down-flower, so called from its rapid down-sweeping current, from 77, to descend or flow down; Kishon, tortuous, from p, ensnared; hence the surname Kish; Kidron, very black or full of blackness, from 7p, dark, gloomy; Euphrates, fertilizing or fruitful, from 5, fruitful; and so on through all the principal river names of ancient Palestine.

As a further evidence of the correctness of my deductions, I may be allowed to point to the fact that we find tribe after tribe, and race after race, giving their names to streams, and all in the same elemental fashion. Hence we get such a combination as Wansbeckwater, i.e., wan=avont (Welsh), beck (Teutonic), and water (English); giving us a name which simply means 66 water-water-water." Such combinations are not rare, and serve to give us some little insight into the simple and, at the same time, natural laws followed by these ancient tribes in giving names to natural features.

Although we may have Celtic blood in our veins, our modes of thought are essentially different from those of the warrior Celts who figure in Ossian's heroic verses. The complexity of our modern civilization, our love of the "Fatherland," our latent hero-worship, and our religious instincts have, one and all, led us to adopt methods of nomenclature the ancient Celts could never have even dreamed of.

ROBERT F. GARDINER.

RICHARD MARTIN (7th S. iii. 328, 417, 522; iv. 35).-There is the following anecdote, which, as such are referred to, may perhaps be thought worth admission in 'N. & Q.':

morning. (Suppressed titters of laughter were heard in
all parts of the House.) But, Mr. Speaker, it is not of
the circumstance of the reporther having made me
the inaccurate reporthing that I so much complain as of
spake in italics. (Roars of laughter, which continued
for some time.) I appeal to you, sir, and those hon.
members who heard me, whether I spoke in italics.
(Renewed bursts of laughter from all parts of the House.)
You know, Mr. Speaker, and so does every gintlemin in
this House, that I never spake in italics, at all at all.
(Shouts of laughter.) But, sir, allow me to say that
this, bad as it is, is not the worst of the matter. Will
you belave it, sir-will any hon. mimber in this House
belave it-that when I went to the reporther to ask for
an explanation, he told me, with the most perfect cool-
ness, that if I felt myself aggrieved I knew my remedy,
at the same time handing me his card, sir? The short
and the long of it is, sir, that this reporther wants to
fight a duel with me.' Peals of laughter, such as were
never before or have been since heard within the walls
speech. When these had in some measure subsided, he
of Parliament, followed the conclusion of Mr. Martin's
moved that the reporter be called to the bar of the
House for having committed a breach of the privileges
of the House; but there being no one to second the
motion, it of course fell to the ground."-From the 'Great
Metropolis.'
ED. MARSHALL.

"THE HIGHER THE MONKEY CLIMBS THE MORE HE SHOWS HIS TAIL" (7th S. iii. 356, 523).—This proverb, in the form, "The higher the Ape goes, the more he shewes his taile," appears in George Herbert's 'Outlandish Proverbs,' 1640. It occurs also in Ray's collection. Ray quotes the Italian proverb, "Tu fai come la simia, chi piu va in alto piu mostra il culo."

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

This proverb, in a rather coarser form, was "REPORTING IN ITALICS.-Mr. Martin-or Dick Mar- applied to Elizabeth Bourchier, the wife of Oliver tin, as he was called in the House-though a very Cromwell, to whom he was married at St. Giles's, humane man, especially to the brute creation, had a great deal of eccentricity about him. Having on one Cripplegate, Aug. 22, 1620. Thomas Carlyle occasion said something so very ludicrous as to convulse styles her father, Sir Thomas Bourchier, "a civic the House with laughter, a reporter for one of the gentleman "; and he had besides landed property morning papers underlined the passage, and the comat Felsted, in Essex. Prefixed to vol. ii., third positors of course printed it in italics. The circumstance afforded infinite amusement to the whole town on the edition, 1787, of Noble's 'Memoirs of the House day on which it appeared, and the hon. gentleman was of Cromwell' is a small medallion portrait of this chaffed beyond measure not only for the ludicrousness of lady, representing her as a plain, homely woman, the speech itself, but for its being reported in italics. wearing a hood, whilst to the right of her face is a In the evening, without waiting till the business before the House was disposed of, Mr. Martin said that he had monkey. Perhaps the proverb may be of Spanish to call the attention of Mr. Speaker and the House to one origin, for it is one quite worthy of Sancho Panza. of the grossest insults ever offered to a member of ParliaJOHN PICKFORD, M.A. ment. Sir,' said the hon. gentleman, addressing the Speaker, sir, you and hon, members must be aware that I had the honour of addressing this House last night. (Ironical cries of Hear, hear.') Well, sir, my speech is most villainously reported in the Morning

