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WEST.-Who was the "old West, who I believe is now at Chelsea," mentioned in the Tatler, No. 87? G. A. A.

LEE, KING OF THE GIPSIES.-Will any one kindly inform me whether there is truth in the rumour that one Lee, a gipsy king, lies buried in the churchyard of Harrow-on-the-Hill? This was told to my father more than fifty years ago, and perhaps refers to many years previous to that time. No stone or rail exists to his memory, and I do not believe the register records his burial.

A. R. THOROLD WINCKLEY.

St. John's College, Cambridge.

Walter Scott. Can it have come from the two
hundred years before the Reformation, when Scot-
tish scholars at foreign universities took what
would now be called the Liberal side in the struggle
But has any of your corre-
with absolutism?

spondents heard the contre dicton before?
A. TAYLOR INNES.

MACKENZIE'S Manuscript BARONAGE OF SCOTLAND.-I should feel obliged if any of your readers could inform me the date of compilation of Sir George Mackenzie's manuscript baronage of Scotland; and where or in what library it may be P. GRAY.

seen.

9, Bell Street, Dundee.

PRE-EXISTENCE.-I shall be obliged to any of

SOCIETY OF FRIENDLY BROTHERS.-Dr. Oliver's 'Preston's Illustrations of Masonry,' seventeenth edition, London, 1861, p. 387, contains the follow-your readers who will be kind enough to send me ing:

"An Act of Parliament passed in this session [1839, apparently] for preventing the administration and taking of unlawful oaths in Ireland......provided"That this exemption shall not extend to any such Society or Lodge......under the denomination of a Lodge of Freemasons, or Society of Friendly Brothers of the said Order,' &c."

any references in Western literatures to the idea of pre-existence or reincarnation, either in prose or poetry, passages in the works of prominent authors containing this thought, incidents confirming it, or poetical expressions of it (like Wordsworth's' Intimations of Immortality'). E. D. WALKER, Harper & Brothers' Editorial Rooms, Franklin Square, New York.

A Society of Friendly Brothers met in Liverpool some thirty years ago, probably later; but it has MATEMANS, "So the Lollards were called, from been extinct for a considerable time. A box their frugal lives and the poverty of their appearsupposed to contain its property is still in exist-ance." If this is correct, what is the derivation of

ence.

"Friendly Brothers" are unknown to English Freemasonry of the present day. I should be glad to have some information concerning them.

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E. S. N. ‘La Russie Juive.'-In the most curious and important book lately published in Paris, La Russie Juive' (by the late Calixt de Wolski), I find mentioned, p. 3, a " Compte-rendu des Événements Politico-Historiques survenus dans les Dix Dernières Années' (from 1864 to 1874, I believe). No other description. This work I have never been able to discover in Paris. Could any of your readers afford a satisfying indication of it? C. DE R. Paris,

SCOTLAND AND LIBERALISM.-The Indépendence Belge of Oct. 30, 1885, had a notice of a book which had just appeared in London, in which a good many people attempted to answer the arduous question "Why am I a Liberal?" One answer, it observed, was given from Edinburgh, "I am a Liberal because I am a Scotchman"; to which L'Indépendence added the remark, "Ce qui est la contre-partie du dicton: Vous devez être Ecossais, puisque vous êtes libéral."

Can any

of your readers explain the meaning or existence of this dicton? To what age is it due? The word Liberal, in its technical and political sense, seems to have arisen in France not much earlier than 1830, and during the last fifty years Scotland has been popularly known abroad rather through Sir

the word.

E. COBHAM BREWER.

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WESTMINSTER ABBEY TENOR BELL.-There is

a puzzle connected with this which I should like to put before the readers of N. & Q.,' in the hope of some one suggesting a solution.

To state the problem I must first travel eastward, to the church of St. Michael, Cornhill. In or about 1430 William Rus, citizen and goldsmith, gave this church a new tenor bell, which was named "Rus," after him. (It may be that the gift was prompted by the fact that he was descended from a family of bell-founders.) By his last will, seven or eight years later, he founded and endowed a chantry at St. Michael's, to pray for the souls of himself, his wife Isabella, and (inter alia) John Whitewell, "his master," i. e., the goldsmith to whom he had been apprenticed, and, I think, whose daughter he had married.

The bell lasted till 1587, when, being cracked, it was recast by Lawrence Wright, a bell-founder, whose commercial morality was not of the highest order. The work was a failure; and in the following year the bell had to be again recast, this time by Robert Mot, of Whitechapel. The result was

not much more satisfactory, the bell only lasting eleven years. In 1599 Mot had to do the work over again. These are dry historical facts, mentioned by Stow, and recorded in the parish books, which are still extant. The present ring (of twelve) dates from 1729, and throws no light on the matter.

