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On a visit to Edinburgh in the summer I saw the drama 'Rob Roy; or, the Days of Auld Lang Syne,' which was adapted for the stage by Isaac Pocock in 1818, and recently reproduced at the Lyceum Theatre in that city. The scenery was remarkably good, and the characters well sustained. Several songs were well sung, as "O my love is like the red, red rose," by Francis Osbaldistone, and "Ah! would it were my humble lot," by Diana Vernon; whilst at the Clachan of Aberfoil, after the little affray, the Bailie, Major Galbraith, of the Lennox Militia, and others joined sociably in 'Auld Lang Syne' as a part-song and chorus. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.

Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

and hangers were precisely the same in shape as the characters we first made in our copy-books. I well remember the array of pothooks and hangers which hung from the galley-bawk in the kitchen chimney of the house where I was born. There were all sizes and thicknesses, from eighteen inches in length to four or five, and day after day I longed for complete possession of them as playthings. THOS. RATCLIFFE.

Worksop.

LAMB'S EPITAPH (7th S. iv. 120).-I believe there can be no doubt that the lines carved on Charles Lamb's gravestone at Edmonton were composed by Cary, the translator of Dante. The discussion as to the authorship in your first series took place in 1851; but the lines appeared in Cary's Memoir,' by his son, published in 1847 (ii. 279), with the statement that they were composed by H. F. Cary at the request of Moxon, "to be inscribed on his friend's monument at Edmonton." J. DYKES CAMPBELL.

Probably same as French gabare, a lighter, iv. 269).-There have always been two meanings "PREVENTED FROM" AND FIRSTLY" (7th S. transport-ship. Italian, gabarra.

3, Queen Square, W.C.

JULIUS STEGGALL.

REBUILDING OF ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL (7th S. iv. 28, 334).—The model of which your correspondent speaks is, I assume, that lately placed in the Cathedral Library. It is not, however, a model of the cathedral, but a model of the upper part of the great west portico. An engraved brass plate affixed to the model bears the following inscription:

"This Model of part of the West End of S. Paul's Cathedral was presented to the Vicar of Shiplake A.D. 1835 by Mr. J. Plumbe of Henley on Thames, who had purchased it from Badgmore House, once the residence of Richard Jennings the Master Builder of that Cathe

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W. SPARROW SIMPSON. POTHOOKS (7th S. iv. 226, 318).-When I was at school in Derbyshire, the first stages of learning to write were known as "straight strokes," " pothooks," and "round o's," these being the very earliest characters in rotation on which the young idea was called upon to exercise itself. The terms "pot-hooks and hangers are identical, and in the matter of writing were so called because the shape of the characters are like the pothooks by means of which iron pots were hung over cottage fires from the "galley-bawk," which in those days was to be found stretched across every house-place chimney. Iron pots of various sizes, with bow handles, were the commonest kind of cooking utensils, and when in use were always suspended over the fire from the galley-bawk above by strings of pothooks or hangers, according to the distance of the pot above the fire. These hooks

at least to prevent. Johnson gives "to hinder, to obviate, to obstruct," and adds, "this is now almost the only sense." He has examples of the use from Shakespeare (Julius Cæsar,' V. i.), from Milton ('Paradise Lost,' x. 37), and from Atterbury. By a curious slip Johnson's example from Julius Cæsar,' V. i., is really an example of prevent in the sense of anticipate. There is another passage, in 'Julius Cæsar,' II. i., in which prevent is used in the sense of obstruct.

EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. The Library, Claremont, Hastings.

As to firstly, Webster, under the word, says it is an adverb, "improperly used for first." We are not obliged, of course, to agree with Webster. Myself, I discover no reason for deciding that it is improper. It is not, I believe, to be found in any old dictionary. The adverbial affix ly generally means like, friendly like a friend, &c. There is no occasion to say, "Firstly I go to Cambridge and then to Ely," because first would convey the meaning better. But you might very well say or write that you did a certain act for a series of reasons, firstly because you thought it right, secondly it benefited Jones, &c. In this form I prefer it to first. All the grammarians in the world cannot gainsay this, though they may entertain an adverse opinion. It may be called a nicety not worth introducing. That is an opinion, and I am not bound by it.

