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OFFICE, 22, TOOK'S COURT, CHANCERY LANE, E.C.

BY JOHN C. FRANCIS.

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No. 51, SIXTH SERIES, for which 28. 6d, each will be given. 1644-16:8.

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fetched, and impossible etymologies. His vagaries

are bad enough when restricted to "Anglo-Saxon"

etymologies, but when he embarks on the quest

for "Celtic" traces, he seems to divest himself of

Forthwith every-

the last rag of common sense.
thing assumes a Celtic tinge, and traces of
Celtic occupation are found in every field. It is
a question whether these frantic endeavours to
prove that we English are not ourselves, but some-
body else, as Mr. Freeman puts it, arise from
a natural love of paradox, or from an indiscrimi-

I am sorry to see that MR. ADDY (7th S. iii. 421)

is infected with the craze for discovering traces of

Celtic occupation in English local names. MR.

ADDY comes to the astounding conclusion that

there existed, side by side with the English and

Danish villages, settlements inhabited exclusively

by Celts, who kept themselves entirely distinct from
the Teutonic invaders. This is as difficult to be-
lieve as Mr. Coote's conception that the Anglo-
Saxons were simply a foreign standing army living
entirely separate from the, of course, purely Celtic
population, who would have been, apparently, still
drawn up in line resting on their weapons had not
the Normans annihilated them at Hastings. Some
of MR. ADDY'S evidence is derived from field-names.
Of late years a great deal of nonsense has been
written about what we can learn from the study of
field-names. This study is not without its value;
but I must protest against the notion that we are
to revise our early history by the light it yields.
Before we can derive any lessons from these names
they will have to be studied in accordance with,
and not in direct contravention to, the laws of
philology. This latter method is in great favour
with the ordinary local etymologist, who has
usually an intense passion for picturesque, far-

ever substantiated does not seem to discourage
their manufacture. The fact that the people who
dabble in these so-called "Celtic" etymologies
almost invariably choose Teutonic words to work
upon, disposes one to believe that there are no
Celtic elements in English local names. If there
be, it is singular that they should so successfully
elude the grasp of the army of "Celtic" etymo-
logists who so persistently dig for them.

MR. ADDY'S offences are not so grave as those

of the average "Celtic" advocate. He wisely

lets Welsh alone. But it is, nevertheless, a phono-

logical offence to derive the surname Bright from

the A.-S. Bryt, a Briton. This A.-S. Bryt is a

very exceptional designation for a Welshman. He

is mostly a Wealh; sometimes, to distinguish him
from the Wealas of Cornwall and Strathclyde, he
is a Bryt- Wealh. In one or two cases only is he
a Bryt. No argument can be founded upon the
Middle-English Brut, a Briton, for the use of this
form arose from the erroneous derivation of Bryt
from the Trojan Brutus, one of Geoffrey of Mon-
mouth's inventions. The phonological evidence is
even stronger than this. Any one studying Middle-
English must be struck with the permanence of the
Teutonic guttural spirant and its distinct notation.
Though it seems to have evaporated from the
modern pronunciation, it was a distinct sound,
not produced without an effort, in M.E. I believe
there is no instance on record of this guttural
spirant being forced into a word. It is in all
cases original. No phonologist will, therefore, be-
lieve that it was inserted in Bryt in the cases
cited by MR. ADDY, and every phonologist would
hold that Bright is identical with the adjective
bright. And phonology, as usual, is right. The
instance of Brighton from Brighthelmston at once
explains the origin of the surname Bright and its
use in local names. *Bright is here a shortening
of the personal name Bright-helm = A.-S. Beorht-
helm. There are many A.-S. names beginning
with the stem Beorht-bright. It is well estab-

-

(see Cart. Sax.,' ii. 72, 37; 595, 32), that is, the well of
*Similarly, Bright-well, Oxfordshire, is Beorhtan-wiell

a man named Beorht-a or a woman named *Beorht-e

(the same name as Bertha).

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