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LECTURE III.-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL TISSUES
The higher animal tissues: muscles, nerves, vessels, blood.-Muscles.
Striped and smooth. Atrophy of. The contractile substance and
contractility in general. Cutis anserina and arrectores pilorum.-Vessels.
Capillaries. Contractile vessels. Nerves.-Pathological tissues (Neo-
plasms), and their classification. Import of vascularity. Doctrine of
specific elements. Physiological types (reproduction). Heterology
(heterotopy, heterochrony, heterometry) and malignity. Hypertrophy
and hyperplasy. Degeneration. Criteria for prognosis.-Law of con-
tinuity. Histological substitution and equivalents. Physiological and
pathological substitution.
LECTURE IV.-NUTRITION AND ITS CHANNELS.
Action of the vessels. Relations between vessels and tissues. Liver.
Brain. Muscular coat of the stomach. Cartilage. Bone.-Dependence
of tissues upon vessels. Metastases. Vascular territories [Gefässter-
ritorien] (vascular unities). Conveyance of nutriment in the juice-
conveying canals (Saftkanäle) of the tissues. Bone. Teeth. Fibro-
cartilage. Cornea. Semilunar cartilages.
LECTURE V.-NUTRITION, AND CONVEYANCE OF THE
NUTRITIVE JUICES
Tendons. Cornea. Umbilical cord.-Elastic tissue. Corium.-Loose
connective tissue. Tunica dartos.-Importance of cells in the special
distribution of the nutritive juices.
LECTURE VI.-NUTRITION AND CIRCULATION
Arteries. Capillaries. Continuity of their membrane. Its porosity.
Hæmorrhage by transudation (per diapedesin). Veins. Vessels during
pregnancy. Properties of the walls of vessels: 1. Contractility.
Rhythmical movement. Active or irritative hyperæmia. Ischemia.
Counter-irritants. 2. Elasticity and its importance as regards the
rapidity and uniformity of the current of blood. Dilatation of the
vessels. 3. Permeability. Diffusion. Specific affinities. Relation
between the supply of blood and nutrition. Glandular secretion
(liver). Specific action of the elements of tissues.-Dyscrasia. Its
transitory character and local origin. Dyscrasia of drunkards. Hæ-
morrhagic diathesis. Syphilis.
Fibrine. Its fibrilla. Compared with mucus, and connective tissue.
Homogeneous condition.-Red blood-corpuscles. Their nucleus and
contents. Changes of form. Blood-crystals (Hæmatoidine, Hæmine,
Hæmatocrystalline).-Colourless blood-corpuscles. Numerical propor-
tion. Structure. Compared with pus-corpuscles. Their viscosity and
agglutination. Specific gravity. Crusta granulosa. Diagnosis between
pus-, and colourless blood-corpuscles.
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LECTURE VIII.-BLOOD AND LYMPH
Change and replacement of the constituents of the blood. Fibrine. Lymph
and its coagulation. Lymphatic exudation. Fibrinogenous substance.
Formation of the buffy coat. Lymphatic blood, hyperinosis, phlogistic
crasis. Local formation of fibrine. Transudation of fibrine. Formation
of fibrine in the blood.-Colourless blood-corpuscles (lymph-corpuscles).
Their increase in hyperinosis and hypinosis (Erysipelas, pseudo-erysi-
pelas, typhoid fever). Leucocytosis and leukæmia. Splenic and lym-
phatic leukæmia.-The spleen and lymphatic glands as blood-making
organs. Structure of lymphatic glands.
LECTURE IX.-PYÆMIA AND LEUCOCYTOSIS
Comparison between colourless blood- and pus-corpuscles. Physiological
reabsorption of pus; incomplete (inspissation, cheesy transformation),
and complete (fatty metamorphosis, or milky transformation). Intra-
vasation of pus.-Pus in the lymphatic vessels. Retention of matters in
the lymphatic glands. Mechanical separation (filtration). Coloration
by tattooing. Chemical separation (attraction): Cancer, Syphilis.
Irritation of lymphatic glands, and its relation to leucocytosis.-Digestive
and puerperal (physiological) leucocytosis. Pathological leucocytosis
(Scrofulosis, typhoid fever, cancer, erysipelas).-Lymphoid apparatuses:
solitary and Peyerian follicles of the intestines. Tonsils and follicles of
the tongue. Thymus. Spleen.-Complete rejection of pyæmia as a
dyscrasia susceptible of demonstration morphologically.
LECTURE X.-METASTATICAL DYSCRASIE
Pyæmia and phlebitis. Thrombosis.
Puriform softening of thrombi.
