over and settled there. These settlers found in this new world" an ancient or aboriginal population. Is it not a fact that there are 66 Indian" settle RECORDS OF CELTIC OCCUPATION IN LOCAL ments existing side by side with European settle NAMES. (7th S. iv. 1.) MR. STEVENSON has disturbed the repose which usually marks these pages by making me the subject of a severe attack upon a body of men whom ne calls "an army of Celtic' etymologists." His indictment is framed in no uncertain language, and, if more feeling is imported into the matter than befits the gravity of scientific discussion, the energy of the writer has at least the merit of bringing into prominent view a highly interesting and important question. MR. STEVENSON's attack is founded upon a few obiter dicta of mine contained in an article about an urn burial (7th S. iii. 421). I said that " a few field-names or place-names in the district [of Sheffield] seem to show that side by side with Danish and Anglo-Saxon settlements there existed a Celtic or aboriginal population." As I was writing about an urn burial I could not go into evidence relating to another subject. I did not think that my opinion would pass unchallenged. It was a fit subject for criticism and for further inquiry. MR. STEVENSON's proper course was to have called upon me to produce evidence. Instead of doing so he has, without any foundation whatever, included me amongst "the Celtic etymologists," and he has denounced me and them in one general condemnation. Now will it surprise MR. STEVENSON if I tell him that neither in the article referred to nor elsewhere have I, to the best of my knowledge and belief, ever derived a single place-name from the "Celtic"? He says, "The notion that Gestfield and Sibbfield record a Celtic occupation is surely one of the most absurd arguments that has ever been produced even by the Celtic' etymologists." Where have I ever said that these names record a Celtic occupation; and where have I derived them from the "Celtic"? I call upon MR. STEVENSON to show that I have ever made such statements, or that my words can be made to bear such a meaning. ments, and that the new races have not, or only in a very slight degree, mixed with the old? If this fact be admitted, as it must be, there is nothing astounding "in the conclusion that the same thing, or a similar thing, happened in these islands in the dawn of our history. So far is this hypothesis from being "astounding," that any proposition which declared the contrary would be prima facie absurd. If, then, history is always repeating itself—if a continuity of human conduct or action runs through the ages-we may now see in the North American colonies an approximate parallel to the invasion and settlement of these islands by tribes of men who came from the mainland of Europe. Is it likely, from what we know of history, that the conquered race mixed freely with their conquerors, or that the new settlers freely and at once intermarried with the old? Both these conclusions are in the very highest degree improbable; nay, it is certain that such a thing could not have happened. "It had A year or two ago I asked in these pages a question on what I called "colour in surnames. slowly dawned upon me that such surnames as Black, White, Brown, Reed (red), and perhaps one or two others, were not arbitrary words, that they did not express differences in dress, and that they expressed something more than mere complexion. What I was thinking about was that these words expressed differences of race, and that, I am certain, is their true explanation. I did not say so, for I wished to know what others thought. Many and very interesting replies were given to my query, but no one, I think, touched upon the question of nationality as expressed in these surnames. I even thought that by taking such a book as a London directory it might be possible from these surnames to make an approximate estimate of the proportions of the various races which have entered into the composition of the English people. I did not pursue the inquiry, partly from want of leisure and partly because I saw that one race I am told that I have come "to the astounding would, on the principle of the survival of the fittest, conclusion that there existed, side by side with the tend to supplant, or rather diminish, another, and English and Danish villages, settlements inhabited that, on this account