that the "clerus in urbe" would primarily refer to the clergy of these Cuthbertine churches. There is still a church in York, Mr. Hinde reminds us, dedicated to St. Cuthbert; and the saint also "possessed the rectories of "All Saints', Pavement, and St. Peter the Little in the same city." The cell being supposed to be Craike, it would be unlikely that there should be no mention of an "urbs" in connexion with it; for the hill and three miles round it are said to have been given by king Egfrid to St. Cuthbert, for the express reason that he might have a "mansio" to stop at, "as often as he went "to the city of York or returned from it." But there is no other cell of Lindisfarne of which a similar connexion with a city could be affirmed; nor is there any, so far as I am aware, the topography of which would harmonise so well with the description given above.

It seems singular that Egbert should suggest a spot which he had never seen for the building of the church; but I am assured by Professor Stubbs, that the position of Craike, "a village on a commanding eminence which "towers above the country formerly occupied by the "forest of Galtres," is exceptionally striking; there is therefore nothing forced in the hypothesis, that it may have been well known to Egbert by report, so that what he had heard of it caused him to recommend it to the choice of Eanmund.

But it will be objected that the monastery which Eanmund entered, and which was in some sense "his own," could not have been the monastery founded at Craike, only some thirty years before, by St. Cuthbert. I admit that this is a difficulty; but property changed

1 Surtees ed. of Symeon, p. 140 n. There is no doubt that the bishops of Lindisfarne were prompt in building churches on lands given to St. Cuthbert, or bought with his money;

see e.g. what is said of Gainford, Norham, Woodchester, &c., in §§ 9, 11, of the Hist. de S. Cuthberto. 2 Hisi. de S. Cuth § 5.

3 Surtees ed. of Symeon, p. 141 n.

Notices of persons in

hands so often in those lawless times that it does not seem to me one of great magnitude.

§ 25. I have traced tantalizing notices of Ultan, or the poem. Hyglac, or Sigwine, through the pages of Bale, Pits, Harpsfield, Colgan, and the Bollandists; but have unwillingly come to the conclusion that none of these authorities had any other source of information about them except this poem. Yet, since Ultan is spoken of as a distinguished Irishman (viii. 3), search among Irish records may one day bring something to light respecting him.

Abbot Sigbald.

Etha the anchorite.

Later history of Craike.

It was conjectured by Professor Stubbs in the article. referred to above, and the conjecture seems to me a very probable one, that the abbot Sigbald of the poem. is the same as the "Sibald abbas," whose death in 771 is mentioned in the Historia Regum. This is in a part of the history teeming with notices of events happening at or near York, and apparently coming from a York writer. Sigbald had been abbot a long time; had built grandly, and enriched the cell munificently; such a writer then would be likely to note his death, if he was abbot of Craike.

That the Ethuinus mentioned in cap. x. may have been the anchorite Etha who died at Craike in 767 (Hist. Reg.), seems to me not impossible; but it would not be safe to say more.

§ 26. The monastery at Craike, although forcibly occupied for a time by Ella, one of the kings of Northumbria about 860, was still in being, if we may believe the story told by Symeon and the author of the Historia de S. Cuthberto (pp. 68, 208), in 883 under an abbot named Geve; and was the resting place of the body of St. Cuthbert during four months. The story has a slightly mythical air about it, and the abbot's name was

1 1 p. xxxiii.

perhaps invented on account of the generosity ascribed to him. That the Danes who got the upper hand at York in 867 would have left unmolested for sixteen years a monastery not twelve miles off, does not seem in accordance with what we know of their proceedings elsewhere. However this may be, we hear no more of Craike or its monastery (if we except an obscure notice 2 of the 10th century in the Liber Vite of the church of Durham, in which earl Thured figures as giving land at Craike to St. Cuthbert), till the date of Domesday, 1086; and then, though St. Cuthbert had recovered the property and had a church and priest there, there was no monastery on the hill.

Bartholo

hermit.

