donatione regis, from the king's gift.' A denizen is in a kind of middle state between an alien and a natural-born subject, and partakes of both of them. He may take lands by purchase or devise, which an alien may not; but cannot take by inheritance: for his parent, through whom he must claim, being an alien, had no inhe ritable blood; and, therefore, could convey none to the son: and, upon a like defect of blood, the Issue of a denizen, bern before denization, cannot innerit to him; but his issue, born after, may. A denizen is not excused from paying the alien's duty, and some other mercantile burdens. And no denizen can be of the privy council, or either house of parliament, or have any office of trust, civil or military, or be capable of any grant of

lands, &c. from the crown.

DENMAN (Dr. Thomas), an eminent physi

cian and medical writer, was born at Bakewell, in Derbyshire, in 1733, where his father was a respectable apothecary; on whose death, he was, for some time, an assistant to his elder brother. He afterwards came to London, and attended at St. George's Hospital: he then entered the navy, as surgeon's mate, and in 1757, was made surgeon of a ship. In 1763 he quitted the navy, after having served in the expedition against Belleisle. His first publication was in London, An Essay on Puerperal Fever, which was well received; but his professional prospects were so little satisfactory, that he was happy to obtain the situation of surgeon to one of the royal yachts, which brought nim in a salary of £70 a-year, without interrupting his practice. He was shortly after (1770) chosen joint-physician and man-midwife to the Middlesex Hospital, and gave lectures on the latter branch of practice. He thus slowly emerged from obscurity into the most extensive practice: was appointed licentiate in midwifery of the College of Physicians in 1783, and, six years after, an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. After the death of Dr. William Hunter, he was considered as the most eminent obstetrical practitioner in the metropolis. His great work, is The Introduction to the Practice of Midwifery, which, with his Aphorisms for the Use of Junior Practitioners, claims a place in every medical library. In the decline of life, Dr. Denman relinquished the more laborious part of his practice to his son-in-law, Sir Richard Croft, and became a consulting physician. His death, which was sudden, took place November 26th, 1815.

DENMARK, one of the most ancient monarchies in Europe, comprehends the peninsula of Jutland, Sleswick, Holstein, and Lauenburg, on the continent; and the islands of Zealand, Funen, Langeland, Falster, Laaland, Bornholm, Moen, and several others in the Baltic. Denmark Proper is that part of Scandinavia which formerly went by the name of Cimbrica Chersonesus. It is every where bounded by the sea, except on its southern frontier in Holstein, and stretches northward from about 53° 30′ to 57° 30′ of lat., i. e. from the right bank of the Elbe, to the extreme point of Jutland. This main-land tract is divided into three divisions, of which Holstein forms the southern, Sleswick the central, and Jutland the northern province, each

The dismemberment of Norway from Denmark, which took place in 1814, abstracted full onethird of her population and strength, that ancient possession of the Danish crown being estimated to contain at that period 900,000 inhabitants. Denmark received from Sweden, in exchange, Swedish Pomerania, which she again parted with to Prussia for the duchy of Lauenburgh, and a sum of money.

Her remaining territory is, however, compact, and well situated for commerce. The aspect of the continental part is flat and undiversified, containing neither mountains nor rivers of any magnitude, but it is in an excellent general state of cultivation; and, in the character of its climate and rich pasturage, very much resembling our own country.

It is largely indented by the sea, and possesses numerous creeks and bays, as well as internal lakes, but only one canal of importance, that of Kiel. This will admit vessels of 120 tons burden, and extends from the Baltic to the Eyder at Rendsburg, where the river becomes navigable, thus opening a communication between the two seas, or through 105 miles of territory. Its length is twenty-two English miles. Its breadth at top 100 feet, at bottom fifty-four, and depth ten feet. It was begun in 1777, and completed in 1785, at an expense of £800,000 sterling. During the late war between 3000 and 4000 vessels annually passed through it, but in time of peace the number is diminished. It has much improved the internal trade of Sleswick and Holstein.