Now as to prevent. If Ogilvie says that to prevent is " to hinder from happening," and nothing else, he is wrong; but I suppose he only gives it as one of the meanings. I shall confine all I say to its meaning when used in the sense of hinder.

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The beautiful old use of the word, "O Lord, prevent and follow us," is quite beside the point in question. Still, the affix pre means before." The meaning developes into "anticipate," and then grows into obstruction by preoccupation of ground. Milton's fine line gives this :

Perhaps forestalling might prevented them. But immediately we see that there is more involved, and that the poetical ellipsis is "from duly returning." When, therefore, you merely wish to allude to the person hindered, you require no preposition from; but when the object must also be stated, then from is required. "He would have been there, but the police prevented him." But if you wish to state what it was they prevented his doing, you add, "from attending the meeting." Here the construction is more than allowable; it is inevitable.

Walthamstow,

C. A. WARD.

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COL. CHRISTOPHER COPLEY (7th S. iv. 167, 274). -Let me add that Col. Copley was one of the four Parliamentary commanders appointed to treat, on July 18, 1645, with the garrison at the surrender of Pontefract Castle. The other three were Mr. Wasthill (a lawyer), Col. Bright, and Col. (Chas.) Fairfax.

"They treated there in that place as long as light of day did appeare, till about 9 a Clock, but Concluded upon Nothinge, but deferred it of till about 9 a Clock of the next day, at wh time they appoynted to meete againe. During that time Genrall Poynter & Collonell Overton came into the Tent, & drunke wth them, & soe went away" ('Sieges of Pontefract Castle,' p. 143). R. H. H.

Pontefract.

GUES (7th S. iv. 228).—The writer of the entries referred to may have been a wily Welshman who intended to puzzle his English neighbours, for I find that in Welsh gwys means "people," and that seems to be the exact meaning of gues in the entries in question. F. J. VILLY.

ANODYNE NECKLACE (6th S. ix. 85, 132; x. 377). -This once popular remedy for the troubles attendant upon teething is mentioned in an article entitled Pharmacopoeia Empirica' in Gent. Mag. xviii. (1748), 346-50. It was invented by one Dr. Tanner, whose death is recorded in Gent. Mag., xxi. (1751), 139. R. B. P.

all right!" And the good-natured girl did “du” it that way accordingly. C. F. S. WARren, M.A.

HUGH PETERS (7th S. iii. 121, 272; iv. 365).— I have been investigating the character of Hugh Peters, and have come to the conclusion that he has been greatly maligned. He has suffered at the hands of those who, like MR. C. A. WARD, have failed to observe Mr. Spedding's dictum, that if you want to know whether a statement is true, you should ask who said it first, and what means he had of knowing. It is, in the first place, inherently improbable that a man who was the friend of Thomas Rooker, Ames, Winthrop, and Cromwell should have been guilty of the misconduct attributed to him by the Restoration scribblers. Even those who impugn Cromwell's moral character do not imagine him to have been a fool, and he would have been little short of a fool if he had taken a

glutton and a fornicator into his friendship.

Those, again, who wish to know what Hugh Peters was from the evidence of his own writings may consult (1) his own letters written in America and printed in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,' series iv. vol. vi. p. 91; (2) a sermon entitled God's Doings and Man's Duty,' preached on April 2, 1646; and (3) Mr. Peters's Last Report of the English Wars.' The press-marks of the two last named in the Museum Library are E 330, 11, and E 351, 12. The character displayed here is the more likely to be in accordance with the truth, as it comes with perfect unconsciousness, especially as the evidence thus obtained is not only in flat contradiction with the libels, but also enables us to understand why libels took the particular shape that they did. Peters was, in my opinion, a man of strong animal spirits, utterly without cant, and, whilst earnest in pursuing the practical moralities of religion, without either spiritual enthusiasm or aptitude for theological disputation. Such language as the following will perhaps explain my meaning :would perish and England continue her misery through "Truly it wounds my soul when I think Ireland the disagreement of ten or twenty learned men. we but conquer each other's spirit, we should soon befool the devil and his instruments; to which end I could wish we that are ministers might pray together, eat and drink together, because, if I mistake not, estrangement hath boiled us up to jealousy and hatred." Probably Peters would have preferred that the dinner should have been a good one when he and the other ministers ate and drank together, but I do not know that he ought to be counted as a reprobate because he was not a St. Francis of Assisi.

