connective tissue, 101; first observer
of the large, pale nerve-fibres seen
in spinal cord of Petromyzon fluvia-
tilis, 271; on correspondence between
embryonic and pathological develop-
ment, 399; on collonema, 480; on
cholesteatoma, 482.

Mummies, preservation of tissues in, 287.
Muscle seldom found in new-forma-
tions, 63; irritability of, 294.

Striated (red), 51-54; transverse
and longitudinal striæ of, 51; nuclei
of, 51-52; origin of primitive fasci-
culi of, 52; contractility of contents,
53, 56-57, their structure, 54; pro-
gressive (fatty) atrophy of, 56; hy-
pertrophy of, 65; substitution of,
for smooth, 71; changes produced in
ultimate elements of, by excitation
(irritation), 290; division of nuclei
of, from irritation, 308-309, in em-
bryonic development, 309; softening
of, 318-319; interstitial so-called
fatty degeneration, or rather fattening
of, 323-325; parenchymatous fatty
degeneration of, simple, 342-344, in-
flammatory (secondary) 352; suppu-
ration in interstitial tissue of, 445.

Smooth (organic, involuntary),
54-56;
fascicular arrangement of, 55;
comparison between fibre-cells of, and
primitive fasciculi of striated muscle,
55; nuclei of, 12, 55; of skin
(arrectores pilorum) 57; contraction of
vessels, due to, 57; substitution of
striped for, 71; of dartos, 107; of
arteries, 110-111; in alæ vesperti-
tionum, 115-116; new formation of,
in fibrous tumours of uterus, 443.
Myeline, 234-236.

Myeloid Tumours, 308.
Myo-carditis, no fibrine set free in, 390,
cf. 352-353.

Myo-malacia, 318-319.
Myxomata, 480, 486.

Nägeli, on corpora amylacea, 282.
Nails, body of, composed of cells, 34,
37; structure of, 35-36; growth of,
36; diseases of, 37-38.

Navel, varieties of, how produced, 96.
Necrobiosis, definition of, 318; how

distinguished from necrosis, 318;
ends in softening and disintegration,
318-319.

Necrosis, distinction between, and ne-
crobiosis, 318; of bone, limits of
territories of bone-cells well shown
in, 418-419.

Neoplasms. See New-Formations.

Nephritis, parenchymatous and inter-
stitial, 381.

Nerve-cells. See Ganglion-cells.
Nerve-fibres, primitive, their

mem-

brane, medullary sheath, and axis-cy-
linder, 231; white and grey, distinc-
tion between, 232; myeline of, 234-
236; grey atrophy of, 235; axis-
cylinder (electrical substance) essen-
tial constituent of, 236; different
breadth of, 236-237; terminations
of, 238-255-in Pacinian bodies,
238-240-in tactile bodies, 240-
242-in loops, nowhere met with,
247, cf. 238, 242-supposed, in epi-
thelium-like structures (in mucous
membrane of nose and tongue) 247-
248-in cochlea, 248-in retina,
248-252-in plexuses (electrical organ
of silurus, 253, and submucous tissue
of intestines (human) 254-255); rami-
fication of, 252-253; course and origin
of, in spinal cord, 267-268.
Nerve-territories, in skin larger than
vessel-territories, 244.

Nerves, seldom found in new-formations,
63; peripheral, structure of, 230;
fascicular arrangement of, 230; in-
terstitial tissue of, 230, 279-280;
grey atrophy of, 235; terminations
of, 238-255; of special sense (olfac-
tory, auditory, optic) 247-252; elec-
trical processes constantly going on
in, 287; changes in electrical state of,
produced by excitation (irritation) 290.
Nervous Centres, 257-282; colour of
grey matter of, not due to ganglion-
cells, 257; different kinds of gang-
lion-cells in, 258-262; interstitial
substance of (neuro-glia) not nervous
but a kind of connective tissue, 272-
273; corpora amylacea of, 279-282;
made up of an infinite number of
separate, very minute centres, 284-285.
Nervous Plexuses, in Silurus, 253, 263;
in submucous tissue of intestines,
254-255.

Nervous System, 58; 229-282; its pre-
tended unity, 229, 284-285; its com-
position, 228-229; fibrous constituents
of, 229-256; nervous centres (gan-
glionic apparatuses), 256-282.
Neurilemma, 230; its relation to peri-
neurium, 280.