alone, the difficulty of the inexclusively by Celts, who kept themselves entirely quiry would be great. I mention this merely to distinct from the Teutonic invaders." As will be show how I was being slowly led to form the seen from the words which I actually used, I did opinion which MR. STEVENSON has denounced as not go quite so far as that. I said that the evidence fallacious and erroneous, and which, according to which I had examined seemed to point to such a him, must be rejected "unless we are prepared to conclusion. Let us inquire whether, à priori, there rewrite our early history." I should say that we would be anything "astounding" in that conclu- shall have to rewrite a great deal of it. We have sion. It is fair to argue from that which is now had far too much of what Herbert Spencer calls happening in the world to that which has happened" the great man theory" of history, and that in the past. Take the case of the English colonies science has been treated as the bare record of in North America. Spaniards, Englishmen, French, bloodshed and conquest. Germans, and others have within recent times gone MR. STEVENSON has given it as his opinion that identity of the surname Bright with A.-S. Bryt. I must, however, say that, whilst I can find no Middle English example of the surname Bright, I have seen several times Le Brit and Le Bret. the words Welsh, Wales, &c., in the place-names Welshland or Britishland, as plainly as words can of which both he and I have given instances, and speak. Welsh and Walsh are common as surnames. of which hundreds of other instances might be sup- Why should not Brit have survived in surnames plied, do not refer to Welsh or "British" settle- also? To derive Bright, however, from Bryt is, ments, but are to be treated as personal names. I according to MR. STEVENSON, "a phonological have cited "Welshman's croft" in Hitchin; but offence," on the ground that the guttural spirant MR. STEVENSON objects to that, on the ground that could not in Middle English be forced into a he does not know "the age of this name nor its word. Here I am bound to admit that MR. original form." Neither do I. It was, however, STEVENSON appears to be right, and I will suspend one of the open fields of Hitchin, and as that was my judgment until I am better informed. I am so we may be sure that it is many centuries old. It by no means sure of the universal application of is remarkable, however, that this field adjoins the the rule which he lays down in all the English hamlet Walsworth, to which I think MR. STEVEN-dialects. Still I will not at present insist on the SON will not object on the ground of age. At Ecclesall, in Sheffield, is a field called Wolsh Stubbings. This I only know from a survey made in 1807. Here, again, MR. STEVENSON may object on the score of age. The word, however, has not a modern look about it. Judging from the analogy which is afforded by Welshman's Croft in Hitchin, and other similar names, it seems to me almost impossible to resist the conclusion that this is a place which in early times was cleared from wood, and probably settled by Welshmen, although, of course, the word may have the meaning "slaves" or "strangers." I cannot see any ground of objection to this explanation, and it is surely far more reasonable to suppose that this place was cleared by a little band of Welshmen, who gave their name to it, than that it was called after a pet-name Weath. And now as to the word Bright. I find " a close called Bright" in Ecclesfield in 1637; Bryllande Well, in Sheffield, in 1566; Bright holm lee, in Bradfield, in 1337; Brittains Piece, 1637, near the old earthworks at Bradfield, and others.* When I see a meadow by the river side called Bright holm lee I am apt to think that holm has here its usual and well-known meaning, and I see no difficulty in the addition of lee. I am apt to think of early settlements by the river side, or on treeless heights, in the days when axes were few, and when the clearing of wood was a matter of almost insuperable difficulty. To me, at least, the explanation which I have given seems far more reasonable than MR. STEVENSON'S derivation from a personal name Bright-helm. As regards Brytland, MR. STEVENSON states that "A.