they do, let him quote it and the sailors who endorse it. If only we can establish the actual words, I am perfectly content to be proved wrong. I may still think them ill strung, but I shall be satisfied. At present I

am not.

Of Pasco, Thompson only says "I believe " he "had been disabled." What he does absolutely deny is that Pasco "had to do with the well-known signal. PROF. LAUGHTON slurs the whole of this over as if it were a mere nothing.

We have thus the distinct word of G. L. Browne denying what Pasco asserts, and giving the very words of Nelson. It struck the young lieutenant that "England" should be substituted; that "Nelson" would want six flags, whilst one would do for "England"; and he elicits the direct reply: "Right, Browne; that's better." This brings it all home to me with a Plutarchean force that should accompany veracity. It has the further advantage of discharging from the phrase two improper words-" confide" and "that."

The word "expects," that Pasco would substitute for " confides," may have a flag in the code; but how do you propose to account for what Browne says of Nelson as a word wanting six flags? This appeals strongly to me. The word "Nelson" was in debate, and the word " confides was not. To me it is clear that Pasco was not there (disabled or not disabled), and that Browne was.

I

Whether "confide" was a blunder-word of the great admiral's or not I cannot say. am not read in his dispatches. For such a purpose it is not worth referring to them. If he likes to make a neuter verb into a verb active, I should say at once, "Good admiral, make it as active as your own self, or the British navy, if you like."

Let somebody produce the code signal from the actual log, if it exists. If not, away with all palaver about historical accuracy in the matter. It is lost, and nobody can replace it now that a hundred years have whittled us away from it. Pasco's story looks to me disabled, whether he himself was so or not at the minute of breathless interest we are now discussing. Browne's tale carries with it the truth and heat that burn a picture in upon the brain as imperishably as Shakspere's Cæsar, when re-read for us out of Plutarch by him.

I am pleased to see that W. R. H. is with me so far as to reject the word that altogether. I cannot agree with him that to do implies command. But his will do is just as sailorlike. Let us wait for the log.

Before I quite finish, however, let me say

how disappointed I have been of my intention. Weeks ago I wrote to the Daily Mail, feeling sure there would be blundering as to the words of this proud signal; but they withheld me from their circulation. I wanted all this to have been discussed beforehand, not after the event. When 'N. & Q.' kindly gave me house room it came too late to correct anything. On the 21st the Daily Mail put forth a picture with the Pasco version. That gave publicity; but publicity can assure neither accuracy nor veracitythe reverse rather, if anything at all. As we cannot, I fear, reach the truth now, it remains for the country at large to adopt as final the best phrase-that which is most worthy of the occasion.

Whosoever," says Ralegh, "in writing a modern history, shall follow the truth too near the heels, it may haply strike out his teeth."

There are three versions for us to choose from. We shall have to see which will lose its teeth by close running. Being of a positive temperament, I say that PROF. LAUGHTON'S teeth are perfectly safe in his head. only the log-book can make that true, and so cause him mutilation.

The version "England expects that every man will do his duty" I regard as impossible to be true, and should still if fifty Pascos swore to it. The man who could reach the thought, being a sailor, would never so word it.

England expects every man will do his duty" is quite impossible because ineffective. "England expects every man to do his duty seems to me, using the infinitive, to be fittest and most adequate of all. My tongue holds to it, even at the risk of the teeth. C. A. WARD.

The whole of the recitative music commencing "THE DEATH OF NELSON' (10th S. ix. 365).— "O'er Nelson's tomb" is by Braham; the first four bars of the melody of the air to the words,

'Twas in Trafalgar's bay

We saw the Frenchmen lay, are note for note the same as Méhul's 'Le Chant du Départ,' which was composed in 1794. The musical phrase is very simple-a Possibly Braham never heard Méhul's song, and it must be noted that trumpet-call. Braham added many more phrases not the harmony of the last verse. Méhul's, including a charming modulation in

WILLIAM H. CUMMINGS. Guildhall School of Music, E.C.

"PIECE-BROKER" (10th S. iv. 367, 391).-DR. MURRAY asks if this word is actually used

for a person who buys remnants of cloth from William & Benjamin Brooke, 290, High
tailors to sell to others for mending. I can Street, Lincoln, printers, appear in Slater's
affirm, from my own knowledge of the trade, Directory of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire,'
that the term is commonly so used, and it will 1849. Alice Swindells, 8, Hanging Bridge,
even be found in the 'London Directory' in Manchester, and William Brooke, High
this sense.
The classical haunt of the piece-Street, Lincoln, appear in Pigot & Co.'s
broker in London is around Golden Square.
There are several, for instance, in Carnaby
Street and West Street. In the north of
England, instead of piece-broker, the tailors
call him a fent-dealer, from "fents," the local
name for remnants. JAS. PLATT, Jun.