True and false phlebitis. Purulent cysts of the heart.-Embolia. Im-
port of prolonged thrombi. Pulmonary metastases. Crumbling away
of the emboli. Varying character of the metastases. Endocarditis and
capillary embolia. Latent pyæmia.-Infectant fluids. Diseases of the
lymphatic apparatuses and secreting organs. Chemical substances in
the blood; salts of silver. Arthritis. Calcareous metastases. Diffuse
metastatic processes. Ichorrhæmia. Pyæmia as a collective name.
-Chemical dyscrasiæ. Malignant tumours, especially cancer. Diffu-
sion by means of contagious parenchymatous juices.
LECTURE XI.-PIGMENTARY ELEMENTS IN THE BLOOD.
NERVES
Melanæmia. Its relation to melanotic tumours and colorations of the
spleen.-Red blood-corpuscles. Origin. Melanic forms. Chlorosis.
Paralysis of the respiratory substance. Toxicæmia.-The nervous sys-
tem. Its pretended unity.-Nerve-fibres. Peripheral nerves: their
fasciculi, primitive fibres, and perineurium. Axis-cylinder (electrical
substance). Medullary substance (Myeline). Non-medullated and
medullated fibres. Transition from the one kind to the other: hyper-
trophy of the optic nerve. Different breadth of the fibres. Their ter-
minations. Pacinian and tactile bodies.
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Peripheral terminations of the nerves. Nerves of special sense. The skin
and the distinction of vessel-, nerve- and cell-territories in it. Olfactory
mucous membrane. Retina.-Division of nerve-fibres. The electrical
organ of fishes. Muscles. Further consideration of nerve-territories.-
Nervous plexuses with ganglioniform enlargements. Intestines.-Errors
of the neuro-pathologists.-The great nervous centres. Grey substance.
Ganglion- [nerve-] cells containing pigment. Varieties of ganglion-
cells; sympathetic cells in the spinal marrow and brain, motor and
sensitive cells. Multipolar (polyclonous) ganglion-cells. Different
nature of the processes of ganglion-cells.
The spinal cord. White and grey matter. Central canal. Groups of
ganglion-cells. White columns and commissures.-The medulla ob-
longata and the brain. Its granular and bacillar layer.-The spinal cord
of the petromyzon and its non-medullated fibres.-The intermediate
substance (interstitial tissue). Ependyma ventriculorum. Neuro-glia.
Corpora amylacea.
LECTURE XIV.-ACTIVITY AND IRRITABILITY OF CEL-
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264
LULAR ELEMENTS. DIFFERENT FORMS OF IRRITATION. 283
Life of individual parts. The unity of the neurists. Consciousness. Ac-
tivity of individual parts. Excitability (irritability) as a general crite-
rion of life. Meaning of irritation. Partial death. Necrosis.-Function.
nutrition, and formation, as general forms of vital activity. Difference
of irritability according to the different forms of activity.-Functional
irritability. Nerves, muscles, ciliated epithelium, glands. Fatigue and
functional restitution. Stimuli. Their specific relations. Muscular
irritability.-Nutritive irritability. Maintenance and destruction of
elements. Inflammation. Cloudy swelling. Kidney (morbus Brightii)
and cartilage. Neuro-pathological doctrines. Skin, cornea. The
humoro-pathological doctrines. Parenchymatous exudation, and paren-
chymatous inflammation.-Formative irritation. Multiplication of
nucleoli and nuclei by division. Multi-nuclear cells; marrow-cells
and myeloid tumours. Comparison between formative muscular irri-
tation and muscular growth. Multiplication (new-formation) of cells
by division. The humoro- and neuro-pathological doctrines.--Inflam-
matory irritation as a compound phenomenon. Neuro-paralytical
inflammation (Vagus, Trigeminus).
Passive processes in their two chief tendencies to degeneration; Necro-
biosis (softening and disintegration) and induration.-Fatty degenera-
tion. Histological history of fat in the animal body; fat as a component
of the tissues, as a transitory infiltration, and as necrobiotic matter.-
Adipose tissue. Polysarcia. Fatty tumours. Interstitial formation of
fat. Fatty degeneration of muscles.-Fatty infiltration. Intestines;
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structure and functions of the villi. Reabsorption and retention of the
chyle. Liver; intermediate interchange of matter by means of the
biliary ducts. Fatty liver.-Fatty metamorphosis. Glands; secretion
of sebaceous matter and milk (colostrum). Granule-cells and granule-
globules. Inflammatory globules. Arteries; fatty usure and atheroma
in them. Fatty débris.
LECTURE XVI.-A MORE PRECISE ACCOUNT OF FATTY
Fatty degeneration of muscles. Fatty metamorphosis of the substance of
the heart. Formation of fat in the muscles in distortions.-Corpus
luteum of the ovary. Fatty metamorphosis of pulmonary epithelium.
Yellow softening of the brain. Arcus senilis.-Optical properties of
fattily degenerated tissues. Renal epithelium in Bright's disease.