The revenue of Denmark fluctuates between £1,700,000 and £2,000,000, about £120,000 of which arises from the dues of the Sound: the national debt is nominally £15,000,000. The military force somewhat exceeds 20,000 men; the naval force is only 4000 men in service, but capable of being increased with great facility, as there are between 14,000 and 15,000 registered seamen. The seafaring people of the kingdom are altogether little short of 50,000.

There are no mineral productions in Denmark of any commercial importance; salt is made in considerable quantities from the lime springs of Oldesloe; and a little coal is found; but turf is the great article of fuel. Both timher and salt are imported largely. The agricultural produce consists of wheat, in small quantity, barley, oats, beans, peas, and potatoes; the last very largely. Excellent madder also abounds, and hops, flax, hemp, and tobacco, are partially cultivated. Gardens are seldom seen except in Arak, the great kitchen garden of the capital. The horned cattle and horses are very superior; in Holstein are some of the best working breeds of both, that are known: the exportation of horses is said to amount to 1200 or 1500 annually, valued at from £160,000 to £200,000 sterling. Milch cattle are also well managed here butter and cheese abound: the sheep, though recently improved by the introduction of merino, and other breeds, are still inferior. 'There are now better meadows, and more hedges and walls in Denmark,' says Mr. Louden, than in any country of Germany of the same extent.' Here was founded, in 1686, the first veterinary school in Germany. 'Artificial grasses and herbage plants enter into most rotations, and rye-grass is perhaps more sown in Holstein than any where, excepting in England. In a word, considering the disadvantages of climate, the agriculture of Denmark is in a more advanced state than that of any other kingdom of Germany.' Fishing in the bays and creeks is conducted on a large scale; the most important branch is the herring fishery; beds of oysters and muscles are not uncommon: and fresh water fish abound in several arms of the Baltic, so little is that sea impregnated with salt.

Denmark has pursued a studiously pacific policy for more than half a century, and the consequence, until nearly the close of the late wais of the French revolution, were the uninterrupted improvement and extension of her commerce. In 1800 she possessed above 2000 merchant men, 20,000 seamen, and 250,000 tons of shipping. During our second war with France these were in a state of rapid increase, but the seizure of her navy in 1807 by Great Britain, and the consequent breach between the two countries, permitted her no longer to carry on a neutral trade, and she has scarcely to the present time recovered the blow. The chief intercourse of the Danes is with the adjacent coasts of the Baltic, with England, Holland, France, and the Mediterranean.

They have found the benefit of a general carrying trade so considerable, that they have pushed it with success, both in the Mediterranean (where their flag is respected by the Barbary states, equally with that of stronger powers), and to the most distant parts of the globe. The whale fishery, likewise, employs a considerable portion of their seamen, and in the West India trade they have about seventy sail of merchantmen. Their connexion with the Guinea and Gold coasts has been in a great measure discontinued since their honorable abolition of the slave trade in 1803.

The principal exports from Denmark to Eng

land are skins, raw hides, and, when our corn laws permit, oats. Until lately the most extensive part of the trade between the two countries was timber from Norway. The imports from England are manufactured articles, and colonial produce. The duties on the importation of foreign commodities into Denmark are high, but all kinds of merchandise, with the exception of the following articles, are allowed to be imported; viz. sugar, either raw or refined, coming from European ports, porcelain, colored delf, woolcards, roasted coffee, printed calicoes, and some kinds of woollen cloth.

In 1797 the government laid open the trade to the East Indies (previously monopolised by a Danish East India Company), to all private merchants. Similar liberal regulations have been made with regard to intercourse with their West Indian possessions. The Icelandic trade was laid open by an ordinance from the king towards the close of 1816. The exports of Denmark to this distant part of her dominions are grain, wine, brandy, tobacco, and spices, together with linen and woollen cloths, timber, and hardware. The vessels generally sail thither in May and June, and return with salt fish, whale oil, coarse cloth, woollen stockings, gloves, hides, skins, feathers, and Eider-down. All the necessary supplies for the Greenland colonies are transmitted from the parent country; and oil, whalebone, seal-skins, and other articles, furnished by the fisheries in the adjacent seas, are taken in return. The manufactures of Denmark confined to the supply of her own most common wants and it is necessary to import hardware, printed cottons, and linen. The porcelain manufacture is carried on by the government. A late return of the sugar refineries in Denmark makes their number forty-six; that of paper mills twenty-two; iron foundries four.