Directory' for 1822-3, and in that for 1828-9. Chas. Walker, letter-press printer, Runcorn, also appears in Pigot's 'Directory' for 1822-3. HENRY JOHN BEARDSHAW.

27, Northumberland Road, Sheffield.

POLAR INHABITANTS (10th S. iii. 30).-In the Historia Norwegia' it is stated (the original is in Latin) :—

"Beyond the Greenlanders (i.e. Norsemen), towards the north, certain dwarfs are found by hunters, whom they call Skraellings, who when wounds become white without blood, but being they are wounded with weapons, when alive, their dead their blood hardly seems to flow. But they are entirely without iron; they use whales' teeth for missiles and sharp stones for knives." Of course the writer means the Eskimocalled by other early writers Karelians-and the whales' teeth mean narwhals' horns (Discovery of America by the Norsemen,' by J. Fischer, S.J., p. 62, note 4).

Although this term is not used, I believe,
in the West Riding of Yorkshire, any one
who lives in the stuff-manufacturing districts
would at once take it to mean a wholesale
agent for woven fabrics. Textile materials
are sold by the manufacturers in "pieces,"
which in the "stuff" trade (ladies' dress
fabrics, as distinguished from coatings,
trouserings, &c.) are usually of fifty yards
(nominal) length. There are also double
pieces, usually of 104 yards. Pieces ""
is
such a definite noun that it needs no modifi-
cation or explanation in the textile districts.
The newspapers
"
use The Piece Goods
Market' as a heading, and report that "the
demand for pieces was not very brisk." In
Bradford the old market-house was known
as Piece Hall. a name preserved in Piece-
hall Yard. I hope DR. MURRAY will not
suppose that I think this a complete and
sufficient answer to his query. At the same
time, it may be suggestive of the direction
for further research. H. SNOWDEN WARD.
Hadlow, Kent.

A Danish geographer, Claudius Clavus (1413), mentions "pygmies" in Greenland. He calls them Karelians, and had seen some of them in captivity, and also their boats, great and small. Another geographer Schöner-writing a little later, mentions the Arctic pygmies, who use coracles.

Cardinal Filiaster, in 1427, in side-notes to some northern maps, speaks of Greenland as inhabited in the north by pygmies, griffins, and unipeds. It is, however, most probable that it was from the Scandinavian history of Archbishop Olaus Magnus (1555), that strange jumble of facts and fancies, that Fulke Greville learned about the northern pygmies, for the archbishop speaks of "De Pegmais "Gruntlania" (ibid., p. 67, note 3).

My friend Mr. W. G. Butcher, who is, like
myself, the son of a member of the Royal
Exchange, or stock-broker, agrees with me
in thinking that "piece-broker" must refer
to a money-changer who dealt in cash or
current coin, rather than in nominal or paper
""
"Piece
'piece of money,"
as does pièce in French, or peseta in Castilian.
E. S. DODGSON.

money.

means

Since writing the above, I have seen the map of Ortelius, 1570. On this Greenland is represented as a large island; north of it, separated by a wide strait, is an undefined region, across which is printed Pigmei (Life of John Davis,' p. 28, by Clements R. Markham, in "The World's Great Explorers"). FRANCESCA.

KIT'S COTY HOUSE (10th S. iv. 247). — Not only DR. MACKAY, but also succeeding contributors on this point, at the references given by the Editor, seem to ignore the explanation afforded by Stow in his 'Annales," 1615, p. 52, which might well be reproduced here, in order that it may be borne in mind in case of further discussion of this curious

"

monument. One can see no greater difficulty prints, and the writer has a good many thou

in Kit's Coty House, i.e., the cotty or cottagehouse of Kit, being a sepulchral monument and a corruption of Catigernus, than in the very modern-sounding Wayland Smith's Cave at Ashbury, on the western boundaries of Berkshire, having been, in Saxon times, but not originally, Welandes Smiththan (Weland's smithy or forge), for thus it is said to be mentioned in a deed of conveyance, the only monument of its kind directly named in an Anglo-Saxon document before the Conquest. The following are the words of Stow, whose allusion to a "coit's cast" might also be noted in connexion with MR. J. F. MARSH's suggestions with regard to the Celtic coeten= a quoit, at 5th S. x. 50:

"There was also slaine in the same battaile at

sands, which are open to MR. SMITHERS'S
inspection. There is a large, but very incom-
plete, collection in the Print - Room of the
British Museum; and in the Reading-Room
are many of the books of words. These
prints and plays are too much despised by
superior persons; their value mainly rests in
the fact that they are the only delineations
of the actors, dresses, and scenery of many
famous plays of the first half of the last cen-
tury. The drawings for many of the prints
were made at the theatres during perform-
ance. Such original drawings are in the
Museum collection.
W. SANDFORD.