Successive stages (cloudy swelling, fatty metamorphosis, fatty detritus
(débris), atrophy). Inflammatory globules. Similarity of the result in
inflammatory and non-inflammatory changes.-Atheromatous process
in arteries. Its relation to ossification. Inflammatory character of the
process; its analogy with endocarditis. Formation of the atheromatous
deposit. Appearance of cholestearine. Arterio-sclerosis. Endoarteritis.
Calcification and ossification of arteries.-Mixed, activo-passive pro-
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INFLAM-
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Amyloid (lardaceous or waxy) degeneration. Different nature of amyloid
substances: concentric and laminated amyloid bodies (brain, prostate),
and amyloid degeneration properly so called. Its course. Commence-
ment of the affection in the minute arteries. Waxy liver. Cartilage.
Dyscrasic (constitutional) character of the disease. Intestines. Kid-
neys: the three forms of Bright's disease (amyloid degeneration, paren-
chymatous, and interstitial nephritis). Lymphatic glands. Functional
disturbances of the affected organs.-Inflammation. The four cardinal
symptoms and their predominance in the different schools: the thermic
and vascular theory; the neuro-pathologists, exudations. Inflammatory
stimuli. Lesion of function. Exudation as a consequence of the activity
of the tissues; mucus and fibrine. Inflammation as a complex irritative process. Parenchymatous and exudative (secretory) form.
The theory of continuous development in opposition to the blastema and
exudation theory. Connective tissue and its equivalents as the most
general germ-store of new-formations. Correspondence between em-
bryonic and pathological new formation. Cell-division as the most
general starting-point of new-formations.-Endogenous formation.
Physalides. Brood-cavities.-Different tendencies of new-formations.
Hyperplasia, direct and indirect. Heteroplasia. Pathological formative
cells. Difference in their size and in the time required for their full de-
velopment.-Description of the development of bone as a model-formation.
395
Difference between formation and transformation. Fresh and growing,
in opposition to macerated, bone. Nature of medullary tissue.-Growth
in length of tubular [long] bones; proliferation of cartilage. Formation
of marrow as a transformation of tissue; red and yellow, normal and
inflammatory marrow. Osseous tissue, calcified cartilage, osteoid tissue.
Bone-territories: caries, degenerative ostitis. Granulation of bone.
Suppuration of bone. Maturation of pus. Ossification of marrow. -
Growth of long bones in thickness; structure and proliferation of the
periosteum.-Granulations as analogous to the medulla of bones, and as
the starting-point of all heteroplastic development.
LECTURE XIX.-PATHOLOGICAL, AND ESPECIALLY HETE-
ROLOGOUS, NEW FORMATION
Consideration of some forms of pathological formation of bone. Soft oste-
oma of the maxillæ. Rickets. Formation of callus after fracture.-
Theory of substitutive new formation in opposition to exudative.
Destructive nature of new-formations. Homology and heterology
(malignity). Ulceration. Mollities ossium. Proliferation and luxuria-
tion. Medulla of bones and pus.-Suppuration. Its two forms: super-
ficial, occurring in epithelium; and deep, in connective tissue. Eroding
suppuration (skin, mucous membrane): pus- and mucus-corpuscles in
their relations to epithelium. Ulcerative suppuration. Solvent pro-
perties of pus.-Connection of destruction with pathological growth and
proliferation. Correspondence of the first stage in pus, cancer, sarcoma,
&c. Possible duration of the life of pathologically new-formed elements,
and of pathological new-formations considered as wholes (tumours).
Compound nature of the larger tuberous tumours (Geschwulstknoten),
and miliary character of the real foci (Heerde). Conditions of growth
and recurrence: contagiousness of new-formations and import of the anas-
tomoses of cells. Cellular pathology in opposition to the humoral and
neuristic. General infection of the body. Parasitism and autonomy of
new-formations.
Nomenclature and classification of pathological new-formations. Consist-
ence as a principle of division. Comparison with individual parts of the
body. Histological division. Apparent heterology of tubercle, colloid,
&c.-Difference of form and nature: Colloid, Epithelioma, Papillary
tumour, Tubercle.-Papillary tumours: simple (condylomata, papillo-
mata) and specific (villous cancer and cauliflower-tumour).-Tubercle:
infiltration and granulation. Inflammatory origin of tubercle. Its
production from connective tissue. Miliary granules, and solitary masses.
The cheesy metamorphosis.-Colloid: myxoma. Collonema. Mucous
or gelatinous cancer.-Physiological types of heterologous new-forma-
tions: lymphoid nature of tubercle, hæmatoid of pus, epithelioid of
cancer, cancroid, pearly and dermoid tumours, and connective-tissue-
like of sarcoma. Infectiousness according to the amount of juice.--
Comparison between pathological new-formations in animals and vege-
tables. Conclusion.
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