are

The constitution of Denmark was of a free Gothic original. The convention of the estates, even including the representatives of the boors or peasants, elected the king, having still a regard to the sor of their late monarch, whom, however, they made no scruple of setting aside, if they deemed him unworthy of the royal dignity. The convention enacted laws; conferred the great offices of state; debated all affairs relating to commerce, peace, war, and alliances; and occasionally gave their consent to the imposition of necessary taxes. The king was only the chief magistrate of the people. His business was to see justice administered impartially; to command the army in time of war; to encourage industry, religion, arts, and sciences; and to watch over the interests of his subjects. But, by the revolution, in 1660, the constitution was new-modelled, and it was declared that 'the hereditary kings of Denmark and Norway should be in effect, and ought to be esteemed by their subjects, the only supreme head upon earth; they shall be above all human laws, and shall acknowledge, in all ecclesiastical and civil affairs, no higher power but God alone. The king shall enjoy the right of making and interpreting the laws; of abrogating, adding to, and dispensing with them. He may also annul all the laws which either he or his predecessors

shall have made, excepting this royal law, which must remain irrevocable, and be considered as the fundamental law of the state. He has the power of declaring war, making peace, imposing taxes, and levying contributions of all sorts,' &c. &c. It is finally added, 'If there is any thing further which has not been expressly specified, all shall be comprised in the following words:―The king of Denmark and Norway shall be the hereditary monarch, and endued with the highest authority; insomuch that all that can be said and written to the advantage of a Christian, hereditary, and absolute king, shall be extended under the most favorable interpretation to the hereditary king or queen of Denmark and Norway,' &c. To this singular step the representatives of the people were urged at that time by the tyranny of the nobles. They found a hundred tyrants, as a late political bishop said, a bundred times worse than one. The nobility were obliged to make a similar surrender of their peculiar privileges.

The established religion is the Lutheran and Episcopal. The reformation was introduced in 1536, the crown taking possession at that period of the revenues of the church, and depriving the bishops of their temporal power: they have at present full spiritual jurisdiction, but no votes in the legislature; and there exists a complete toleration of dissenters. There is a university at Copenhagen on a large scale, and another of smaller funds at Kiel. There is also a college with four professors at Odensee in Fuuen; and Danish literature, though not of general pretensions, has yielded in modern times some distinguished names. We need only mention those of Niebuhr and Le Brun.

Saxo Grammaticus, the most ancient and best of the Danish historians, derives the name of Denmark from Dan the son of Humble, the first king, and Mark, a word signifying a country, in several dialects of the Teutonic; according to which etymology, the word Denmark signifies the country of Dan. He is said to have flourished about A. A. C. 1038 or 1050. Almost all historians agree that he was the son of Humble, a native of Zealand. His possessions and influence were very considerable, not only in Zealand, but in the islands of Langeland and Mona. It was his courage, however, and skill in the art of war, that induced the inhabitants of Denmark to choose him for their king. He was called to the assistance of the Jutlanders upon an irruption of the Saxons into their territories, and promised the sovereignty of the country if be drove out the enemy. On this he raised an army, gained a complete victory over the Saxons, and obliged them to leave the country; and he was accordingly elected king. The history of Denmark, for several ages after Dan, is filled with fabulous exploits of heroes, encounters with giants, dragons, &c. One of their kings named Frotho, who reigned about A. A. C. 761, is said to have conquered Britain, Sleswick, Russia, Pomerania, Holstein, &c. an assertion which cannot easily be credited, considering the difficulty which succeeding warriors, even the greatest in the world, found to subdue the inhabitants of those countries. It is certain, how

ever, that anciently the kingdom of Denmark made a much more conspicuous figure than it does at present. The Danes appear to have had a very considerable naval force almost from the foundation of their empire; and the conquests they undoubtedly made in our island are certain proofs of their valor. Their chief enemies were the Swedes, Norwegians, and Saxons; especially the first. With one or other of these nations almost perpetual war was carried on. The kingdom was also often rent by civil dissensions, which the neighbouring monarchs did not fail to take advantage of, in order to reduce the kingdom of Denmark under their subjection. As in general, however, neither party came off with much advantage, the history of these wars affords nothing interesting.