of this

Adh'ar, in the Gaelic signifying clear or rapid: the Rule in Roxburgh, from rhull, to move briskly. We have also a Teutonic parallel in the Snailbatch, swift brook.

*Cf. the Jed (anciently written Ged and Geddie), also in Roxburgh, from the Celtic gaid, withes or twigs, BO called from its many windings.

† Avon, uncompounded, gives us the names Anne, Inn, Aven, Aff, and Wan.

Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

Compare the following from Montaigne, livre ii. chap. xvii. ("De la Présumption "):—

"Me souvenant de ce mot du feu chancellier Ollivier que les François semblent des guenons, qui vont grimpant contremont un arbre, de branche en branche, et ne cessent d'aller, jusques à ce qu'elles soyent arrivées à la plus haute branche, et y montrent le cul quand elles y sont,' H. DELEVINGNE.

Ealing. Whether or not this be a Spanish proverb, there is an English equivalent, in which the squirrel is

redigitur." It occurred to me that the word new,
A.-S. niwe, Danish ny, might once have been used
as a substantive in the sense of breaks or brêche,
and I referred in my query to ny', which is given
by Cleasby and Vigfusson as
"the new
" of the
moon. I need hardly say that if such a suffix as
-ny could be proved to exist it would unlock many
is, at least, a very strong presumption in favour of
obscure local names. It appears to me that there

its existence.

Redineys occurs at Fulwood, near Sheffield, in 1637. It then contained seventy-three acres, and was" reserved for the red deare." There is a field called Rediker at Dore, near Sheffield. S. O. ADDY.

"LIMINA APOSTOLORUM " (7th S. iii. 517).—This, of course, is the usual form of expressing a visit to Rome. So in reference to A.D. 688 Beda has:

Occidentalium Saxonum...... venit Romam......ut ad
"Anno autem regni Aldfridi tertio Cædualla rex
limina beatorum apostolorum fonte baptismatis ablue-
retur."- Hist. Eccl.,' v. 7.

And before that Prudentius had written :-
Ipsa et senatus lumina,
Quondam Luperci aut Flamines,
Apostolorum et martyrum
Exosculantur limina.

'Peristeph.,' ii, 517-20.

Per cineres Pauli, per cani limina Petri,
Ne laceres versus, dux Iacobe, meos.

'Carm.,' lxxvii. p. 696, Lips., 1759.

THE SUFFIX -NY OR -NEY IN PLACE-NAMES (7th S. iii. 475; iv. 56).—Instead of assuming the existence of this suffix I ought, perhaps, to have asked for evidence proving or disproving its existence. Indeed, I did not intend to go further than this. It appeared to me that the A.-S. ieg, an island, with which, of course, I was acquainted, was not applicable to many local names ending in y or ey, because local names are found with these terminations where there is no island. Either, therefore, one has to give to leg some secondary meaning, such as oasis, or to look out for some other explanation. It was rather strange that I should have forgotten to mention the word Sidney, which is my own name. I had been so accustomed to the generally accepted derivation from St. Denis that it never occurred to me. MR. STEVENSON has, however, mentioned it, and MR. BATTERSBY And so, too, Claudian :has mentioned Bradney. These two words alone appear to me to go very far to "force the conclusion" that a suffix -nyor-ney does exist in many local If we divide these two words as Sid-ney and Brad-ney, then sid=A.-S. sid, broad, and brad=A.-S. brád, broad; so that, probably, Sidney and Bradney have exactly the same meaning. Take the surname Sitwell. It occurs in Eckington and Dronfield, and I have no doubt that it is a field-name. A variant of this word occurs in both these parishes in the surname Siddal, pronounced Siddel. Now here Sitwell or Siddal-broad well, just as Bradwell in Derbyshire-broad well. I do "I spoke with the Emperor himself, and the lord not, however, say that "well" here means a spring pope, and the princes who were there, in regard to of water. In this way one might get such words that there should be granted to them more equal the wants of my people, English as well as Danes; as Wit-ney White-ney, resembling the well-justice and greater security in their journeys to Rome, known White acre. But here MR. STEVENSON and that they should not be hindered by so many may say that the guttural spirant would be un- barriers on the road nor harassed by unjust tolls."-Ibid. naturally forced in against rule. If it be objected that Sidney and Sitwell are not shown to have existed as field-names, I would answer that there are thousands of interesting field-names which have not found their way into literature or which are only known to the world in surnames. Sid-cop is a common field-name near Barnsley.