Could

It is characteristic of him that when, shortly before his execution, he summed up the objects at which he had aimed during his life, he put them thus:

"NOTHING'S NEW, &c." (7th S. iv. 194, 257).The following delightful phrase of a good-humoured Cornish housemaid will be a good commentary on this: "Well, well-some du du it this way- "First, that goodness, which is really so, and such some du du it that way—yu du du it that way-religion, might be highly advanced; secondly, that good

learning might have all countenance; thirdly, that there may not be a beggar in Israel, in England."

This desire not to separate between care for men's spiritual and moral welfare and care for their material welfare is to be discerned in the sermon to which I have drawn attention.

MR. TEMPLE may like to know that in a copy of the modern reprint of Hugh Peters's 'Tales and Jests 'in the Museum Library (press-mark 12, 316, G57) will be found additional pages in MS. tracing several of the jests assigned to Hugh Peters to an earlier origin. SAMUEL R. GARDINER.

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sense. At that page (7th S. i. 104), under the heading Cornet Blackburn, the Almondbury Hero,' I had shown how the common soldiers of the Scottish army were, after Preston fight, and actually at the advice and application of Cromwell himself, absolutely "given away" as slaves, or sold at the nominal price of half-a-crown a dozen. I may now add, as PROF. BUTLER seems to have missed the letter, that Carlyle's Cromwell' (under clxxxiv.) gives a further definite instance of the Dunbar prisoners having been similarly sent to Boston, Massachusetts, while my quotation from the Life and Letters' was of Cromwell's SIR CHRISTOPHER HATTON'S MONUMENT (7th S. application to the Speaker Lenthal in reference to iv. 309).—It were much to be wished that the the Preston prisoners. The letter to which I "most stately pyramidal monument" erected in referred did not come to the knowledge of Carlyle honour of Sir Christopher Hatton were still pre- until after the publication of his first edition, but served. But if it were it would have been difficult it is to be found in the second and all subsequent to find room for it in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathe-editions, and in the supplement to the first edition dral, unusually spacious and lofty as that crypt is. (No. xvii. p. 49), without which extra volume the The monument of the Lord Chancellor was a huge first edition is necessarily incomplete. structure, as may be seen in Dugdale's 'St. Paul's' No. lxxviii. of the later editions. (edit. Sir H. Ellis, p. 56), with its recumbent figure, its pillars, and its obelisks. The wits of the time objected that

Philip and Francis they have no tomb
For great Christopher takes all the room,-
so "insolently," to borrow Dean Milman's phrase
('Annals of St. Paul's,' second edition, p. 381),
had his tomb crowded up the space in which rested
Sidney and Walsingham. Bishop Corbet con-
tinued the protest :-

Nor need the Chancellor boast, whose pyramid
Above the host and altar reared is,
For though thy body fill a viler room,

Thou shalt not change deedes with him for his tomb.
(Bishop Ravis is the hero of his verse.) There can be
no doubt that the monument perished in the Great
and Dreadful Fire, as our City records often, with
good reason, style it. W. SPARROW SIMPSON.

CONVICTS SHIPPED TO THE COLONIES (7th S. ii. 162, 476; iii. 58, 114, 193; iv. 72, 134).—I regret to have overlooked the request of PROF. BUTLER, at 7th S. iv. 72, to make my reference to Cornet Blackburn "in connexion with Carlyle's 'Cromwell'" more definite. If, however, he will re-read my remarks (7th S. iii. 114)-somewhat spoiled by a misprint of "refute" for refer to, which I detected at once and corrected, and by the omission of a reference which I failed to notice-he will see that by my use of the word "also" I specially guarded myself against connecting Cornet Blackburn with Carlyle, who, as I was perfectly aware, did not mention him. After the lapse of nine months I cannot trace how the mishap occurred; but the fact was that my communication was printed in 'N. & Q.' without the reference which I gave to 7th S. i. 104, a reference to which I was referring when I wrote "the first named," and which was absolutely necessary to complete the

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I offer my apology to the professor for not having observed that this unfortunate omission (unobserved by myself) of the "first-named reference to 7th S. i. 104, made my communication at 7th S. iii. 114 somewhat obscure. R. H. H. Pontefract.

