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the artist's pencil. What has become of the picture ?

J. B. S. HUGHES AND PARKINSON (7th S. iii. 517).—John Hughes was in 1703 admitted a member of the Clockmakers' Company; Thomas Hughes in 1712. M.A. Oxon.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester. Edited by William Aldis Wright. 2 vols. Rolls Series. STUDENTS of history and of the earlier form of the English language have been waiting impatiently for Dr. Wright's edition of Robert of Gloucester. The old printed text, which we owe to the marvellous industry of Hearne, was known to be in many respects faulty; and yet, inaccurate as it is, we were all thankful to use it as the best and earliest specimen of the Western form of our common tongue. The impatience which we have felt was justified by the long delay, but that will be forgiven by those who intelligently use these excellently edited volumes. It is given but to very few to be able to edit a text accurately which is written in such a very obscure form of English. The drudgery of making the notes which give the various readings of the several manuscripts must have been frightful. The labour, too, of tracing the sources from which Robert derived his materials has been great, and shows an amount of reading in ancient chronicles which is truly admirable in our eyes. We do not quite agree with Dr. Wright in his estimate of his author. Apart from the linguistic value of the book, and the latter portion, where Robert ranks as an independent authority, the editor does not value his author highly. Robert certainly was not a poet, but there is a swing or roll (we do not know which is the proper word to use) about his lines which renders them very pleasant reading. Robert, though seemingly a Gloucestershire man, has made a stupid blunder as to the parentage of the wife of Sir Maurice Berkeley, which has misled a host of modern writers. Dr. Wright (p. xxxii) does not seem to see his way through the fog. He will be convinced that Robert of Gloucester was misinformed if he consults the passage in Smith's 'Lives of the Berkeleys' where this lady's origin is discussed. We must not conclude without saying that the glossary to these volumes is one of the best we ever examined.

Saga Time. By J. Fulford Vicary. (Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.)

THE saga time of which Mr. Vicary writes may be said to have commenced in 870, and to have terminated in 1030. It was not, however, until 1120, or even later, that the sagas were committed to writing. The three principal collectors of the old sagas were Are Frode, Sæmund Frode, and Snorri Sturlasson. From internal evidence afforded us by the existing sagas, it is clear that many of the older poems have been lost. Of those which have been preserved the more ancient are made up of myths and traditions, while the more recent refer to events and genealogies. From these sagas Mr. Vicary has endeavoured to draw a series of pictures of social life in the North during the early ages. Though as sources of historical information the sagae cannot be implicitly trusted, Mr. Vicary has gathered from them many interesting details relating to the laws, language, pastimes, dwellings, and dress of the Northmen. In the last two chapters the author deals with the Völunsungasaga, which was probably written in Iceland towards the close of the thirteenth century. The book is

embellished with a number of illustrations. A curious chart, drawn in 1570 by Sira Sigurd Stephanius, Rector of Skálholt School, and lately published in the Transactions of the Copenhagen Geographical Society, is reproduced in the chapter on "Geography in Saga Time." Another interesting illustration is that of the 'Burning of Tavistock Abbey. It has been taken from the original sketch by Herr Lorenz Frölich, the artist of the friezes at Fredriksborg Palace. One fault we must find with Mr. Vicary's book-there is no index; but this can be easily remedied when the time comes for another edition. The Tolhouse. Restored by Frederick Danby Palmer. With Illustrations by Henry Olley. (Great Yarmouth, Buckle.)

THE Tolhouse of Great Yarmouth is a building of no ordinary interest. It was built in the Early English period as a prison and a court of justice, and has continued to be used for these purposes until recent days. For a prison it was totally unfitted; but our ancestors had little regard for the comforts of the criminal class, or even of the innocent who fell into the hands of the authorities. The upper chamber must once have been a fine room, but the alterations of centuries concealed almost every object of interest. But a few years ago there was great fear that this interesting building would be swept away. Antiquarian feeling was believed not to be strong in Yarmouth, and it was doubted whether sufficient money could be raised to put the old Tolhouse in repair. The fears of those who cherish the memory of the past have not been realized in this instance. The Tolhouse has been restored in a most conservative manner, and is now quite safe from accidents. Some things of minor importance yet remain to be done, but we may be thankful that all danger has been averted. The meaning of the word Tolhouse has been the subject of some controversy. It is almost certainly identical in meaning with Tolbooth, a word which many people will persist in considering Scotch, though it can be proved that Tolbooths were scattered over England. Mr. Palmer gives several examples. We may add to his list Skipton, in Craven, and Cambridge. Research among town records and histories would no doubt furnish many other examples.