-S. Bryt is a very exceptional designation for a Welshman," and a few lines above he complains that I, with others, am attached "to the principle nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri." As I could not consult MR. STEVENSON I will swear by DR. MURRAY. He says (7th S. iii. 309), "There is a word brute in the sense of foreigner (literally Brit, Bret, or Welshman) of frequent occurrence in the sixteenth century." To me Britland is * I would cite other examples from a glossary which I have edited for the E. D. S., but my MS. is now at press. that "If we admit," says MR. STEVENSON, the local names in Wales are proof of distinct Celtic settlements in English districts, then, also, must we be prepared to believe that the Sueves, Huns, Franks, and Vandals had similar villages inhabited solely by men of their own tribe"; and in a foot-note he says that "this is, practically, the view adopted by Dr. Taylor in Words and Places." I did not know that Canon Taylor had come to such a conclusion. I frequently consult Words and Places,' but I have not read it continuously. If Canon Taylor holds these views, all that I can say is that I have arrived at a similar conclusion by a method of my own, founded upon evidence which I have myself collected. In Ecclesfield, the largest parish in England, I find in 1637 a field called Frankish field. MR. STEVENSON may try to explain this away if he can, and he may say that it does not record a settlement of Franks. William de Lovetot had lands in this parish shortly after the Conquest, and I find him before the year 1181 addressing a charter to people of this parish or district in the following words: "Willus. de lunetot [sic] omnibus hominibus suis Francis et Anglicis, tam presentibus quam futuris," &c. (Eastwood's 'Ecclesfield,' p. 58). The charter deals with land near Ecclesfield. In the year 1637 I find a number of fields in Ecclesfield called Ingle doles, and about the year 1200 Ecclesfield itself is mentioned in several charters as Anglefeld. Were these Ingle doles called after a person? Credat Judæus Apella. Mr. Seebohm has proved, beyond all question, the universal prevalence of open field husbandry in England. Can we suppose that fields held in community and not in severalty were called after particular persons? I think not. MR. STEVENSON's arguments have confirmed, Sheffield. English tribal influences he names the Huns. This I find the following particulars in 'The Great Stanley; or, James, VII Earl of Derby, and his noble Countess Charlotte de la Tremouille, in their Land of Man: a Narrative of the Seventeenth Century ': "The Fer-Charree means the Priest, literally the Man of the Chancel.' A singular use of this term may be noticed in connexion with capital trials in the Isle of Man. Till the year 1845 the Bishop and Archdeacon were members of the Court of General Gaol Delivery, and up to that date it was retained as an ancient usage, that the Bishop or some Priest appointed by him should sit with the Governor in the trial of capital causes, until sentence of death (if any) was to be pronounced. When the Jury returned into Court, having agreed in their verdict, it was customary for the Deemster to ask, instead of Guilty or Not Guilty, Vod Fer-charree soie?' which literally means, May the man of the withdrew." EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. A STRANGE MANX CUSTOM (7th S. iii. 516).By the courtesy of the Attorney General, Sir Chancel sit.' In case of sentence of death the Ecclesiastic James Gell, I am able to give the following extract from a letter of his to Lieut.-Governor Loch on the Manx Constitution, dated April 4, 1881, in which the custom is described: 71, Brecknock Road, MOTTO OF WATERTON FAMILY (7th S. iii. 452; iv. 18).—" Better kinde frend than frend kinde.” This is one version. Another, used by my father and grandfather, made "frend" read "fremd." Some years ago my late most valued friend Charles Winn, of Nostell Priory, found the earlier form of the motto on a stone among some ruins of the Priory, and we at once adopted it. It reads "Better kinde frembd than frembd kyen." The usual explanation which I have heard given of it is, "Better a stranger who becomes a friend than kindred estranged.' EDMUND Waterton. "Before leaving the subject of the Tynwald Court, I think it well to mention that from ancient time it had been the custom for the Council and Keys to attend the Court of General Gaol Delivery. The Governor, Deemsters, Clerk of the Rolls, and Water Bailiff undoubtedly exercised their judicial functions, the mouthpiece of the court