Neuro-glia, 275; 277-280 (see 272-273);
definition of, 277; a kind of soft
connective tissue with corpuscles,
277-278, cf. 275; also found in
olfactory and auditory nerves, 279.
Neuro-Pathology. See Solidism.

New Formation, correspondence be-
tween embryonic and pathological,
399; by means of simple cell-divi-
sion, 400-401; endogenous, of cells,
401-402; different kinds of-hyper-
plastic (direct and indirect) and he-
teroplastic, 403-405; of vessels, first
heteroplastic and then hyperplastic,
404.

New-Formations. See Pathological Tis-

sues.

Nitrate of Silver, results of external

and internal use of, 212-213, cf. 219.
Noma, 472.

Nuclei, constancy of form of, 8; forma-

tion of (Schleiden's theory) 9-10; their
importance in maintaining life of
cells or other elements containing
them, 11; essential to growth of parts,
12; division of, see Division of
nuclei.

Nucleoli, origin of (according to

Schleiden and Schwann) 9; division
of, in formative irritation, 306.
Nutrition: its channels, 72-88; con-
veyance of nutritive juices, 89-
108; and circulation, 108-133;
of liver, 73-75; of bone, 86; of
teeth, 86; of cornea, 87; of semi-
lunar cartilages, 87; of tendons, 90,
94; of mucous tissue of umbilical
cord, 98-100; importance of capil-
lary membrane in, 122; no directly
regulating influence exercised upon,
by hyperæmia, 124-125.

Nutritive districts, in tendon, 94; see
Cell-territories.

Nutritive Irritability, 295-306; often
tends to death of a part, 296; a
property of individual elements of
parts, not effect of nervous influence,
297.

Nutritive Irritation, 295-306; num-
ber of constituent elements of a part
not increased in, 295; often cause
of death of a part, 296; comprises a
part of what is ordinarily called in-
flammation, 296; in kidney, 296-297;
in cartilage, 297-298; in skin, 299;
in cornea, 299, 301-303, 305-306; ef-
fects of, not due to nervous influence,
but to action of individual elements
of parts, 297-300; often accompanied
by formative changes, 305.
Nutritive Restitution (nutritive restitu-
tional power), 306.

Olfactory Nerve, its termination in
nasal mucous membrane, 247-248;
neuro-glia in, 279-280.

505

Optic Nerve, medullary hypertrophy
of, in retina, 233; termination and
connections of, in retina, 248-252;
action of light upon, how rendered
possible, 251.

Osseous Tissue, definition of, 409; medul-
lary tissue developed out of, 409-410;
cancer and pus in bone formed by di-
rect conversion of, 410; may be
formed out of marrow and cartilage,
414; see Bone.
Ossification, of arteries, real bone formed
in, 361-362, how distinguished from
calcification, 365, an inflammatory
process, 366; of cartilage, 411-412,
415-417-of marrow, 422-423-of pe-
riosteum, 423-426, 428-431.
Osteoid Tissue, formation of, in carti-
lage, 417, in medullary tissue, 422-
423, in periosteum, 425, 428, 429;
definition of, 423.

Osteoma, soft, of the maxillæ, 428-431.
Osteomalacia. See Mollities ossium.
Osteoporosis, 421.

Ovary, cerebral matter in, 66; corpora
lutea of, 345-346.

Pacinian (Vaterian) bodies, 238-240.
Pædarthrocace (scrofulous necrosis of
the fingers in children) 418.
Paget, Mr., on myeloid tumours, 308.
Panniculus adiposus, simple hypertro-
phy of, 66.

Papillæ of Skin, network of connective-
tissue corpuscles in, 32-34, 35, 241;
fine elastic fibres in, 104, 241; nu-
cleated cells in, 105; nutrition of, 105.
of bed of nails, 35.
Papillary portion of skin, 104; nucle-
ated cells in, 105.

Tumours. See Papillomata.
Papillomata, 467-471.
Parasitism of New-Formations, 460-461.
Parenchyma, definition of term, 300.
Parenchymatous Exudation, 300-301.
Inflammation, 393.