The great hall, which is now a very fine room, is, we believe, to be used as a museum for the town. It already possesses one relic of interest-an anchor dredged up by the crew of a Yarmouth fishing smack off the Dutch coast, at the spot where the battle of Camperdown was fought. Whether it has belonged to a Dutch or an English ship is at present uncertain. The letters with which it is marked, I.M.G.D. and I.M.G., ought, one would think, to be capable of interpretation by those learned in naval history, here or in Holland.

English Worthies.—Claverhouse. By Mowbray Morris. (Longmans & Co.)

MR. MORRIS could hardly have chosen a subject more suitable for his picturesque pen. We fail, however, to understand how John Graham, Viscount Dundee (better known by his territorial title of Claverhouse) comes to be classed as an English worthy. For this Mr. Laing, the editor of the series, must be held responsible. But, ludicrous as the misnomer is, we gladly welcome Mr. Morris's interesting sketch of the brilliant Scotchman "who died in the arms of victory, and whose battle-cry was King James and the Church of Scotland." Mr. Morris is of opinion that Claverhouse has been too harshly judged, and has done his best to whitewash the character of his hero. But, with an impartiality which does him much credit, he makes no attempt to gloss over any crime which can fairly be brought home to Claverhouse. At the same time, however, he stoutly

maintains, with much show of reason, that his faults were the faults of his age, and not of the man, and that it is unfair to try the morality of an earlier age by the standard of the present day. If we were disposed to deal hardly with Mr. Morris we might point out some examples of his want of accuracy in dealing with the history of the period of which he treats. We think, too, that Mr. Morris makes a mistake in illustrating his remarks by references to current politics. The subjects of present controversy are out of place in a history of a past age.

Great Writers.-Life of Adam Smith. By R. B. Haldane, M.P.-Life of Charles Darwin. By G. T. Bettany. (Scott.) MR. HALDANE's capacity for hard work is simply marvellous. Though a familiar figure at the Chancery bar, in the House of Commons, and on the political platform, he has yet managed to find time to write an account of Adam Smith for Prof. Robertson's series of "Great Writers." So meagre are the details of Smith's life that they occupy only a few pages of Mr. Haldane's book, which is mainly taken up with a description of Smith's teaching and its effects. Though we do not feel disposed to endorse Buckle's assertion that The Wealth of Nations' was the most important book ever written, we cannot but allow that few books have ever produced larger results. In these latter days we are likely to under-estimate the magnitude of the work which Smith accomplished, for, as Mr. Haldane shrewdly remarks, "Like every great thinker, he [Smith] is apt to lose something of the admiration he merits, because of the extent to which his conceptions have entered into and become part of our intellectual lives." We are surprised not to find any reference in the bibliography to Bentham's letter to Adam Smith which was appended to the 'Defence of Usury.' We have also looked in vain for any reference to Smith's letter to Dundas on the question of free trade for Ireland which appeared in an early number of the English Historical Review.

Mr. Bettany's interesting 'Life of Charles Darwin' is sure to be widely read. While Adam Smith by his 'Wealth of Nations' revolutionized our commercial and agricultural systems, Darwin by his patient and unwearied investigations has changed the whole current of our mental life. Mr. Bettany's book contains matters of considerable biographical interest, as well as sketches of Darwin's most important works. We cannot, however, help thinking that it is a pity that its publica tion was not deferred until after the appearance of the Life and Letters.' According to Prof. Newton's address to the British Association, Mr. Francis Darwin's work, which all naturalists have been eagerly expecting, will be published before the end of the year. In conclusion, we must congratulate both the editor and the publisher on the continued success of the series. Even in these days of cheap literature the books are wonderfully cheap, and it is no exaggeration to say that Mr. Anderson's bibliographies alone are fully worth the price of a single volume.

Revolted Ireland: 1798 and 1803. By the Hon. Albert S. G. Canning, (Allen.)

Mr.