being a Deemster. The Attorney General conducted the prosecutions. The presence of the Bishops and other members of the Council was perhaps considered as giving a certain solemnity to the proceedings, but otherwise I have never seen that they took any part therein. It had been the ancient established usage that the Ecclesiastical members of the Council should not be present on a verdict of guilty being returned, and therefore, when a jury were agreed as to their verdict, they were by a Deemster asked in the Manx language, Vod Cumbrians, and probably the natives of some y fer-carree soie?' (May the chancel-man sit?"). If the other of our northern counties, will read the above foreman answered Charod' ('He cannot') the Ecclesiastics retired, and a verdict of guilty was given; but if motto without any difficulty. The word fremd is the answer was 'Fod' (' He may ') the Ecclesiastics renot unknown to at least the older generation of mained, and a verdict of not guilty was returned." them, and means not simply "strange," but By the canons of the Church, bishops were forbidden coldly strange"; and the rendering of "Better to be present at trials which might involve mutila-kinde fremd than fremd kinde" is "Better kind tion or death (see Kemble's 'Saxons in England,' stranger than cold kindred." To change the first ii. 393-4). This Manx custom is referred to as "fremd" into "frend" spoils the whole point of follows:the motto. B. J. Blundell's History,' 1648-56 (Manx Soc. Pub., xvii. 92). Sacheverell, 1702, p. 94 (Manx Soc. Pub., i. 74). Commissioners' Report, 1792, p. 78 (Manx Soc. Pub., xxxi. 47). Feltham's Tour,' 1798, p. 41 (Manx Soc. Pub., vi. 37). Wood's History,' 1811, p. 291. Johnson's Jurisprudence,' 1811, p. 62. Lord Teignmouth's Scotland,' 1836, ii, 236. Train's History,' 1845, ii. 215. Train also refers to "Camden, 1455," but I have not a copy to verify it. I should say that the date 1845 is not correct. The Attorney General believes 1825 to be the year in which the custom ceased; his only doubt is whether it came to an end earlier. ERNEST B. SAVAGE, F.S.A. St. Thomas's, Douglas, Isle of Man, 66 Deeping Waterton Hall. WILLIAM YEO, VICAR OF [WOLBOROUGH, NOT] NEWTON ABBOT, DEVON (7th S. iii. 348).-From a paper read by Mr. Edward Windeatt, of Totnes, before the members of the Devonshire Association at Newton Abbott, in July, 1884, I glean the following particulars, of which MR. SAWYER will perhaps be glad Mr. Yeo was a native of Totnes, and a member of a family of good standing there, to the memory of some of whom there were formerly tablets in Totnes Church. William Yeo was educated at Exeter School, and was contemporary both there and at Oxford with Dr. Manton. After studying for some time at Exeter College, Oxford, he removed to Emanuel College, Cambridge; and on eaving the university became chaplain in Col. Gould's regiment. Next he settled for a time at Brighthelmstone, in Sussex, whence "he removed by order of the Committee of Parliament to Newton, where he appears to have gained the respect of all. It is said he found the town very ignorant and profane," but that through his labours "the people became very intelligent, serious, and pious." "On Sundays, to prevent the profanation of the Sabbath, he would walk round the town, accompanied by the constable, after public worship." By refusing the Engagement while he was holding this living, he lost an augmentation of 801. a year. His name appears in 1656 as one of the members of the Exeter Assembly. In 1662 he was silenced, but, continuing firm to his principles, he preached as opportunity offered, and was never imprisoned, though he often had to leave his family, and once was obliged (in 1683) to hide, during a time of snow, in the fields to avoid apprehension. "During the troublous times, he met those who sympathized with him by night in Bradley Woods, and there conducted services." In 1689 his house, called Rydon, in Wolborough, was certified as a place of religious worship, and subsequently a chapel was built in Wolborough Street, Newton, where he ministered. He died at Newton in October, 1699, aged eighty-two years, respected by all classes, after a ministry of fifty-three years. "It is worthy of note that Mr. Yeo, while holding the living of Wolborough, enjoyed the patronage of Lady Lucy Reynell, of Ford," the foundress of the " Widows' Houses" at Wolborough. If MR. SAWYER should have access to the Transactions of the Devonshire Association for 1884 he will find some additional matter to that which I have condensed above; but I believe I have omitted nothing of moment. W. S. B. H. PANCAKE BELL (7th S. iii. 448).