names.

66

At Bradfield I find, in 1637, fields called "the new breakes" and 66 new ground." The Brecks" is a farm in Stavely. New-lands is a common fieldname. Stratmann gives M.E. brêche as new ground, ager novulis. Maigne D'Arnis gives, as a secondary meaning of novale, "ager qui de novo in cultum

In A.D. 1031 Cnut wrote a letter to describe his visit to Rome, in which he said that, after long since vowing this journey and being prevented, he had at last been able, for which he was thankful, "to visit the sanctuary of the Apostles SS. Peter and Paul, and all others which he could find either within or without the city of Rome" (ep. in Florence of Worcester's 'Chron.,' Bohn, 1854, p. 137). And what was more, he wrote:—

It is an illustration of the way in which mistakes have arisen from corruptions in the text or errors in the translation of the New Testament that Optatus connects the two great apostles in their relics with Rome from the reading of Romans xii. 13, in the Latin, "Memoriis sanctorum communicantes." "Ecce præsentes sunt ibi," he observes after quoting the verse, " duorum memoriæ apostolorum. Dicite si ad has ingredi potuit; aut obtulit illic, ubi sanctorum memorias esse constat "('De Schism. Donatist.,' ii. 4). Some MSS. with D have raîs μveíais. To make a pilgrimage to the shrines of the two great

apostles at Rome was an act of devotion and com-
munion.
ED. MARSHALL.

The Limina Apostolorum are the basilicas of St.
Peter in Rome and of St. Paul on the Ostian Way.
Mackenzie Walcott is mistaken in saying that "the
Limina were the steps at the entrance of the Con-
fession" (Sacred Archæology,' 352). Gaetano
Moroni, a careful and trustworthy authority, has

written an exhaustive article on the Limina Apostolorum. See his 'Dizionario di Erudizione Storico-Ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri

Giorni,' vol. xxxviii. pp. 221-33) (Venice, dalla tipografia Emiliana, 1845).

EDMUND WATERTON.

INGOLDSBY LEGENDS' (7th S. iv. 69).-"The Prince of Potboys" is an allusion to Prince Potbus, Ambassador Extraordinary from the King of Prussia to Her Majesty's coronation.

Deutsch- Neureuth and Wälsch-Neureuth, to which may be added Deutsch-Neukirch, DeutschWindisch-Eschenbach. Dr. Guest has enumerated Wagram, Windisch-Kappel, Windisch-Grätz, and similar names as indications of the old line of the Welsh and English march, such as Englishcombe and English batch, and more especially the adjacent villages of English Frankton and Welsh Frankton,

near Ellesmere.

In some parts of the Grisons alternate villages are German and Romansch, the inhabitants differing in blood, language, and religion, and never intermarrying. In the East Riding of Yorkshire the Angles and Danes seem in like manner to have dwelt apart, many parishes containing two townships, one bearing an English and the other a Danish name. Thus my own parish of Settrington includes the township of Scagglethorpe; the neighbouring parish of Langton comprises the township of Kennythorpe; and Westow, the next parish, contains the townships of Mennythorpe, Eddlethorpe, and Firby.