THIS is a useful little book, giving a clear and bright picture of a troubled time, concerning which most Englishmen are content to remain ignorant. Canning is not a partisan. What his views may be on any of those Irish questions which are being fiercely debated in and out of Parliament it is impossible to gather from his pages. Materials are furnished us from which we may ourselves, if we care to read further, be enabled to form opinions; but no opinion is suggested. Though abstaining from modern politics, Mr. Canning

has evidently a great liking for some of the Irish leaders of past days, even when he feels bound to point out how utterly unpractical their political theories were. Sometimes this admiration leads him into literary contrasts in which no one who has any feeling for the pathos of life or the poetry of language can follow him. To say that Robert Emmett's address to his judge is superior as eloquence to the imaginary speech of Fergus Mac Ivor when in a similar position, as it is given in 'Waverley,' proves that Mr. Canning is unable to criticize the fitness of words for expressing deep emotion.

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The Folk-lore Journal, Vol. V. Part III. (Stock), for July-Sept., contains varied matter illustrating Chinese, Tongan, Fijian, and Cornish folk-lore. "Hans Breitcontributes a note on the Witches' Ladder,' written in Florence, which he speaks of enthusiastically as a centre for folk-lore research. Unfortunately, the Italian in which Mr. Leland's Florentine fragment of fortune-telling lore has been printed is in several places utterly unintelligible, probably owing to the writer not having been able to see a proof. In the Notes and Queries' department it seems rather odd to find the circumstance, which Suavenius was induced to believe, that "there are trees in Scotland from which birds are produced," set down under the head of "Curious Scottish Customs "! The habits of Scottish trees may be "curious," but they are hardly to be classed as "Scottish customs" in any scientific classification. In Mr. Mitchell Innes's interesting account of the Birth, Marriage, and Death Rites of the Chinese,' we greatly regret to find, at p. 241, the expression "mass" used, as it appears to us very misleading to apply any such technical expressions of Christian worship to a Buddhist or Taoist rite. We feel the more bound to notice this point, slight as it may seem to some, because the practice of which we complain is far from standing alone in the Folk-lore Journal, but is much too common in European versions of non-Christian Oriental rites, and we cannot but hold it to be at once unscientific and misleading.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.

To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate."

W. J. I.-' Tunbridge Walks; or, the Yeoman of Kent,' 4to., 1703, is by Thomas Baker, concerning whom see Dict. of Nat. Biog.'

H. DELEVINGNE (" Euclid ").-Please send.

CORRIGENDA.-P. 281, col. 2, 1. 14 from bottom, for "Elizabeth" read Burleigh; p. 293, col. 2, 1. 14, for "kahlu felson,' 'felson-absturz,'" read kahlen felsen, felsen-absturz.

NOTICE.

Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher "-at the Office, 22, Took's Court, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, E.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.

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LIVES OF THE SAINTS.
By the Rev. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A.

A New Edition, with several Hundred Illustrations.
Vol. XVI. will contain a COMPLETE INDEX.
Vol. XVII. SAINTS with their EMBLEMS.

EMBLEMS OF SAINTS

BY WHICH THEY ARE DISTINGUISHED IN WORKS

OF ART.

By the late Very Rev. F. C. HUSENBETH D.D.

A New Edition,

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APOCRYPHAL SCRIPTURES.

Being the Additions to the Old Testament Canon which were included in the Ancient Greek and Latin Versions; the English Text of the Authorized Version, together with the Additional Matter found in the Vulgate and other Ancient Versions; Introductions to the several Books and Fragments; Marginal Notes and References; and a General Introduction to the Apocrypha.

By the Rev. W. R. CHURTON, B.D., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, Canon of the Cathedral of St. Alban's, and Examining Chaplain of the Bishop.

Large post 8vo. pp. 608, cloth, 7s. 6d.

THE GOSPEL STORY. PLAIN COMMENTARY ON THE FOUR HOLY GOSPELS, Containing the Narrative of Our Blessed Lord's Life and Ministry.

By the Rev. W. MICHELL, M.A.,

Diocesan Inspector of Schools in the Diocese of Bath and Wells. A New Edition, Revised. 2 vols, cloth, 6s.

London J. WHITAKER, 12, Warwick-lane.

