here, though he feels neither their bitterness nor their intensity, he yet misses the purifying influence of the southerly winds s; let him, however, but venture on the tops of the east or west hill, and he will assuredly be driven back for shelter and protection to the town below.

1356. The vale of Hastings, then, from the configuration of the surrounding country, has a climate proper to itself.

1357. Dover. Similar conditions exist at, and the same remarks therefore apply to, Dover.

1358. Brighton. The eastern side of Brighton is situate on a high cliff, of which the soil is chalk. On the western side, which is a little above the sea-level, the soil is clay. The former is sheltered from the north by the Downs: the latter is open to the winds of this quarter, but is partially screened from the east by the mass of buildings on that side of the

town.

1359. The surface drainage and sewerage are unexceptionable, but the sad mistake has been committed of carrying into the sea the whole of the sewage of the town by one outlet, near its centre, by which the purity of the waters for bathing purposes has been more or less sullied, and the atmosphere of that locality loaded with noxious emanations, which, by a southerly wind, are wafted over that portion of the town.

1360. Brighton, during the latter half of February, the whole of March, and first half of April, should be shunned by the pulmonary invalid, on account of the cold, dry, parching east and north-east winds which prevail during the winter quarter.

1361. The subjects of congestion of the liver, and of hepatic derangements, would do well to avoid Brighton.

1362. Worthing. The atmosphere of Worthing is softer, moister, and warmer than that of Brighton. The soil is clay and marl. Recent improvements in the drainage and sewerage of the town have made it more healthy than formerly.

1363. Undercliff. This is an example of soil and elevation

rendering an otherwise soft, warm, and moist situation, dry, tonic, and bracing.

1364. Clifton. The position of this town on the western confines of this island would have ensured for it a soft, warm, humid atmosphere, were it not that its soil, limestone rock, by absorbing all moisture, renders its atmosphere dry and somewhat bracing.

1365. Torquay and Penzance possess all the advantages of extreme warmth and moisture; and the latter place especially enjoys, day and night, an exceedingly equable temperature, in consequence of the vapours and mists from the Atlantic, with which the atmosphere is loaded during the prevailing south and south-westerly winds, precluding the sun's rays reaching the earth. (582.)

1366. The isle of Capri, in the Neapolitan Gulf, is one of the driest climates in the south of Europe. It consists of hard calcareous rock, covered here and there with a rich soil. Malaria is almost unknown on the island. The climate, which is warm during the spring, autumn, and winter, and hot during the summer, has been found particularly useful in rheumatism and in moist bronchial and phthisical affections. The longevity of the natives is perfectly fabulous.

1367. The isle of Ischia, in the bay of Naples, consists of calcareous rock, covered with a fertile soil. The climate, which is very similar to that of Capri, has been found useful in those affections which are relieved by a residence in the latter isle.

1368. Palermo (Felice) is situate on a fertile plain, surrounded by mountains, "the vale of the Golden Shell," at the head of a bay, five miles deep, on the northern coast of Sicily, screened on the north-west by the rock of Santa Rosalia and the Cape di Gallo, and on the east by Cape Zafferano.

1369. "In a clime which blends the oriental palm and aloe with the orange-tree, the fig, the olive, and the vine: cheered by the brightest sun, refreshed by the purest breeze, and

looking upon the dark blue wave, Palermo is one of the most attractive spots in the world." This more especially applies to winter, spring, and autumn. The summer is excessively hot, the thermometer, during the day, in June, July, and August, ranging from 80° to 90°, and, if the sirocco blow, reaching to 100°. Cold is unknown in Palermo. In the winter months the temperature rarely falls below 40°.

1370. The prevailing winds are west and south-west. Refreshing balmy gales from the north occur in winter.

1371. Rains of a tropical violence, which continue without intermission for three weeks, set in about the latter end of October or beginning of November, and are succeeded by the second summer, or summer of San Martino. This summer of St. Martin is not peculiar to Palermo, but is common to Italy, Switzerland, and the neighbouring countries.

1372. Those parts of the city which are built on the site of the ancient port are exposed to malaria during the autumn months.

1373. The atmosphere of Palermo is exceedingly dry, and the sky serene and transparent. The climate is steady and little exposed to gales of wind. In this particular it is infinitely superior to Malta, and is surpassed by no other place in Europe.

1374. Were its advantages of climate more generally known and more properly appreciated, Palermo would deservedly become the favoured resort of invalids, and would speedily cast into the shade many, if not the greater part, of those localities which are now frequented by the pulmonary and the dyspeptic.

1375. The climate of Palermo will be found useful in phthisis attended with copious expectoration, in chronic bronchitis, bronchitic asthma, atonic dyspepsia, in nervous and relaxed constitutions, in scrofula, and chronic rheumatism; and on the other hand, will be injurious in a dry, irritable condition of the air-passages and bronchi, and in inflammatory dyspepsia.

1369. Knight's Normans in Sicily.