The Isle of Axholme seems to have formed, from its inaccessibility, a refuge for the old Celtic inhabitants, who maintained themselves among its marshes long after the English conquest, and the topographical nomenclature seems to me to testify plainly to the fact. In the old kingdom of Elmet, with which MR. ADDY is conversant, the same seems to have been the case. ISAAC TAYLOR.

CONVICTS SHIPPED TO THE COLONIES (7th S. ii. 162, 476; iii. 58, 114, 193; iv. 72).—The case of Elizabeth Canning is related by Caulfield in his 'Memoirs of Remarkable Persons,' and is too well known to be repeated in these "congested columns." She was convicted-on what seems very insufficient evidence of perjury, May, 1754, and transported. Great sympathy was shown towards her, and large subscriptions were raised for her comfort and support. She married an opulent Quaker in America, and "lived happily ever afterwards." Her portrait was engraved by Boitard, Worlidge, and others.

WILLIAM FRASER of Ledeclune, Bt. I think it probable that the "great Haythen Jews" is not intended to point at any particular individuals, but to embrace several distinguished Jews, such as Baron Rothschild, Sir Isaac Goldsmid, Sir Moses Montefiore, &c. M. H. R. [G. B. and others oblige with similar information.] RECORDS OF CELTIC OCCUPATION IN LOCAL NAMES (7th S. iv. 1, 90).—The German analogies throw some light on the question whether ethnic or tribal appellations enter into the composition of English village names. On the old Wendish frontier, village names referring to the Wends are numerous, and, as Förstemann observes, "deuten mit sicherheit auf wendische ansiedlungen," in some cases, he adds, " unmittelbar," as in the case of Winedeheim, now Franken-windheim, in other cases through the medium of a personal name ultimately ethnic, as Winedesheim, now Windsheim, or Windeshem, now Winsen. Similar names of ethnic origin, from documents not later than the eleventh century, are Sahsenheim, Langobardonheim, Franchonhusen, Suaboheim, Thuringoheim, and Burgundhart. Not uncommon are the names, such as Schottenkirchen and Schottenklöster, which testify to early religious foundations of Irish monks. Near Danzig are two places called Altschottland and Neuschottland, which probably SIR CHARLES FLOWER (7th S. iv. 69).—Sir indicate commercial settlements. Very numerous Charles was the elder son of Mr. Stephen Flower, are the names compounded with the word walah, a a cheesemonger in the Minories. He was born foreigner. Old charters contain scores of such Feb. 18, 1763, and made a large fortune " by exnames as Walahusa, Walahusun, Waladorf, Walah-tensive contracts with Government for provisions heim, Walahesheim, Walishoven, Walahesdorf, and the like, which, like the Wend names, are either directly or indirectly ethnic. On the German linguistic frontiers there are numerous village names of more recent origin which plainly refer to the nationality of the inhabitants. Such are the contiguous villages of Deutsch-Brod and BöhmischBrod, Deutsch-Steinach and Wälsch-Steinach,

JULIAN MARSHALL.

[A full report of the case, contributed by MR. J. J. STOCKEN, is too long for our columns. We have forwarded it to PROF. BUTLER.]

during the war." He served the office of sheriff in 1799, was elected alderman for the ward of Cornhill in 1801, and was Lord Mayor of London in 1808. He was created a baronet on Dec. 1, 1809. He married Anne, the eldest daughter of Joseph Squire, of Plymouth, by whom he had two sons and six daughters. Sir Charles died in Russell Square on Sept. 15, 1835, aged seventy-two, and

names for the green woodpecker: eccle (Oxford- a variant of Haver, which is common in the Eastern shire), icwell (Northants), eaqual or ecall (Salop), Counties, cf. Haversack, a bag for oats." yuckel (Wilts), yockel (Salop), stock eikle (Worcestershire), Jack ickle (Northants).