Nephritis, its seat in epithelium
of cortex of kidney, 381.
Passive Processes, 316-384; definition
of, 317; different forms of: necro-
biosis (softening) 318-319, indura.
tion, 319, fatty metamorphosis (de-
generation) a necrobiotic process-
319-364, amyloid degeneration, 367-
384.
Pathological Substitutions, how they
differ from histological ones, 71.
Pathological Tissues (New-Formations),
60-68; definition of, 60; every one
a physiological prototype, 60; John

Hunter's comparison of, 61; vessels
in, Hunter, Rust, and Kluge's notions
respecting, 61; classification of, 62-
63; rarely contain elements belong-
ing to more highly organized, and
especially to muscular and nervous,
systems, 63; chief constituents, cells
analogous to epithelial cells and cor-
puscles of connective tissues, 63; not
necessarily benignant because cor-
respond to physiological tissues, 68,
really reproduction of these tissues,
68; greater dryness of, less power
of infection, 218, 485-486; nearly
all derived from connective tissue
and its equivalents, 398; mode
of origin of, a double one (sim-
ple cell-division, endogenous forma
tion of cells) 400-404; really destruc-
tive nature of every kind of, 442;
division of, into homologous and he-
terologous, 442; different duration
of life of individual elements of, 455;
contagious character of, 458-460; pa-
rasitism and autonomy of, 460-461;
nearly all begin with a proliferation,
462-463; nomenclature and classi-
fication of, 463-465; difference be-
tween form and nature of, 466; com-
parison between, in animals and ve-
getables, 487.

Pearly Tumours, 482-483; only infect
locally, 485.

Penis, cauliflower tumours of, 469.
Perihepatitis, 390.

Perineurium, 230; compared with neuro-
glia, 280; its relation to neurilemma,
280.

Periosteum, structure of, 423, 486; de-
velopment of bone out of, 423-426
(see 407-409); conversion of, into
cartilage, 425; transformation (pa-
thological) of, into osteoid tissue and
bone, 428-431; formation of bone
out of, in fractures, 439.
Periostitis, 423-424.
Peripolar state of nerves, 290.
Peristaltic Movements of intestines, 255.
Petrifaction of Arteries, 365.
Petromyzon fluviatilis (lamprey), spinal
cord of, its structure, 270-272, no
medullary matter in, only simple,
pale, nerve-fibres, 272.
Peyer's patches, really lymphatic glands,
192-193.

Phlebitis, supposed formation of pus
in veins in, 196-197; substitution
of term thrombosis for, 199; an in-
flammation affecting walls and not
contents, of a vessel, 202; no neces-

Physiological Types, all pathological

tissues (neoplasms, new-formations)
to be referred to, 60. Cf. 487-488.
Pigment, in cells of choroid membrane,
12; in mucus-corpuscles, 22-23; seat
of, in acini of, liver (pigment-zone)
331; in pulmonary epithelium, 346.
Pigment-cells, produced by transforma-
tion of epidermic cells, 39; in blood
in ague, and melanæmia, 221-222;
distinction between, and fat-granule
cells, 346-347; in catarrhal pneu-
monia, 346.

Piorry, his crusta granulosa (Hæmitis)
155, 189.

Plants, growth of, 18-20; tumours of,
487-488.

Plaques Muqueuses, 245, 467.
Pleurisy, fibrine produced in exudation
of, 159-160; buffy coat in, 160-161;
inspissation of pus in, 181; metasta-
tic, due to ichorrhæmia, 215.
Plexuses, nervous, in Silurus, 253, 263;
in submucous tissue of intestines,
254-255.

Pneumogastric Nerve, effects of section
of, explained, 312-313.

Pneumonia, buffy coat in, 160-161;
increase of colourless corpuscles in,
when accompanied by swelling of
bronchial glands, 194; how caused
by section of pneumogastric, 313; ca-
tarrhal, formation of pigment in, 346.
Polli, on slowly coagulating (brady-)
fibrine, 160, 161.

Polysarcia, how produced, 66, 323.
Portal, on central canal of spinal cord,
265.

Potash, provocative of ciliary move,
ment, 293.

Pregnancy, enlargement of vessels in,

115; leucocytosis in, 190-191 ; hyperi-
nosis in, accounted for, 191.

Prostate, concretions of. See Prostatic
concretions.

Prostatic Concretions (laminated amy-

loid bodies) of, 369-371; appearance
and size of, 370; reactions of, with
iodine, 371.

Puerperal fever, so-called pyæmia in,
189-191; embolical metastases in
lungs in, 206.

Pulmonary Artery, embolia of, 206-207.

Purkinje, on lining membrane of cere-
bral ventricles, 273-274; on corpora
amylacea, 282; on ciliary movement,
292-293.