-A friend has kindly sent me the following, which I forward for the benefit of the readers of N. & Q.': "The Pancake Bell was originally the Shrive Bell, rung on Shrove or Shrive Tuesday, as a warning to all to come to church where the parish priest sat in an open chair or stall to hear confession, and award them such penance as he thought good for them or to give them also unction. At St. Paul's, Bedford, Beds., the fifth bell is rung at 11 o'clock A.M., at Cranfield the third bell, at Toddington the sixth, at Turvey the first and second are chimed together at noon, making a most unmelodious noise, which is supposed to indicate the approaching | commencement of the gloomy season of Lent."-Church Bells of Beds.' 71, Brecknock Road, EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. Taylor, the Water Poet ('Workes,' 1630, i. 114-5), gives an account, too long to quote, of the Shrove Tuesday festivities of his day, in which occurs the following :— "In the morning all the whole kingdome is in quiet, but by that time the clocke strikes eleven, which (by the helpe of a knavish sexton) is commonly before the sound whereof makes thousands of people distracted, nine, then there is a bell rung cald The Pancake Bell, and forgetfull either of manner or humanitie." This bell had, however, originally a more sacred function, that, namely, of calling the people to confession before Lent, whence its proper name of " the Shrove bell." It is still rung at Epworth and the neighbouring villages. C. C. B. S. G. PROUT (7th S. iv. 48).—Samuel Gillespie Prout, son of Samuel Prout, the old water-colour painter, and, as I understand, still living in Devonshire. J. PERCY. [MR. JOHN L. ROGET adds, " And first cousin of the late J. Skinner Prout, of the Water-Colour Institute."] DANE'S SKIN FRECKLES (7th S. iii. 451).-It is alleged that such cutical discolorations are a survival among cave-dwelling races, with other scorbutic affections arising from impure air and ancient overcrowding"; so with the "Scotch fiddle," which met with such ridicule from Churchill, Dr. Johnson, &c. Viewed thus, it points to a stronglymarked racial distinction, dating from pre-historic times, and traceable all over the Continent. As to our own island, Chaucer has the word frecknes, varied to frekenys, undoubtedly Celtic, as found in the Gaelic breac, "parti-coloured, speckled," as with a trout; breacan, "tartan plaid"; Welsh brith, braith, "speckled"; Brithwr, "a Pict," used freely for the eponym of Britain. So here |Brith Dane; but we cannot trace any ethnic connexion, for Britons are called Celtic, Danes are Scandinavian. A. HALL. SHAKSPEARE (7th S. iii. 369, 436).-A few years ago I saw the Folio Shakespeare belonging to Charles I. in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. Doubtless it is there now, and not in the King's Library at the British Museum. ESTE. SIR GEORGE MACKENZIE'S MS. BARONAGE OF SCOTLAND (7th S. iv. 8).-The work to which MR. GRAY alludes is no doubt the following, described in the appendix to Mr. Seton's Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland' (Edinburgh, 1863), app., No. v., 20, p. 503 :— "Collection of the most remarkable Accounts that relate to the Families of Scotland, &c., by Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, His Majestie's Advocat.,' 481 pp., 8vo., in the handwriting of Robert Mylne (34, 6,8).” This MS. is in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh; and in the same collection there is also a MS. entitled "Notices of the Families of Scotland in Alphabetical Order," drawn from their own charters and other authentic "writs," of which Mr. Seton says that it is "stated in a note to be a copy by Sir George Mackenzie from Lord Carse's collection; with additions by Mackenzie." I do not know whether either MS. is dated, but the period may probably be assumed as subsequent to Sir George Mackenzie's appointment as Lord Advocate in 1677. There would appear to be a transcript of the " Collection in the Lyon Office. C. H. E. CARMICHAEL. New University Club, S.W. COLD HARBOUR (7th S. iii. 476).