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

Halliwell gives hickol as a West of England name of the woodpecker. Another form of the word is hickway, under which the same authority has the following: "A hicway, or woodpecker, virco,' Withals, ed. 1608, p. 21. Hickwall, Florio, p. 203. Highawe, Cotgrave, in v. Bequebo, Epeiche, Epiche. 'Hygh-whele, picus,' MS. Arundel 249, f. 90." In the 'Linguæ Romance Dictionarium Luculentum Novum (Cambridge, 1693) I find, "A Hickwal, or Hickway, a bird. Virco, m. picus Martius, picumnus"; and s. v. "Picus," "A bird which makes holes in trees; of which there be several sorts: a Wood-pecker, a Speckt, a Hickway or Heighhould, a French-Pye, a Wittwall." C. C. B.

I am glad to find that an old friend of my boyhood-the 'Architecture of Birds'-still has readers. Hickwall seems not to be confined to one locality. Coles's 'Dictionary' (1713) has, Hickwall, a wood-pecker or wryneck"; and Mr. Atkinson, in his 'British Birds' Eggs and Nests,' gives hickwall for the lesser spotted woodpecker, and whitwall for the great spotted woodpecker. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A.

Hastings.

Halliwell, in his 'Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,' refers to p. 203, "Florio," for the use of this word. Having found hickwall or hickwel in the following dictionaries-Phillips (1720), Bailey (1759), Ash (1775), Johnson (1814), Knowles (1835), Webster (1863), Wright (1880), Davies (1881)-I cannot think that the use of it can be exclusively confined to the Forest of Dean. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.

71, Brecknock Road.

If (as I presume) the above is a misprint for heckmall, I can inform your correspondent PicUS that the name is a familiar one in the rural dis

tricts of South Devon.

W. S. B. H.

A. H. Ho, VOCABULUM SILENTII (7th S. iii. 496).— Ho, ho, ho, were the words with which the devil and vice of the old moralities made their appearance on the stage, and seem to have been used to command silence or an interjectional call to attract attention. Numerous instances are given in Nares's 'Gloss.,' s. v., and in Dodsley's "Old Plays." The word ho is also used as a verb meaning "stop," "halt." The following quotations are given by Halliwell, who says ho was formerly an exclamation commanding the cessation of any action, as at tournaments: "Let us ho" ("Towneley Mysteries,' p. 31); "But alas, alas, we have passed all bounds of modestie and measure: there is no hoe with us (Dent's Pathway,' p. 43); "Howbeit they would not crie hoa here, but sent in post some of their covent to Rome" (Stanially Halliwell and Nares's 'Gloss.,' s. v. hurst's Description of Ireland,' p. 26). See gener66 Ho" and " Hoo."

Waltham Abbey, Essex.

A. COLLINGWOOD LEE.

Newton School, Rock Ferry.

NUMISMATIC (7th S. iv. 69).—In reply to MR. BUTLER'S inquiry, the legend he quotes (not quite correctly) occurs on a satirical medal, struck in silver, I should imagine about the year 1530 or

ECCLESIA. PERVERSA. TENET. FACIEM. DIABOLI.

1540, in the Protestant interest. The obverse bears a double head, which at first sight displays the features of a horned gentleman of somewhat forbidding aspect, but when inverted presents the HABERDON: ANTISCARP (7th S. iii. 515).—I am face of a pope with the triple crown. Legend, afraid MR. BEDELL has been coining a word here, The reverse is on the same lines. In its normal for I never heard of this term in military engineering. Doubtless it is meant as an equivalent for position the head is that of a jester, when inverted counterscarp," i. e., the side of the ditch furthest QVANDO. SAPIENTES. I have one of these coins, that of a cardinal; the legend, STULTI. ALIfrom the work. If, however, as may be the case, which seem to be somewhat rare, before me as I MR. BEDELL can give examples of the use of "anti-write. The diameter is thirty-five millimètres. scarp," I should be very glad to hear of them. It is certainly not now in general use.

E. T. EVANS.

63, Fellows Road, N.W. Haberdon is singularly like Aberdon, the old form of Aberdeen, N.B.; but I incline to suggest

The Catholics retorted with a similar medal, in which the head of Calvin replaces that of the pope in that just described. The legends are as follows: JOAN. CALVINUS. HERESIARCH. PESSIMUS and ET. STULTI. ALIQUANDO. SAPITE. PSAL. XCIII.

Some interesting information on the subject may