The 'Proceedings at the Sessions of the Peace, and Oyer and Terminer, and Gaol Delivery for the City of London and the County of Middlesex, held at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey from December, 1729, to October, 1834,' are contained in 110 vols. (London, 1732-1834, 4to.). The following is a list of the names of the thirty-two prisoners who were sentenced to transportation on July 17, 1731:

"John Aldridge, Elizabeth Armstrong_alias_Little
Bess, Richard Bennet, Martha Brannan, John Brown,
Hugh Cambell, Elizabeth Camphill alias Cambell,
William Carnegy, John Coghill, Henry Cole, Mary
Coslin, Catherine Cox, John Cross, Eleanor Davis
Thomas Jones, Antonio Key, Thomas Macculler, Martin
George Emly, James Emly, John Haynes, James Hobbs
Nanny, John Payne, Thomas Petit, Luke Powel, Daniel
Ray, Elizabeth Roberts, John Rogers, Mary Row alias
Cane alias Dixon, Thomas Taylor, Anne Todd, and Jane
Vaughan."-Vol. ii. p. 21.
G. F. R. B.

SOURCE OF PHRASE SOUGHT (7th S. iv. 188).— Your correspondent has asked a question to which many have sought the answer. The form of phrase is, I think, very old. The nearest approach to MR. SIEVEKING's form of which I know is Mr. Webster's criticism of the "platform" of the American Free Soil party in 1848," What is valuable is not new, and what is new is not valuable." Macaulay says, "There were gentlemen and there were seamen in the navy of Charles II. But the seamen were not gentlemen, and the gentlemen were not seamen." I remember that fifteen years ago Mr. Bartlett, the accomplished author of the

'Dictionary of Quotations,' tried to find the origin of this turn of phrase, and inquired of me, among others, but without success. C. H. HILL. Boston, U.S.

The phrase was first used (I think) in the Edinburgh Review in an article by Brougham upon a work of Dr. Thomas Young. P.

ADELAIDE O'KEEFE (7th S. iii. 361, 503).-I do not find mention of 'Original Poems,' &c., part i., Harris, 1808, in any edition of the London Catalogue; but in 1831 I find "Original Poems, second series, 18mo., half-bound, 2s. 6d., Souter," and in that for 1846 the latter is repeated as "2 vols., half-bound, 3s., Souter." I infer that Souter's venture was adopted from or in continuation of that ascribed to Harris of 1808, by Mr. I. W. Darton. I do not find any mention of these three titles quoted above in the Reference Catalogue, British Museum Reading-Room; but they must have been received under the Copyright Act.

A. H.

English gulf and the French recueil for the prefix only. This station was garrisoned by a cohort of Vetasians under the count of the Saxon shore.

Regulbium, with Rutupia, protected Durovernum, or Canterbury, thus dating back to a period when Thanet was truly insular. A recent exploration of the whole locality leads me to doubt the value of this reputed water passage. I admit that if all the sea walls were removed the tide would enter, but it would flow out at the ebb. The Stours take their seaward course to Pegwell, and this must always have been the case; and there could never have been a navigable river mouth at Reculvers. There is a channel called the Wentsum, which I consider to be artificial. There is a north mouth sluice, also two other minor outlets, really drains. They relieve a stream from Thanet called the Hayle or Bourne, and the Genlade or Wethergong, from Chislet, in Kent. Gong and gen appear to be forms of gang or Ganges.