13, Ferndale Road, Clapham, S. W.

GREAT QUEEN STREET, No. 56 (10th S. iv. Aeglesthorpe, Catigerne, brother to Vortimer, 326).-If MR. HEBB had looked up the original whose monument remaineth till this day, on a great quotation he would have seen that it runs:plaine heath in the parish of Aelsford, and is now "A house was hired......It was handsomely furcorruptly called Cits cotihous, for Catigernes (Inished, and contained many valuable pictures by have my selfe in companie of divers worshipful and various masters. I resided with my mother. Mr. learned Gentlemen beheld it in Anno 1590), and is Robinson continued at the house of Messrs. Vernon of foure flat stones, one of them standing upright & Elderton in Southampton Buildings.' in the middle of 2 other, inclosing the edge sides Robinson was an articled clerk, and the of the first, and the fourth layd flat aloft the other Robinson three and is of such height, that menne may stand marriage had not been avowed. on eyther side the middle stone in time of storme had represented himself as heir to his uncle; or tempest, safe from wind or rayne, being defended hence, no doubt, the taking of an expensive with the bredth of the stones, as having one at and fashionable house. T. TURNER. their backes, one on eyther side, and the fourth over their heads. And about one coits cast from this monument lyeth another great stone, much part thereof in the ground, as fallen down where

the same had beene fixed."

There is an illustration of Kit's Coty House in The Queen, 20 October, 1900.

J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL.

ENGLISH POETS AND THE ARMADA (10th S. iv. 346). The best poem written on an English victory is Campbell's 'Battle of the Baltic. That was not a belated memorial. It would be strange if it had escaped observation in a review of poems of this sort. Byron's stanzas on Waterloo, though a part of Childe Harold,' should be mentioned, I think, in such a review. Addison's 'Camtopaign' may be depreciated; but there is a line in it which has become a part of the language:

CHESHIRE WORDS (10th S. iv. 203, 332).-It is perhaps worth noting that "trapesing" is a word of two syllables (infinitive trapes"). By those who do not know the word in use it might be supposed to have a pronunciation similar to that of Rhodesia.

ROBERT PIERPOINT.

Rides in the whirlwind and directs the storm.
Few of these poems have achieved such &
success as this.
E. YARDLEY.

FARRELL OF THE PAVILION THEATRE (10th S. iii. 188, 252).-MR. C. G. SMITHERS, at the latter reference, deplores the disappearance LAMB'S GRANDMOTHER (10th S. iv. 328).-No of the publications of the juvenile or toy doubt the correct date of the death of Mrs. theatre, and states that the British Museum Field is that which is recorded on her tombhas no collection of them. He can be re-stone-viz., 31 July, 1792. Canon Ainger's assured on both points. Within the last few statement that she died on 5 August is evimonths the writer has looked through no fewer dently an error. When he visited Widford than forty thousand sheets of portraits and in 1881 the inscription on the gravestone was plays by the Skelts, Park, Green, Hodgson, almost illegible. Some time afterwards I and others, and thousands more are avail-assisted my friend the Rev. J. Traviss Lockable to the judicious inquirer. The task of looking over them is, however, almost as arduous as the study of the fiscal question or the reform of the War Office. There are several complete private collections of these

wood, the rector of Widford, to clean the stone, and then it revealed a clearly cut inscription "To the Memory of Mrs. Mary Feild," not Field. The spelling of the surname must have been an error on the part of

CATALOGUES OF MSS. (10th S. iv. 368).—It is hard to understand what view is taken by the authorities responsible for the catalogues of MSS. contained in the three great Stateaided repositories: the British Museum, the Bodleian Library, and the Public Record Office. As I have already pointed out, the printed catalogues are too expensive for any Another story of highway robbery which one to buy them, and copies are not deposited, excited me when I was a boy was that of the fifth as they should be, in all the local libraries. Earl of Berkeley, who died in 1810. He had always It is consequently necessary to journey to one declared that any one might without disgrace be of the three places named to ascertain what overcome by superior numbers, but that he would is to be found there, just as if we lived before never surrender to a single highwayman. As he was crossing Hounslow Heath one night, on his way printing was invented. The waste of time from Berkeley Castle to London, his travelling car-involved is incalculable, and is, in most cases, riage was stopped by a man on horseback, who put prohibitive of any search being made in that