One of the most illustrious of the kings of Denmark was Canute II., the son of Sueno I., surnamed the Great, from his wisdom as well as his conquests. He was at once king of Denmark, Norway, and England. See CANUTE and ENGLAND. He also conquered a great part of Sweden. Alstedius ranks him as the sixty-seventh monarch of Denmark. Between his son Canute III. and Sueno III. there was a succession of ten kings of whom little important is recorded. One of the greatest of the Danish monarchs, after Canute the Great, was Valdemar I. who obtained the throne in 1157; having defeated and killed the usurper Sueno III. after a civil war of ten years. He maintained a long war with the Vandals, whose power he at last entirely broke, and reduced under his subjection the island of Rugen. He also proved victorious over the Norwegians, so that their king and queen came in person to submit to him. In 1165, he laid the foundations of the city of Dantzic; which, though it has since become a place of very great consequence, consisted at first only of a few poor fishermen's huts; but the privileges and immunities conferred upon it by this monarch, soon proved the means of its becoming a flourishing city. In 1169, he entirely subdued the Courlanders; and, soon after, was invested with the duchy of Holstein by the emperor Frederic Barbarossa. He is said to have been poisoned by a quack medicine, given with a design to recover him from a distemper with which he was seized in 1182, after reigning twenty-eight years. In 1195, Canute VI., Valdemar's son and successor, caused a muster to be made of all the men fit to bear arms in his dominions; and ordered each province to fit out its proportion of shipping, every way equipped, and ready for action. The whole force of Denmark, at that time, consisted of 670 ships of war, besides the squadrons supplied by vassals, tributary states, and allies. The number of the land forces is not mentioned. In the reign of this prince, the Danish dominions were enlarged by the conquest of Stromar, and the districts of Lubec and Hamburgh, formerly Nordalbingia, but now included under the general name of Holstein. He died in 1203, and was succeeded by Valdemar II. who proved a very warlike prince. In 1211 he founded the city of Stralsund. He built the castle of Droningholm in memory of his queen, that name importing the Queen's Island; and

sbusen, where Gerhard had fixed his head-quarters; and, having forced open the tyrant's apartment, immediately put him to death. He then fled with the utmost expedition, and, though overtaken by a party of the enemy's horse, forced his way through them and escaped. Gerhard's sons, hearing of their father's death, retired into Holstein, leaving the army, composed chiefly of Holsteiners, to be cut to pieces by the enraged peasants, who fell upon them from every quarter. Still, however, the Holsteiners kept possession of the citadels and fortified places, from which Nicholas resolved to dislodge them. He accordingly attacked and took Landen, a castle situated on the river Scherne: After which he laid siege to Albeg; but the garrison making an obstinate defence, he turned the siege into a blockade, by which they were soon reduced to great extremity. The governor sent an express to Gerhard's sons, acquainting them with the impossibility of his holding out more than a few days, without being relieved. They marched to his relief, and came up with Nicholas just as the governor was ready to surrender, but were defeated; though Nicholas was unfortunately killed in the engagement. Jutland having thus regained its liberty, the rest of the kingdom followed its example. Zealand first openly declared itself. Here Henry, Gerhard's son, maintained several garrisons; and resolved to defend his possessions in spite of all the power of the inhabitants. For this purpose he drew together an army; but in the mean time a tumult arose among the peasants, on account of a Danish nobleman slain by the Holsteiners. By this the people were so irritated that, falling upon the Holsteiners, they killed 300 of them, drove the rest out of the island, and chose Valdemar III. Christopher's son, for their sovereign. The Danes now resumed their courage; the lands were cultivated, the famine and pestilence ceased, and the kingdom began to flourish as formerly. Matters Continued prosperous tili 1373, when Valdemar III. died, and was succeeded by his daughter Margaret. Marcel ranks his grandson Olaus V. as his immediate successor; but he, being an infant, can hardly be said to have reigned, and therefore Alstedius ranks his mother, who governed during his infancy, as the successor of Valdemar.