Purpura, 131-132.
Pus, corpuscles of, see Pus-Corpuscles;
compared with cancer-juice, 62; for-
merly thought to be secretion from
blood, 178; physiological reabsorp-
tion of, 178; is never reabsorbed as
pus, 179; fluid part of, reabsorbed,
179; inspissation (cheesy metamor-
phosis) of, 179, 181; serum of, 179-
180; fatty metamorphosis of corpus-
cles of, 182; reabsorption of, in shape
of emulsion (pathological milk) 182;
intravasation of, into veins and lym-
phatic vessels, 183; not present in
softening thrombi, 200; in bone,
formed by direct transition out
of osseous tissue, 410; maturation
of, 422; very close relation of, to
medullary tissue, 445, and granula-
tions, 422, 452; formation of, out of
epithelium (skin, 446-447, mucous
membranes, 447-449) 445-449--out
of connective tissue, 445, 451-452;
no solvent power, 446, 453; cor-
respondence of first stage of, to that
of cancer, cancroid and sarcoma, 454;
relation of, to tubercular infiltration,
474 (cf. 181); resemblance of its cells
and nuclei to those of tubercle, 476;
hæmatoid nature of, 482.
Pus-Corpuscles, 22-23; great resem-
blance between, and colourless blood-
corpuscles, 149, 178, how they can
be distinguished, 155, 482; structure
of, 179; shrivelling of, 180; fatty
degeneration of, 182; cannot pass
through lymphatic glands, 184; when
not furnished by an ulcerating sur-
face, derived from epithelial cells,
406; development of, from epithelial
cells, 446-449; relation of, to mucus-
and epithelial cells, 449-450; deve-
lopment of, from connective-tissue
corpuscles, 445, 451-452.
Pustules, formation of, 446-447; vario-
lous, 447.

Putrilage, definition of, 455.
Pyæmia, 177-216; definition of, 177;
confounded with leucocytosis and
leukæmia, 189; no pus-corpuscles in
blood in, excepting when an abscess
has emptied itself into a vein, 194-195;
latent, 210; if retained, to be used
as a collective name for several dis-
similar processes (leucocytosis, throm-
bosis, ichorrhæmia) 216. See Phle-

507

bitis, Thrombosis, Leukæmia, Leuco-
cytosis, Ichorrhæmia.

Rabbits, rhythmical movements in arte-
ries of ears of, 117.

Recurrence, local, of tumours, after ex-
tirpation, 458.

Redfern, Dr., his experiments on car-
tilage, 297.

Reichert, on the fibres of connective
tissue, 42; his theory of the forma-
tion of connective tissue, 43-44, 107,
137; on the continuity of tissues, 68-
69; discoverer of Hæmato-crystal-
line, 146-147; on the connective-tis-
sue framework of the body, 398-399.
Reinhardt, on origin from pus of much of
what is called tubercle, 181 (cf. 474);
on fat-granule masses, 336; on tuber-
culosis and tuberculous matter, 474.
Remak, on germinal membrane in con-
nection with formation of glands,
39; on division of blood-corpuscles
in embryo, 157; his mistake with re-
gard to brain-sand, 373; on cleavage
of yolk, 399.
Respiratory Substance of red blood-cor-
puscles, 226-227; paralysis of, in ty-
phoid fevers, 227, from the action of
different chemical substances, 227.
Rete Malpighii (mucosum) 30, 32, 34,
35, &c.

Retina, medullary hypertrophy of optic

nerve in, 233; structure of, 248-252;
its sensibility to light, what due to,
251; blind spot in, 251; bodies akin
to corpora amylacea found in, 281.
Rhachitis. See Rickets.

Rickets, development of bone, best ob-
served in, 417; different processes of
growth of bone, as seen in, 432-437;
in what it consists, 432; irregularity
of calcification in, 432; infractions
and inflexions of bones in, 433-431;
irregular formation of medullary
spaces in, 433.

Ricord, on seat of virus in bubo, 187;
467.

Robin, on perineurium, 230; his plaques
à plusieurs noyaux in marrow of
bones, 309; on tubercular meningitis,
475.

Rokitansky, on atheroma, 360.
Rollet, on structure of muscle, 52.
Rouget, his explanation of supposed
excretion of starch through skin, 378.
Rust, on independent vascular system
of new-formations, 61; 166.
Ruysch, on blood-vessels, 74.

