualifications of senators in Congress? What is the pay of members of Congress?

1. What is the second branch of government? What is the business of the judiciary?

2. In what are the judicial powers of the State and nation vested? Which is the highest court of the nation? Which is the highest court

Court of the State, the Superior Court, the Court of Common Pleas, County Courts, Justices' Courts.

3. The judges of the United States courts are appointed by the president, with the consent of the Senate. They hold their office during good behavior. In most of the States, the judges are elected by the people for a limited period of time.

4. The judicial powers of the national government extend: 1. To all cases in law and equity arising under the constitution and laws of the United States and treaties with foreign countries; 2. To all cases affecting ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls; 3. To all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; 4. To controversies to which the United States shall be a party; 5. To controversies between two or more States; To controversies between a State and citizens of another State; 7. To controversies between citizens of different States; 8. To controversies between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States; 9. To controversies between State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens, and subjects.

6.

5. The judicial powers of the State governments extend to all cases, both in law and equity, arising under the constitution and laws of the State.

of the State of New York? Which are the State courts of inferior grades?

3. How are the judges of the United States courts appointed? For what time do they hold office? What is the mode of selecting judges in most of the States? For what time do they hold their office?

4. If an action arises under the constitution or laws of the United States, or treaties with foreign countries, in what court must it be prosecuted? If it affects ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls? If it is a case of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction? If the United States is a party? If the action be between two States? If between a State and a citizen of another State? If between citizens of different States? If between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States? If between a State or citizen thereof and a foreign State, citizen, or subject?

5. To what do the judicial powers of the State extend?

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE EXECUTIVE.

1. THE third branch of government is the executive. In the national government the executive power is vested in a President. In the State governments the executive power is vested in Governors. The president holds his office for four years. Most of the governors hold their office for two years, but some hold for only one year. Governors are elected by the direct vote of a majority or plurality of the electors in the State. In the election of president, each State elects as many electors as it is entitled to members in both houses of Congress; and these electors elect the president by a majority vote. The vice-president is elected in the same manner. If no person has a majority of all the votes of the electors, the House of Representatives choose a president, who must be one of the three highest voted for by the electors. If no person has a majority of all the votes of the electors, the Senate choose the vice-president from the two highest candidates voted for by the electors.

2. The president must be a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the constitution. He must be thirty-five years of age. In most of the States the governor must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, and is required to be thirty years of age.

1. What is the third branch of government? In what officer is the executive power vested in the national government? In the State governments? For what time does the president hold his office? For what time do the governors hold their office? How are governors elected? How is the president elected? How is the vice-president elected? If no person has a majority of the votes of the electors, by whom is the president elected? By whom is the vice-president elected?

2. Can a person born in a foreign land hold the office of president? What are the qualifications of the vice-president? Of what age must the

3. The president is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into actual service of the United States. The governors of the several States are commanders-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State. The president has the power to grant reprieves and pardons for all offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. Governors of most of the States have the power to grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, after conviction, for all offences against the laws of the State, except treason and cases of impeachment.

4. The president is required, from time to time, to give to Congress information of the state of the Union, and he recommends to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. The governors of the States communicate, by message to the legislature at every session, the condition of the State, and recommend to them such measures as they deem expedient.

5. The veto power of the president, and the veto power of the governors in most of the States, is precisely the same. The language in the national constitution is a copy of the language of the State constitutions, with the sub.stitution of the word "president" for the word "governor." The language used in the national constitution is as follows: "Every bill which shall have passed both houses of Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with

president and vice-president be? What are the qualifications of governors in most of the States?

3. What position does the president hold in the army and navy of the United States? What similar position do governors hold? What pardoning power has the president? What similar power have the governors?

4. What information is the president required to give to Congress ? What similar duty are the governors to perform?

5. In whom is the veto power vested in the national government? In whom in the State governments? Is there any resemblance in the exercise of this power in the nation and in the States? To whom must every bill passed by Congress be presented before it becomes a law? For what purpose is it presented to him? If he does not approve of the bill, what

his objections, to the house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless Congress by their adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law."

6. In some of the State constitutions a majority only are necessary to pass a bill after it has been returned by the governor; but most of the States require a vote of twothirds of both houses. It will be seen by what precedes, that greater powers of government are vested in the executive than in either of the other branches of government. The president of the nation and the governors of the States are not only required to take care that the laws are faithfully executed, but by their veto they can control the legis lature, unless two-thirds in Congress and in most of the State legislatures can be obtained in opposition to such veto. In nearly all criminal cases, also, they have the power to annul the verdicts of jurors and sentences of judges by the pardoning power.

is he to do? What action is that house to fake? If two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, what shall be done with it? What action does the other house take? How must the votes be taken? Where must the name of each voter be entered? If the bill is not signed by the president nor returned, what is the effect?

6. Are the same provisions contained in the State constitutions? Do all the States require a vote of two-thirds after a veto? Which branch of the government holds the greatest power? What are the president and governors required to do? What may they do by their veto? What may they do by their pardoning power?