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perhaps have been allowed to expect that other critics would have sought for the proofs, which they did not find here in sufficient abundance, in the original works. For I had in the preface to the first edition expressly pointed out that those who had kept up their knowledge by reading the current medical literature would here find but little that was new to them.

In this new edition I have contented myself with improving the language, with expressing in more precise terms what was liable to be misunderstood, and with expunging repetitions. There no doubt, still even now, remains a great deal requiring correction; but it seemed to me that the whole ought as far as possible to preserve the fresher impress of oral discourse, and of the unshackled range of thought which there prevails, if it were for the future still to serve as an active ferment to the labourers in the so very various fields of medical science and practice. For the book will have fulfilled its object, if it assists in the propagation, not of cellular pathology, but in general only of independent thought and investigation.

RUD. VIRCHOW.

BERLIN; June 7th, 1859.

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.

PROFESSOR VIRCHOW and his works are so well known wherever the science of medicine is studied, that I think it quite unnecessary to give any account of them here.

When I arrived in Berlin in March, 1858, these lectures were in the course of delivery, and I was present at a few of the concluding ones. Subsequently, whilst attending the lectures, classes, and post-mortem examinations1 which are held in the Pathological Institute by Professor Virchow, I had ample opportunities for seeing practical illustrations of most of the doctrines advocated in this book. It was natural, therefore, that I should feel a desire to translate these lectures, the more especially as I had every reason to suppose that the views put forward in them still remained unknown-in consequence, no doubt, of their German dress-to a large proportion of the English medical public, although they had already, many of them several years previously, appeared in Professor Virchow's larger works.

The translation will in many instances be found to differ somewhat from the original, for numerous additions, subtractions, and substitutions have been made, many of them at the suggestion of the Author, many at my own, but all with the Author's sanction.

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From 700 to 800 bodies are examined annually in the Institute.

A few notes will be found, especially in the later lectures. Of these some are literal, some free translations of, or are based upon, answers I received from Professor Virchow to questions I had put to him, whilst others (pp. 313, 363-364, 373, 378) were made entirely at his own suggestion, and are literal translations of his words. In all cases, however, the notes have been submitted to the Author, and approved by him.

An index too, I thought might be of service, and I have therefore added a tolerably full one.

I cannot sufficiently thank Professor Virchow for the very great trouble-a trouble of which nobody but myself can have any idea which he has taken in revising this translation, nor for the exceeding courtesy and kindness with which he has replied to the very numerous questions-many of them put for my own private information-which I have plagued him with. He has written me fully fifty letters, most of them very long ones; and when I reflect that he daily passes eight or nine hours at the Charité, that he reads all the more important German, French, and English medical works which appear, and is besides constantly engaged in publishing something fresh, I can scarcely conceive how he has managed to find time to write these letters, of which a large proportion reached me by return of post.

To Dr. Harris I must return my best thanks for the assistance he has rendered me in reading the proof-sheets, and correcting any errors of language into which I might have fallen, and also for kindly permitting me to consult him whenever I met with any difficulty-a permission of which I have availed myself most freely.

The engravings will, I think, be found to be pretty faithful copies of the original woodcuts; they were executed by, or under the superintendence of, Mr. Hart, of 15, Gloucester Street, Queen's Square.

51, WIMPOLE STREET; August 10th, 1860.

LIST OF WOOD-ENGRAVINGS.

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FIG.

b.

1. Vegetable cells from a young shoot of Solanum tuberosum
2. Cartilage-cells from the margin of ossification of growing cartilage
3. Different kinds of cells and cell-formations. a. Hepatic cell.
Connective-tissue corpuscle. c. Capillary vessel. d. Stellate cell
from a lymphatic gland. e. Nerve-cell from the cerebellum

4. Formation of vegetable cells, according to Schleiden
5. Pigment-cell (from the eye), smooth muscular fibre-cell (from the
intestines), portion of a nerve-fibre with a double contour

6. Cartilage from the epiphysis of the humerus of a child

7. Cortical layer of a tuber of Solanum tuberosum

8. Longitudinal section of a young shoot of Syringa

9. Pathological proliferation of cartilage from a costal cartilage

10. Young ova from the ovary of a frog.

11. Cells from catarrhal sputa (pus- and mucus-corpuscles, and a pig

ment-cell).

12. Diagram of the globular theory

13. Diagram of the investment- (cluster-) theory

14. Cylindrical epithelium from the gall-bladder
15. Transitional epithelium from the urinary bladder

16. Perpendicular section through the surface of the skin of a toe (epidermis, rete Malpighii, papilla)

17. Diagrammatic representation of a longitudinal section of a nail in normal and pathological conditions

18. 4. Development of sweat glands. B. Portion of the duct of a

sweat-gland

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FIG.

19. 4. Bundle of ordinary connective tissue. B. Development of connective tissue according to Schwann's plan. C. Development of connective tissue according to Henle's plan

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20. Young connective tissue from the embryo of a pig
21. Diagram of the development of connective tissue
22. Section through the growing cartilage of a patella
23. Primitive muscular fasciculi in different conditions

24. Muscular elements from the heart of a puerperal woman
25. Smooth muscular fibres from the urinary bladder
26. Small artery from the base of the cerebrum

27. Diagrammatic representations of hepatic cells. 4. Physiological
appearance. B. Hypertrophy. C. Hyperplasy

28. Portion of the periphery of the liver of a rabbit, with the vessels injected

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29. Natural injection of the corpus striatum of a lunatic
30. Injected preparation from the muscular coat of the stomach
31. Vessels in the cartilage of the calcaneum of a new-born child
32. Bone. Longitudinal section from the cortex of a sclerotic tibia
33. Bone. Transverse section

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34. Bone-corpuscles from a morbid formation of bone in the dura mater of the brain

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35. Section of an osseous plate from the arachnoid of the brain
36. Longitudinal and transverse section from the semilunar cartilage
of the knee-joint of a child

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37. Transverse section from the tendo Achillis of an adult

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38. Transverse section from the interior of the tendo Achillis of a newborn child

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39. Longitudinal section from the interior of the tendo Achillis of a new-born child

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40. The abdominal end of the umbilical cord of a nearly full-grown fœtus, injected

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41. Transverse section through a part of the umbilical cord

. 98

42. Transverse section of the mucous tissue of the umbilical cord

. 100

43. Elastic networks and fibres from the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen

. 102

44. Injection of the vessels of the skin; vertical section

. 105

45. Section from the dartos

. 106

46. Small artery from the tendinous sheath of an extensor muscle
47. 4. Epithelium from the femoral artery. B. Epithelium from veins
of considerable size
48. Epithelium from the vessels of the kidney. 4. Flat, spindle-shaped
cells from a new-born child. B. Ribbon-like plate of epithelium
from an adult

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49. Irregular contraction of small vessels from the web of a frog's foot after the application of stimuli. Copied from Wharton Jones 118

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