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Illustrated from the Cabinet of THOMAS COATS, Esq., of
Ferguslie, and other Collections.

By EDWARD BURNS, F.S.A.Scot.

Accompanied by a series of 79 Plates, engraved in facsimile (Gravure Héliographique) by M. DUJARDIN, of Paris.

IMPRESSION LIMITED TO 550 COPIES, 50 BEING LARGE PAPER.

"In the present work, besides a detailed description of every Scottish coin in the Ferguslie Cabinet, the most extensive collection of Scottish coins in all the metals that has ever yet been formed, liberal advantage has been taken of the specimens in other cabinets, public and private, wherever these could illustrate the subject.

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Edinburgh: ADAM & CHARLES BLACK.

Printed by JOHN C. FRANCIS, Athenæum Press, Took's-court, Cursitor street, Chancery-lane, E.C.; and Published by the said JOHN C. FRANCIS at No. 22, Took's-court Cursitor-street, Chancery-lane, E. C.-Saturday, October 15, 1887.

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ILLUSTRATIONS,

Edited by FRANCIS GEORGE HEATH,

COMMENCES A NEW VOLUME,

Whose Contents will include the following illustrated and other Papers :

SHORT STORIES and SKETCHES. By Various Writers.

FERN GOSSIP. By Francis George Heath.

The ENGLISH CHURCH and its BUILDINGS. By the
Rev. D. J. Mackey, M.A.

It will also comprise-ILLUSTRATED AMUSEMENTS
LITERATURE-SCIENCE, &c.

MUSICAL NOTES and MUSINGS. By F. J. Crowest.
PRETTY PLACES. By the Editor and Others.
GARDEN, FIELD, and FARM. By William Earley.
DESCRIPTIONS of the SEASONS. By the Editor.
ART-BIOGRAPHIES-ECONOMY-INVENTIONS-

The LEEDS MERCURY says:-" Illustrations comes out in a new dress, and is bright and pleasant throughout, and it more than ever entitled to the distinction of being one of the best, whilst one of the cheapest of our monthly periodicals." ILLUSTRATIONS can be obtained of any of Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son's Railway Boakstalls, or o any Newsagent or Bookseller throughout the country, for

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BEDE'S (VENERABLE) ECCLESIASTICAL GESTA ROMANORUM; or, Entertainin

HISTORY of ENGLAND. Together with the Anglo-Saxon Chroniele With Illustrative Notes, a Short Life of Bede, Analysis of the History, and an Index and a Map of Anglo-Saxon England. Edited by the late J. A. GILES, D.C.L., sometime Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

BRAND'S POPULAR ANTIQUITIES of ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, and IRELAND. Chiefly illustrating the Origin of our Vulgar and Provincial Customs, Ceremonies, and Superstitions. Arranged, Revised, and greatly Enlarged by Sir HENRY ELLIS, K.H. F.R.S., &c. With Index and Frontispiece. 3 vols.

Moral Stories invented by the Monks. Translated from the
Latin, with Preliminary Observations and Copious Notes, by the
Rev. CHARLES SWAN, late of Catharine Hall, Cambridge.
Revised Edition, by WYNNARD Hooper, B.A., Clare College,
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KEIGHTLEY'S (THOMAS) FAIRY MYTHO-
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BRITISH POPULAR CUSTOMS, PRESENT PAULI'S (Dr. R.) LIFE of ALFRED THE

and PAST. An Account of the various Games and Customs associated with Different Days of the Year in the British Isles, arranged according to the Calendar. By the Rev. T. F. THISELTON DYER, M.A., Pembroke College, Oxford. With Index. A portable volume on the above subject was much needed. Mr. Dyer has admirably succeeded in furnishing one which contains the laformation well condensed and arranged."-Notes and Queries. YULE-TIDE STORIES. A Collection of

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GREAT. Translated from the German. To which is appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius. With a Literal Transla tion interpaged, Notes, and an Anglo-saxon Grammar and Glossary by B. THORPE, Esq. With Woodcut Frontispiece.

SIX OLD ENGLISH CHRONICLES, viz.,

Asser's Life of Alfred and the Chronicles of Ethelwerd, Gildas
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Edited, with Notes and Index, by J. A. GILES, D.C.L. With
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London: GEORGE BELL & SONS, York-street, Covent-garden.

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