Margaret raised the kingdom of Denmark to its highest pitch of glory. She defeated and deposed Albert king of Sweden, in 1487; and partly by her address, partly by hereditary right, she formed the union of Calmar, by which she was acknowledged sovereign of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. She held her dignity with such firmness and courage, that she was justly styled the Semiramis of the North. Her only son, Olaus V. dying at seven years of age, in 1388, she adopted her sister's son, Eric duke of Pomerania, as her successor, and died in 1412, after a glorious reign of thirty-seven years. Eric IX., her successor, being destitute of her great qualifications, the union of Calmar fell to nothing: but Norway still continued annexed to Denmark. Some say he was deposed, but Alstedius states that he resigned the crown in 1438, and retired to Pomerania, where he died in 1469. Upon his resignation his nephew, Christopher III. duke of Bavaria, and count

palatine of the Rhine, was elected. After an in glorions reign of ten years, during which Sweden was separated from Denmark, he died in 1448,and made way for a new royal race, which still continues to reign in Denmark, by the election of Christian,count of Oldenburg. Christian I. was crowned king of Denmark in 1448,of Norway in 1450,and of Sweden upon the deposition of Charles VIII. in 1457, who, however, was restored by the Swedes in 1464; Christian not having adhered to the terms he had made with them. He died in 1481, and was succeeded by his son John, who had frequent wars with the brave Swedish governors, Steno and Sweno Sture. John, dying in 1513, was succeeded by Christian II. who recovered Sweden for a short time on the death of Steno Sture; but was expelled for his cruelties, by the illustrious Gustavus Vasa, who threw off the Danish yoke, and restored the independence of his country in 1520. See SWEDEN.

Christian died in 1559, but was previously deposed, and Frederick I. duke of Holstein elected king in 1523. He reigned only ten years; dying in 1533, when he was succeeded by his son Christian III. a wise and politic prince, by whom, in 1536, the protestant religion was established in Denmark. He was succeeded in 1559 by his son Frederick II. who, after reigning about twenty-nine years, left the kingdom to his son Christian IV. who, however, was not crowned till 1596. This monarch twice visited England, in compliment to his son-in-law king James I.; in July 1606 and 1614. In 1629, he was chosen head of the Protestant league formed against the house of Austria; but, though personally brave, he was in danger of losing his dominions; when he was succeeded in that command by the famous Gustavus Adolphus king of Sweden. The Dutch having obliged Christian, who died in 1648, to lower the duties of the Sound, his son Frederic III. consented to accept of an annuity of 150,000 florins for the whole. The Dutch after this persuaded him to declare war against Charles X. king of Sweden, which had almost cost him his crown in 1657. Charles stormed the fortress of Fredericstadt; and, in the succeeding winter, he marched his army over the ice to the island of Funen, where he surprised the Danish troops, took Odensee and Nyburg, and marched over the Great Belt to besiege Copenhagen itself. Oliver Cromwell interposed; and Frederic defended his capital with great magnanimity till the peace of Roschild; by which he ceded the provinces of Halland, Bleking, and Sconia, the island of Bornholm, Bahus, and Drontheim, in Norway, to the Swedes. Frederic sought to elude these severe terms; but Charles took Cronenburg, and once more besieged Copenhagen by sea and land. The steady inteprid conduct of Frederic under these misfortunes endeared him to his subjects; and the citizens of Copenhagen made an admirable defence, till a Dutch fleet arrived in the Baltic, and beat the Swedish fleet. The fortune of war was now entirely changed in favor of Frederic, who showed on every occasion great abilities both civil and military: and, having forced Charles to raise the siege of Copenhagen, might have carried the war into Sweden, had not the English fleet under Montague appeared in the Baltic.