direction. As State aid implies the dissemination, as well as the conservation, of knowledge, I imagine that the provision of low-priced catalogues of MSS. should properly engage official attention, and that every public library in the kingdom should be supplied with copies. The Indexes, at any rate, to the Catalogues of MSS. and to the Calendars of State Papers should be obtainable for a shilling or two apiece, or almost as easily as the half-yearly indexes to N. & Q' It is surely remarkably short sighted, when the type is set up, to print so few copies that hardly any one can get at them. One can scarcely speak with patience of the futility of printing Calendars nowadays without a lexicographical index. I have had myself to go to the expense of ten or twelve pounds in making a rough index for my own use to the 'Calendar of Chancery Proceedings, A.D. 1558-79, printed by the Record Office in 1896; and similar unindexed calendars are still being issued.

GEORGE F. T. SHERWOOD. 50, Beecroft Road, Brockley, S. E.

SIR FRANCIS DRAKE AND CHIGWELL ROW (10th S. iv. 230, 332)-According to Charles Kingsley (Westward Ho!' chap. xxx.), Drake was one of those who were playing bowls on "the little terrace bowling-green behind the 'Pelican' Inn, on the afternoon of the nineteenth of July," 1588. The reason given for continuing the game was that in Drake's opinion it would not be wise to be in a hurry to put to sea. "The following game is the game, and not the meeting one.

"

ROBERT PIERPOINT.

known," whilst MR. GOODWIN has given quite a good account of John Aleyn, one is just a little sceptical as to the value of their criticism.

Can MR. GOODWIN tell me whether it is the value of the reports in their exposition of the legal points involved that is impugned, or whether the compiler is faulty in the facts recorded in the cases which he reports? With regard to this latter, I am much interested in one of the cases recorded in this "slender black-letter folio," more particularly as to the correctness or otherwise of the spelling of the names of the parties to one of the suits there mentioned. When MR. GOODWIN sees my signature he will know to which case I am referring. Are the original MSS. or papers upon which the learned compiler founded his reports in existence? and if so, are they capable of access? J. S. UDAL, F.S.A.

Antigua, W.I. WORFIELD CHURCHWARDENS' ACCOUNTS (10th S. iv. 327).-The blood procured by the churchwardens was probably to be used as paint for outside wood work. Blood was fre quently employed in Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, and elsewhere for this purpose, especially on farm buildings, in comparatively modern days. So late as 1861 a correspondent of The Gentleman's Magazine tells of seeing a composition of bullock's blood and rud (red chalk) smeared on the exterior of one of the doors of York Minster (see 'Gent. Mag. Lib.: Topog.,' vol. xiv. p. 369). This blood may, however, have been procured for the purpose of mixing with mortar. Several examples of this custom have been referred to in previous numbers of 'N. & Q.'

JOHN ALEYN, LAW REPORTER (10th S. iii. 344). I have a copy of this gentleman's Barker and Flecher were, it seems, chosen Reports (1681) amongst my books elsewhere, and I hope that MR. GORDON GOODWIN will this time (1533). It would, we may be ceras brethren of the Guild of All Hallows at pardon me for asking him to be kind enough to tell me in what consists their worthless-tain, have a light burning in the church for ness as a law report, which, he states, has the welfare of the members, and most probeen so branded by those competent autho-bably an altar there also. rities Marvin and Wallace." Would he mind telling me who these authorities are for, owing to my long absence from and disconnexion with anything legal in England, I am, I am sorry to say, ignorant of their very names and where this sweeping criticism is to be found?

MR. GOODWIN suggests that this "badness" may have arisen from the long interval that had occurred between the author's death in 1663 and the publication of his reports in 1681. Not unlikely, perhaps : but inasmuch as these critics themselves state that "of the reporter himself nothing is

EDWARD PEACOCK.

LOOPING THE LOOP: FLYING OR CENTRI FUGAL RAILWAY: WHIRL OF DEATH (10th S. iv. 65, 176, 333).-I think J. C. P. must be in error in saying the Centrifugal Railway was in the Botanic Gardens, Liverpool, about 1857. These gardens were transferred to the Corporation of Liverpool in 1841, and it is not at all likely that they would engage Blondin to give an exhibition. Indeed, Picton's 'Memorials,' vol. ii. p. 427, says that Blondin and many other celebrities performed at the Zoological Gardens, West Derby Road; and I should say that most