§ 27. X. The second piece in the Appendix is the Life of Life of Bartholomew the Hermit of Farne, written by mew the Gaufridus, probably Geoffrey of Coldingham. This was originally edited, and in a masterly way, by Godfrey Henschen the Bollandist, for the fourth volume of June, in the Acta Sanctorum, published in 1701. But the last sheets of the transcript (from "inspicerent," at the foot of p. 318 to the end) were lost while the work was passing through the press; and Henschen, finding that the Citeaux MS. which he had used had been in the meantime mislaid, and not knowing where to look for another, contented himself with filling in the gap with an extract from Capgrave's Life of Bartholomew, as given in the Legenda Anglice. The missing portion, which is extant in the Fairfax and other MSS., is now printed for the first time.

landists.

Henschen found this Life, and also that of St. Godric, complete published when he visited Citeaux in 1662, on his return from by the BolRome through France to Belgium. Wars delayed the publication of the volume in which it was to appear, and when at length he resumed his editorial task he

1 As if " Gifa," a giver.

2 Cited by Archdeacon Churton, ubi supra.

date of the hermit's death.

found, as we have said, that the last part of the "copy was missing, and that the abbot of Citeaux could not help him to replace it. With sound critical insight he conjectured that the writer of the Life, who was only indicated by the initial "G." in the Citeaux MS., was the same Gaufridus who wrote a Life1 of St. Godric of Finchale. In the Fairfax MS. the name appears at full length, "Gaufridus." This name occurs near the end of the list of professed monks of Durham, which, as Mr. Rud has shown, breaks off about A.D. 1170. This was probably the Gaufridus who wrote the Life of Bartholomew, soon after the hermit's death in 1193. The Life of St. Godric, who died in 1170, may have been the work of his youth, and the chronicle of the church of Durham from 1152 to 1214,3 (carrying on the continuation of Symeon's history given at p. 135) of his old age.

Henschen, from the mention of the day of the week and month on which Bartholomew died (p. 326), showing that Easter that year fell on the 28th March, concluded that the hermit's death was either in 1182 or 1193. the next year in which Easter fell on that day having been 1255. He could go no further, not having the means of making the necessary deductions from other notices contained in the Life. Availing himself of these, the author of the English Life of Bartholomew in the series of "Lives of the English Saints," (believed to have been Mr. Dalgairns) rightly saw that the year of his death must have been 1193. For it is stated (p. 300) that Bartholomew went to Farne after having obtained permission from prior Laurence, that is, between 1149, in which year Laurence was appointed, and the end of 1153, in which year he left England on a

1 Published in the Acta SS.

(May 21).

? Ed. Bedford, p. xxvi.

3 Edited by Canon Raine for the Surtees Society, 1839.

mission connected with the bishopric, and never returned. Coupling these data with the statement that Bartholomew remained forty-two years on the island, we see that he could not have died in 1182, for that would throw back his first arrival at Farne to a time long before Laurence's priorate. He must therefore have died in 1193, on June 24, and first come to Farne on the 5th Dec., 11501 (p. 322).

recorded of

§ 28. Several curious facts in connexion with Bartho- Other facts lomew's long residence on Farne are mentioned by him." Reginald in his "Libellus" on St. Cuthbert, of which Geoffrey takes no notice. We hear (ch. 29) of him and his fellow-hermit Elwin as being much plagued by the visits of Eistan the viking, and his rough Norwegians; of a wonderful story (ch. 30), told to and repeated by him, of some sailors who were nearly shipwrecked, and of the cure of a woman from Embleton (ch. 62). Reginald also tells the story (ch. 111) of the hawk and the pet bird (see p. 311), with some variations, which are not however very material. Reginald wrote while Bartholomew was still living on the island.

§ 29. XI. There can scarcely be a doubt that this same Reginald is the author of the Life of St. Oswald, passages from which form the closing portion of this volume. The cumbrous and inflated style of the opening chapter of the "Libellus" is continued here through the greater portion of the work, apparently because the author had really little to communicate beyond what could be found in Beda, and thought it best to make up the deficiency by a display of rhetoric. The date, 1162, is supplied in the work itself, see p. 382; it was therefore written before the "Libellus," which mentions the date 1172, and seems to have been written some years after the death of St. Godric in 1170.

1 Mr. Dalgairns inadvertently says, 1151.