Salt, production of cataract in frogs by

injection of, 122; its action upon
red blood-corpuscles, 140.
Salter, Dr. Hyde, on connection be-
tween tendon and muscle, 70.
Sarcoma, mammary, 61; pancreatic,

61; correspondence between first
stage of, and that of pus, 454; in
France called fibro-plastic tumour
464; cheesy metamorphosis of, 479;
definition of, 486; not unfrequently
malignant, 486-487.

Scherer, on correspondence between
substances found in leukæmic blood,
and in spleen, 172.

Schiff, on rhythmical movements of
arteries, 117.

Schleiden, 4; on development of nu-

cleoli, nuclei and cells, out of free
blastema, 9-10; 406.

Schmidt, Carl, his analyses of amyloid
spleens, 373.

Schultz, Carl Heinrich, on effects

of addition of aqueous solution of
iodine to blood-corpuscles, 141; on
melanic blood-corpuscles, 224, 225;
on necrobiosis, 318.

Schultze, Max., on termination of nerves
of nasal mucous membrane, 248.
Schwann, 3; 4; 9; on intercellular
substance of tissues, 15; his theory
of the formation of connective tissue,
42-44; on embryonic and patholo-
gical development, 399; 464.
Sclerema, definition of, 481.
Sclerosis, of arteries, 361; definition
of, 424; of intercellular substance of
periosteum, 425.

Scrofulosis, leucocytosis in, 191-192;
changes in lymphatic glands in,
396.

Scrotum, rugæ of, 107.
Scurvy, 131-132.

Sebaceous Cysts. See Epidermic Cysts.
Glands, 334-335.

Matter, compared with colos-
trum, 336.

Secreting organs, specific affinities of,
126-127, 293.

Secretion, definition of, 448.

Secretory (Exudative) Inflammation,

393.

Section of nerves, effects of, explained

and analyzed, 312-314; cf. 119, 121-
125, 293.

Semi-lunar Cartilages, nutrition of, 87-
88; not cartilage at all, but tendon,
89.

Septhæmia. See Ichorrhæmia.
Siegmund, G., on presence of creatine
in muscular fibres of uterus, 56.

Silicic acid, 138.

Silurus (malapterurus), plexiform ar-
rangement of nerve-fibres in elec-
trical organ of, 253, 263.
Silver, salts of, deposition of, in skin
and kidneys, 212-213, cf. 219.
Skin, papilla of, see Papillæ; effect of
direct irritation of, not limited to
particular nerve-territories,
299;

see Corium and Cuticle.
Sluggish layer in capillaries, 152.
Small Pox, effects of upon nails, 37-38;
contagion of, 219; pustules of, 447.
Snellen, on section of fifth pair of
nerves, 313.

Soda, provocative of ciliary movement,
293.

Softening (malacia) a form of (passive)
degeneration, 318.

Solidism (Neuro-pathology) 17; 229;
246; 254; 256; 284-286; 297-300;
310-311; 459; 488.

Specific affinities, 126-127, 293.
Spinal Cord, three kinds of ganglion-
cells in grey matter of, motor, sensi-
tive and sympathetic, 259-262; white
and grey matter of, 264-265; central
canal of, 265-266; distribution of
the three kinds of ganglion-cells in,
266-267; lobular arrangement of
fibrous constituents of, 267-268;
commissures of, 268; of petromyzon
(lamprey) 270-272; central thread of
ependyma of, 266, 277; grey (gela-
tinous) atrophy of, 280-281.
Spleen, its connection with the hæmor-
rhagic diathesis, 132; swelling of,
in typhoid fever, 167, in leukæmia,
170; intimately concerned in deve-
lopment of blood, 171; increased
action of, in leukæmia, 172; colour-
less corpuscles conveyed away from,
by lymphatics, not by veins, 176;
a lymphoid organ, its Malpighian
bodies being equivalent to follicles of
a lymphatic gland, 193-194; minute
metastatic deposits in, 209-210; tume-
faction of, from presence of noxious
matters in blood, 211-212; connec-
tion between its diseases and those of
liver and kidney, 212; enlargement
of, in ague and melanæmia, 221-222;
occurrence of pigment-cells in blood
generally due to affection of, 223;
myeline in, 235; amyloid degenera-
tion of (sagoey spleen) 369; analyses
of amyloid spleens, 373.
Spondylarthrocace (caries of vertebræ),
inspissation of pus in, 181-182.
Stannius, on pale nerve-fibres met with