Now for the second part of the problem. The tenor bell at the abbey bears this inscription ('N. & Q.,' 4th S. vi. 43):

REMEMBER JOHN WHITMELL ISABELLA HIS WIFE AND WILLIAM RUS WHO FIRST GAVE THIS BELL 1430 NEW

CAST IN JULY 1599 and in April 1738 RICHARD PHELPS

T LESTER FECIT.

As to the latest date thereupon, it is unnecessary to do more than note the fact that Lester was Phelps's foreman, and succeeded him in the business in the very year, 1738. But the other two dates strangely coincide with the St. Michael's dates, and they raise the following questions. Were there two bells given, one to the abbey and one to St. Michael's Church? Or, has the St. Michael's bell got transferred to the abbey? And if the latter, when and how? J. C. L. S.

Fontenoy Road, Balham,

CLAIBORNE, OF WESTMORELAND.-Will any of your readers kindly mention the title of a history of Westmoreland, or other book containing the early records of the family of Claiborne, who formerly belonged to that county? EVELYN.

GALILEO.-A paragraph has been going the "rounds of the press" to the effect that " a monument has been erected in Rome, on the Via Pincio, fronting the old Medici Palace, now occupied by the French Embassy, where he was kept a prisoner in 1637, during his prosecution by the Inquisition." Is this date correct? According to the Encyclopædia Britannica,' Galileo read his recantation June 22, 1633, and on July 6 was permitted to depart for Siena to the Archbishop's residence. In December he returned to Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life, and died Jan., 1642.

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A. L. L.

EXTIRP=TO RAIL.-This verb is used in this peculiar sense in Samuel Rowley's When You see Me You know Mee; or, the Famous Chronicle Historie of King Henry the Eight' (F 3, back):— Has set this foole a worke, Thus to extirpe against his holinesse. And (H 2, back):

She did extirpe against his Holinesse. The meaning seems to be "to speak censoriously" or" abusively," "to rail." As it occurs twice, and in the same phrase, it is evidently not a misprint. I cannot find any such signification given to the word in any dictionary. Can any of your readers furnish any instance of a similar use of this verb? F. A. MARSHALL.

8, Bloomsbury Square, W.C.

THE STOCKS AND THE PILLORY.-The names of any villages in England or Wales still retaining the obsolete instruments of punishment the stocks (with or without the whipping-post) or the pillory, will be gratefully received by ALLAN FEA. Bank of England, E.C.

IRISH PRIVY COUNCIL RECORDS.-I shall be

grateful to any one who can and will give me any information as to the present custody of the records of the Irish Privy Council about the year 1610. I have made inquiry here at the Public Record Office and at the Privy Council Office, and in Dublin at the Dublin Record Office and

at the State Paper Office, Dublin Castle; but no one seems to know anything about them. P. EDWARD Dove.

23, Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn.

THE REPRINT OF THE FIRST FOLIO SHAKSPEARE OF 1807.-I should be much obliged if any of your readers could tell me where I can see a copy of Upcott's list of 368 errors in this reprint. I believe it was never published; but copies have been made in MS. at various times, and I am told are found sometimes at the end of this reprint.

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CARGO.-In Ben Jonson's 'Poetaster,' V. iii., we have, "A couple of condemn'd caitive calumnious cargo's." Gifford explains, Bullies or

66

bravoes." He notes that the word is sometimes used by our old poets as an interjection. Of this use I have two examples :—

But cargo! my fiddlestick cannot play without rosin,
Miseries of Enforced Marriage,' IV.
Twenty pound a year
For three good lives? Cargo! hai Trincalo !
'Albumazar.'

Gifford says the word has been referred to Italian coraggio. He himself inclines rather to see in it the military word of command, cargo (?)= charge ! Can any one either supply further examples, or suggest any other account of the word? May I ask for direct replies?

14, Norham Road, Oxford.