But the crucial test is this: How would ships pass the narrows? The narrowest part of the whole channel is marked by Sarre Wall, a good roadway. Sarre stands at the first rise of the chalk, below St. Nicholas at Wade, in Thanet. Here was the vadum, or ford. From this I conclude that the channel was always fordable at low water. Sarre Wall is broken by two culverts, well It is an artificial causeway, a good bridged over.

"POVERTY KNOCKER" (7th S. iv. 328).-This phrase is well known in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but is not in such general use now as it was forty years since, when hand-loom weaving was still common in the outlying districts around Leeds. The phrase can scarcely be an onomatopoeia, as the simple click of the picking-stick of the hand-loom can only by a most vivid stretch of the imagina-half mile long, across the marsh to Upstreet, in tion form the words "poverty-knock." Here the Kent. It has the navigable Stour on its Richwords were used contemptuously of a hand-loom borough side, with three walls on the Reculvers weaver, whose earnings were much less than those side. All the outlets seawards are well supervised. of a power-loom weaver. Most probably the words Looking at the whole contrivance, I consider have a reference to the timid single knock, such that the value of the Stour to Canterbury must as is made by a poor beggar, as distinguished always have resulted from the exclusion of the from the more fashionable rat-ta-tat made by a tide at Reculvers. One opening towards Birchperson who "knows manners." I well rememberington, is called Coldharbour Sluice; so the sea wall many years since hearing an old hand-loom weaver probably dates from Roman times, at least in part. (who dwelt on a wild moorland road leading into the Slaithwaite valley) say that he could almost tell a poor person from a well-to-do one by the kind of knock he gave at his cottage door when asking the way across the moor on a dark night. ALF. GARDINER.

[MR. HERBERT HARDY writes to similar effect.] RECULVERS (7th S. iv. 324).-There is nothing new in this extract, and it is a pity the quotation is not authenticated by a proper reference. Reculvers still retains the vallum of a late Roman castrum, and the ancient church was founded in about its centre. Much has been written about the wasting of the cliff, but I consider its importance unduly exaggerated, for the camp would naturally be constructed as near the shore as practicable. The Roman name is given in the Notitia' as Regulbium, a word that may fancifully be connected with culvert, "a drain or sluice," in reference to the surrounding marshes; cf. the

A. HALL.

JOHN LEECH AND MULREADY (6th S. xii. 428, 505; 7th S. iii. 30).—I have had the good fortune to purchase the original sketch for Punch by J. Leech of the caricature Mulready envelope, and the writing on it will explain the reason the woodcut was placed on the cover of Punch, Jan. 13, 1844, instead of in the body of the work. The incident connected with Sir James Graham must have sprung up suddenly, and the editor must have pressed Mr. Leech to have the design ready for the next number, and Leech's remark about it being published separately must have been the suggestion that caused it to be placed on the cover, as the rest of the number must have been in type before the drawing arrived. It would be far easier to displace a few advertisements than to interfere with the number itself. The letter round the drawing is as follows :—

"Dear Mark,-I am much obliged for the ticket. I will go. I have just dotted off the above sketch. Will

it do? Of course it is in a rough state-any suggestions you may have to make I should be glad to attend to. You could have it by Monday. Do you know I think that it might be published separately if it is not in time for the next number.-Yours ever, J. L."

I have now the complete set of the Spooner caricatures. It consists of fourteen instead of six, as was supposed, the last being the various portraits of O'Connell. No. 13 consists of Admiral Napier and various sailors and Turks. These last two are more in outline than the first twelve, and are signed by R. S. Hurst, 244, Strand, instead of by W. Mulheaded, R.A. Twelve impressions I have purchased recently were coloured at the time, and are the only coloured envelopes I have yet ALGERNON GRAVES.

seen.

Roslyn House, Finborough Road.

This letter

CORNISH TOKENS (7th S. iii. 496; iv. 94). In reference to MISS EMILY COLE's observations upon the Bonython token, the meaning of the letter M has not been explained. seems to have been on a number of seventeenth century tokens without any apparent signification. Thus, in Akermann's 'Tradesmen's Tokens Current in London between 1648 and 1672' (1849), plate 82 shows HYM for Henry Young; plate 45, FHM for Francis Harris. Again, in Boyne's 'Tokens Issued in the Seventeenth Century' (1858), IPM is on the token of John Penhelick of Helstone; RHM stands for Ralph Hocknell of Chester; and TVM for Thomas Underwood of Reading. Is there any special meaning attached to the letter M in its use on tokens? CURIOUS.