—In the Wiltshire Archæological Magazine, vol. xiii. p. 335, Canon Jackson says:— "In England there are no less than 150 Cold Harbours. The meaning of the name has been much disputed. Harbour is probably only a corruption of the Saxon Herrburg, a station. If cold may be supposed to mean 'cool,' then the whole 'cool retreat' may perhaps have been merely a favourite name in former days for villas and country houses, something like the Mount Pleasant and 'Belle View' of our own day." THOMAS H. Baker. Mere Down, Mere, Wilts. See Archeologia, Jan. 11, 1849, and Gent. Mag., December, 1844, and May, July, and November, 1849. R. S. CHARNOCK. MR. J. A. FROUDE AND IRELAND (7th S. iii. 247, 480). In thanking MR. BIRKBECK TERRY for the courtesy of his reply to my query, allow me to avail myself of the opportunity of giving the result of further investigation made by myself -an insignificant addition, perhaps, but tending to the completeness of the elucidation. In the 'Life of Hoche,' or Hoch (the famous Republican general, I am unable to give a closer reference), what is there styled a well-known phrase is quoted thus:-"Mais il ne considère l'Irlande que comme le chemin de Londres." Temple. NEMO. BARONESS BELLASIS OF OSGODBY, LINCOLNSHIRE (6th S. xi. 188; 7th S. iii. 418, 477; iv. 17). -Your correspondent MR. ALFRED SCOTT GATTY says that if I and others interested on this point "had taken the trouble" to consult the Genealogist we should have found the date of death and place of burial of the above. If he had taken the trouble to copy it for us he would have conferred a favour. He does not tell us in what number of the Genealogist the reference can be found, nor have I access to the work. May I, then, repeat my request that some correspondent will kindly trouble himself to give me (and others) the date of death and place of burial of Lady Bellasis. CUTHBERT BEDE. HATTERS (7th S. iii. 497).—If MR. BULLEN be in search of minute descriptions of medieval hats, the following may have some interest for him :— King Edward II. left at Caerphilly Castle, at his departure, Nov. 2, 1326, all the property which he could carry no further in his flight. Among these articles were "one hat of white beaver, lined with black velvet, powdered with golden leaves; a black hat lined with red velvet, powdered with butterflies and divers beasts, covered with white lilies [sic]; two hats of white beaver; one hat of green and white velvet, furred with black budge" (Wardrobe Accounts, 20 Edw. II., 26/9, compared with its duplicate, 26/10). and broidered with gold thread," were bought for "Two hats of beaver, furred with black budge, the same monarch in 1326, at the price of 13s. 4d. each (ibid., 20 Edw. II., 26/3). Two hats of grey beaver, 3s. each, were supplied to Edward III. in 1329 (ibid., 3 Edw. III., 34/3). HERMENTRUde. References to magazine and newspaper articles appeared in the Oracle (now silent), Feb. 28, 1885; April 4, 1885; and Nov. 15, 1884. ESTE. MARGARET, LADY BOURCHIER (6th S. i. 395).— At the above reference HERMENTRUDE asks for the family name of Margaret, widow of John, Lord Dudley, first wife of Bartholomew, third Lord Bourchier. No reply has, as yet, been made to this query; and I wish to ask if it is a fact that Lord Bourchier married the widow of a John, Lord Dudley. H. S. G. CORNISH TOKENS (7th $. iii. 496).—A reference to the Western Antiquary for January last (p. 190) shows that the name should be Bonython-a name which has been more than once alluded to in the earlier numbers of the Western Antiquary, as well as in N. & Q' itself. The initials B. I. M., which MISS COLE asks about, are intended, no doubt, for the initials of the issuer of the token and that of his wife-only MISS COLE has not given them in the correct order, the initial of the surname almost invariably being placed on the token over that of the initials of the Christian names of the husband and wife. They would, therefore, to the initiated read as I. and M. B. I may add that the token mentioned in the Western Antiquary is not mentioned in Boyne's Seventeenth Century Tokens,' and that the publicity now given to it will no doubt be the means of its being included in the new edition of that work, which has for some time been looked for, ship of Mr. Williamson of Guildford, assisted by and which is now in preparation under the editora large staff of local collectors. J.CS. UDAL. Symondsbury, Bridport. If MISS COLE will refer to the first volume of the Western Antiquary she will find a great deal |