C. B. MOUNT.

"THE COUNTRY BOX, BY ROBERT LLOYD, A.M." -What is known of this "ingenious writer"? I

lately came across a poem, with the above title and signature, in a book styled 'Poems on Various Subjects,' by Thomas Tomkins, "London, printed for the Editor and J. Wallis at Yorick's Head, Ludgate Street, 1780." Tomkins would appear, from an advertisement at the end of the volume, to have been a writing-master in Foster Lane, Cheapside; and the book is said to be printed by the Etheringtons. The poem itself is a description of a rural retreat about a mile from "Cheney Row, Chelsea," lately bought by a rich cit named "Thrifty." In it occurs a couplet illustrating what I have written about Piccadilly in my 'Old and New London' (vol. iv. p. 287) as being at that time the headquarters of sculptors and statuaries, like the New Road in our own day :

And now from Hyde Park Corner come
The Gods of Athens and of Rome.
E. WALFORD, M.A.

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G. A. A.

3. Is not "Black Monks of the Angels " a mistake for "of the English" (Anglorum) ?

4. Canons Regular are Austin Canons living under a quasi-monastic rule; Canons Secular are canons of non-monastic cathedral and collegiate churches. "Black Monks" are Benedictines, and "Black Canons," Augustinians. Is "Fratres de Sacra" a mistake for "de Sacco," referring to the order of friars "de pœnitentia," who went about in sacks?

5. Marmoûtier, Mont St. Michel, the two great abbeys at Caen, Bec, and St. Bertin, were Benedictine; Fontenay and Savigny, Cistercian; Tironeaux, Cistercian; Hautpays I cannot find.

6. The Order of the Holy Trinity was instituted in 1197 as a branch of the Augustinian order. J. T. F. Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham.

1. The Augustinian order, i. e., the order of Hyde Park Manions, N.W. Augustinian Hermits, claims to have been founded KING'S END CAR. What is a "King's end by St. Augustine of Hippos; the Canons Regular car"?-used, apparently, in Ireland. of St. Augustine, who are sometimes, though inaccurately, styled Augustinians, claim to have been founded in the Apostolic College, and to have been reformed by St. Augustine, who reduced their rule to writing, and is therefore called their legislator. The rule of St. Augustine was made binding on all regular canons in the eleventh century.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED.-
First worship God, he that forgets to pray
Bids not himself good morrow, nor good day;
Let thy first labour be to purge thy sin,
And serve Him first whence all things did begin.
Long do they live, nor die too soon,

Who live till life's great work is done. S. M. P.
The unfinished window in Aladdin's tower
Unfinished must remain.

Replies.

RELIGIOUS ORDERS. (7th S. iii. 449.)

JUNIUS.

1. The Austin Canons became organized in their mediæval form after the Council of Lateran in 1139, when Innocent II. gave them a rule which St. Augustine drew up. for nuns. They had further rules which they attributed to St. Augustine, whom they regarded as their founder, and they may have been in some sort of organic continuity with some order established by him. The Austin Friars, or Eremites, were at first hermits, but became a mendicant order in the twelfth century. They also observed the so-called rule of St. Augustine, and probably claimed him as their founder.

2. The Præmonstratensians were an offshoot from the Austin Canons, and were called White Canons, from their white cassock, that of the Austin Canons being black. "White Bernardines" were either some sub-order of the Cistercian or White Monks, or the Order of Mount Olivet, instituted by Bernard (not Bernardine) of Sienna, A.D. 1320. Their habit was white.

2. "White Canons" are such canons regular as wear a white tunic, e. g., those of the Lateran congregation. "Premonstratensians" are white canons; they were founded early in the twelfth century by St. Norbert, afterwards Archbishop of Magdeburg. "White Bernardines" are probably Cistercians, who are sometimes called "Bernardines," after their founder St. Bernard, and wear a white habit. 4. "Canons Regular "" are the canons of a collegiate or cathedral church who are bound by the "Secular Canons " are rule of St. Augustine. canons who do not belong to a religious order. "Black Monks" are Benedictines. "Black Canons are canons who wear a black tunic instead of a white one; the "Black Canons of Martiall" were probably members of a congregation of canons regular the thus distinguished. Were not "Victorines canons of the celebrated congregation of St. Victor in Paris?

5. Marmoûtier, Mont St. Michel, Caen, and Bec belonged to the order of St. Benedict.

6. The order of the Holy Trinity was not an offshoot of any other.

I am writing from memory, being out of reach of any reference library, but I think HERMENTRUDE will find the above, so far as it goes, authentic.

Liskeard, Cornwall.

E. W. BECK.

St. Augustine of Hippo founded several monasteries in Africa, which were destroyed by the Vandals; but though governed by strict rules, the

order was very different from the one called, after him, Augustine, or Augustinian. The Augustines were governed by rules, said to be those of St. Augustine, but in reality the work of several Popes, notably Pope Alexander IV. They were called "Black Canons," and according to Fuller were established in England in 1105. For particulars of the order and the pretended rules of St. Augustine see Hook's Church Dictionary' (art.“Augustines ”), seventh edition, pp. 71 and 72. E. PARTINGTON.