Hood's Comic Annual' for 1887, and printed with several gross errors. I would venture to suggest that the Anglo-American Romany Ryes should form themselves into a club or correspondence society, for the purpose of compiling and publishing by subscription as complete a vocabulary and collection of songs as may be attainable at this date, and also of settling a uniform system of transliteration for Romany words, which is a W. J. IBBETSON. great desideratum.

'EAST LYNNE' (7th S. iii. 266, 459, 526; iv. 214, 297).—If R. T. will kindly read my former notes under this heading (7th S. iii. 459; iv. 214) he will see that my first reference was to the Oracle, which quoted from the Pall Mall Gazette. I never said that the Pall Mall Gazette charged Mrs. Wood

with plagiarism; but I did say, and continue to
say, that any author who publishes a book in one
country under one title, and in another country
under another title, lays him or her self open to the
charge of plagiarism. As R. T. has referred me to
'The Handbook of Fictitious Names,' a work I
had myself consulted, I would call his attention to
the following weighty sentence on p. 174 :-
have devoted a great deal of space to this matter, as
"We [i. e., Olphar Hamst, not the Pall Mall Gazette]
coming under the head of Literary Frauds' (we are
aware that the term is severe). If it admitted of more
abbreviation, we should have been better pleased; after
all, it is a most disagreeable task."

On the same page R. T. will find it stated that Mrs. Wood is the acknowledged authoress of other three novels unknown to her English readers by their American titles. These are 'The Mystery,'

that the public, an author's patrons, have a right to know whether these books are reprinted, under other titles, as "new novels," in three volumes, at thirty-one shillings and sixpence each; a question that the Pall Mall Gazette asked in 1867, and which I now repeat. ROBERT F. GARDINER.

MRS. GLASSE: FISH-NAMES (7th S. iv. 148,'Life's Secret,' and 'The Earl's Heir.' I consider 212). The English Dialect Society in 1882 issued a 'Provisional Index to a Glossary of Fish-Names,' which was edited by the late Mr. Thos. Satchell; but with the exception of Homlyn (Raia maculata) I do not find distinctly any of the names mentioned by MR. BOUCHIER. Glout, however, may be the "Glut" (or broad-nosed) eel (Anguilla latirostris). Kinson is perhaps the "Kingston," or angel fish (Squatina angelus); and Shafflins may be "Shaftling," the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus trachurus).

Brighton.

FREDERICK E. SAWYER, F.S.A.

"STEW IN THEIR OWN GREASE" (7th S. iv. 366). -See 'N. & Q.,' 4th S. vii. 187, 272, 379, 522. JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

SONGS OF THE ENGLISH GIPSIES (7th S. iv. 288). -In answer to the question of COL. PRIDEAUX, I can only mention the few apparently genuine ballads scattered about the works of Leland, Borrow, and Groome. The volume of 'Anglo-Romany Ballads,' published by Leland, Palmer, and Miss Tackey, is, of course, the work of the Aficionados. Two rough ballads were contributed by Leland to

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ASSIGNATS (7th S. iv. 148, 274).—It is evident there were varieties" of this paper money, independent of value, for I have in my possession two quite different in design and size. One measures about 4 in. by 2 in, the other 5 in. by 3 in. The former is dated November 1, 1791; the latter June 6, 1793. EMILY COLE. Teignmouth.

So far from there being no "varieties" in French assignats, I have five examples which differ materially in design; they are all genuine.

W. FRAZER, F.R.C.S.I.

BISHOP SPARROW'S 'RATIONALE' (7th S. iv. 49, 173, 315).-The question of date may be approximately determined by the list of "Books sold by J. Garthwait," which I find on the last page of the preface to my copy of the collection of articles, 1661, and where appears, "The form

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