Manchester.

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1. "The foundation of the order was......confidently referred to St. Augustine of Nippo (Catholic Dictionary,' Addis and Arnold, p. 56).

But the article seems to assert without reason.

2. "Premonstratensians" were commonly called in England "White Canons," from their white habit. They were founded by St. Norbert in 1119 at Prémontré, in the forest of Coucy, near Laon. 4. "Black Canons are Augustinian Canons. "Black Friars" (not Monks) are Dominicans. "Canons Regular" are Augustinian Canons.

6. "Trinitarians" were founded at Rome in 1198 by St. John of Matha and St. Felix of Valois. The rule was that of St. Austin.

St. Andrews, N.B.

GEORGE ANGUS.

HERMENTRUDE's first question, and the second so far as relates to the White Canons and White Bernardines, can be answered in the affirmative. Most of the information required may be found in Dr. Littledale's elaborate article on "Monachism" in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica' and in Haydn's 'Dictionary of Dates,' s. v. each order. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M. A.

The Library, Claremont, Hastings.

also in alphabetical order, and extended beyond P, but not, I think, complete; in it, however, was an epitaph for which I searched, the name commencing with T.

In regard to the Cromwells, I wish to convey my thanks to MR. CROMWELL RUSSELL for the information he imparts in reply to my inquiry. I have visited the tombs (two altar-tombs, standing about three yards apart), on one of which the inscriptions are yet partly, but very faintly, visible. On the smaller tomb, that which was found seven feet underground and restored to its position by the City Corporation, the inscription is entirely gone. It is here MR. CROMWELL RUSSELL says that the old lady who died at Ponder's End in 1813 and her daughter Susan, the last of the Cromwells, were buried, and this is evident from the absence of their names on the other tomb, which only had Dr. Rippon's notice, although, as Susan Cromwell was buried in 1834, it is difficult to believe that her tomb was out of sight before "" Henry Crom1836, when Dr. Rippon died. well" has been inscribed on the tomb reinstated by the Corporation; "Richard Cromwell his vault" appears on the other, recently cut. The Richard's 'Henry Cromwell" was, I should think, brother; he died unmarried in 1769, æt. seventyone. MR. CROMWELL RUSSELL appears to think the vault was that of Major Henry Cromwell, father of the above brothers; but in that case the wife of the major (he himself died and was buried at Lisbon) would most probably have been buried in it, whereas she was consigned to her son Richard's tomb, as the inscription on it states. There was another brother, Thomas (husband of the old lady of Ponder's End, and who died sixty-five years before her), buried in Bunhill Fields in 1748; his tomb is no longer to be found, but Dr. Rippon has preserved the inscription; he was buried with his first wife and her parents, whose name was Tidman.

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BUNHILL FIELDS AND THE CROMWELL FAMILY (7th S. iii. 268, 413).—To any reader of N. & Q.' interested in Bunhill Fields, and who may have I may be allowed to add that a nice little guidebeen puzzled by my stating that I found Dr. book or History of the Bunhill Fields Burying Rippon's copies of inscriptions at the British Ground,' published this year, is to be obtained Museum, while at the same time MR. ROBERTS from the very civil keeper of the ground; it conBROWN writes that they are preserved in the tains a plan and some good sketches of the princilibrary of Heralds' College, I would say that we pal tombs. In the account there is an interesting are both right. The British Museum volumes con- quotation from the diary of a lady who had seen tain the inscriptions-apparently the original notes Dr. Rippon at work, "laid down upon his side made on the ground-from A to P, with the ex-between two graves, and writing out the epitaphs ception of H. Those from Q to Z, not being at Great Russell Street, may be with the Heralds, or there may be a complete transcript at the College; but as to this, on inquiring there, I failed to obtain information because I was unwilling to pay five shillings for it. At the British Museum, besides the inscriptions pasted into the large volumes, the names arranged alphabetically but not extending beyond letter P, there is a small book containing inscriptions, apparently copies of original notes,

word for word. He had an inkhorn in his buttonhole, and a pen and book," &c. A veritable "Old Mortality," as the writer of the account calls him, "dwelling much among these tombs, and doing a work for which his memory ought to be kept for ever fresh and green.' Finally the worthy Dr. Rippon was himself laid to rest among the graves on the record of which he had bestowed so much patient labour. He died in 1836, in his eighty-sixth year. W. L. RUTTON.

The following list of the members of the Cromwell family buried at Bunhill Fields is compiled from Noble's 'House of Cromwell,' third edition, 1787, vol. i. The book, though the author may be incapable of estimating rightly the character of Oliver Cromwell, yet contains, at any rate, many curious notices and anecdotes of the Protector and

his alliances and descendants. The members of the family interred in the above-named burialplace are descended from Henry Cromwell, the

fourth son of the Protector.

1. Henry Cromwell, commemorated on the tombstone, died at Lisbon September 11, 1711, and was buried at Lisbon; major in the army. 2. Hannah Hewling, his wife, died March 26, 1732, aged seventy years.

3. Mary, daughter of William Sherwill and wife of William Cromwell, died March 4, 1752, aged sixty-two years.

4. William Cromwell, husband of the above, died July 9, 1772, aged seventy-nine years.

5. Mary Cromwell, eldest daughter of Major Henry Cromwell, died unmarried July 9, 1731, aged forty years. Styled on the tombstone," Mrs. Cromwell, spinster."

6. Richard Cromwell, fifth son of Major Henry Cromwell, died December 3, 1759.

7. Ann Cromwell, second daughter of Richard Cromwell, died September, 1777. It is said there was no room for a memorial of her upon the tomb in Bunhill Fields, as all the spaces were filled up

on it.

8. Eleanor Cromwell, third daughter of Richard Cromwell, died February 24, 1727, aged two

months.

9. Thomas Cromwell, seventh son of Major Henry Cromwell, a grocer, died October 2, 1748, aged fifty-one years.

10. Oliver Cromwell, son of Thomas Cromwell, died May 6, 1741, aged five years.

11. Henry Cromwell, son of Thomas Cromwell,

died unmarried circa 1771.

12. Thomas Cromwell, son of Thomas Cromwell,

died an infant.

13. Elizabeth Cromwell, daughter of Thomas Cromwell, died an infant.

14. Henry Cromwell, sixth son of Major Henry Cromwell, died unmarried January 4, 1769, aged

seventy-one years.

The tombstone at Bunhill Fields, said to have been raised over the vault made by Richard Cromwell, commemorates also "Mrs. Eleanor Gatton, Widdow" (sic), his mother-in-law, who died September 27, 1727, and Mrs. Eleanor Gracedieu, spinster, daughter of Sir Bartholomew Gracedieu, Knt., died February 26, 1737, in the fifty-third year of her age. No doubt owing to the lapse of time, these inscriptions have become illegible, but several records of the burials are taken from the body of the work, some of which, though not all,

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"DEFENCE, NOT DEFIANCE": THE VOLUNTEERS Hans Busk to have been the avant courier and (7th S. iii. 206, 356, 430).—Fully admitting Capt. first advocate of the volunteer movement, it may not be inappropriate to the subject if I notice

other names connected with the formation of this

patriotic home army, which excludes even a thought of conscription.

for

In Harper's (New York) edition of the Poet Laureate's 'Poems,' published in 1873, at p. 250, there is a rousing appeal to the manhood of the nation, of four stanzas, called 'The War.' This poem was sent to me on May 5, 1859, anonymous insertion in any country paper, as it might be thought political, and unbecoming the pen of the royal bard; and it appeared in the Times of May 9, 1859, signed T. It was, of course, a warning against the "French colonels" and their chief, as "only the devil knows what he means."

On May 29, 1859, General Peel, then Minister of War, issued his order which sanctioned the formation of volunteer corps in Great Britain; and on July 5, 1859, Lord Lyndhurst, who was with the danger of invasion, unless her fleet was then eighty-seven years old, threatened England strengthened and a powerful reserve force maintained. Sir T. Martin says, in his admirable biography of this great lawyer and statesman, "His eloquence went right to the heart of the nation, and the response came in the movement for forming a volunteer force, to which England may now look with some confidence in the hour of need.

The "Isaiah of the nineteenth century," as I have heard the poet justly called, is not afraid of speaking out; no less stirring words than are

found in his address to our riflemen are contained in The Fleet.' ALFRED GATTY, D.D.

It is hardly fair to say that any one man was the originator of the present volunteer force, when so many were engaged in the work. It is indisputable that a very large share of the glory and honour is due to the late Hans Busk of the Victorias and to Dr. Bucknill; but there were other heads at work previously and contemporaneously with them, notably Col. Kinlock, the brother in arms of Sir De Lacy Evans and Lord Ranelagh, and it is doubtful whether Hans Busk would have

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