Carians, Phrygians, Cilicians, and Paphlagonians, were preparing to attack. Cyaxares and Cyrus prevented them, by falling upon them and dispersing them. The latter now advanced as far as Babylon, and spread terror throughout the country.

From this expedition he returned to his uncle, towards the frontiers of Armenia and Assyria, and was received by Cyaxares in the tent of the Assyrian king whom he had defeated. After this, Cyrus carried the war into the countries beyond the river Halys, entered Cappadocia, and subdued it entirely. From thence he marched against Croesus king of Lydia, defeated him in the first battle; then besieged him in Sardis the capital; and after a siege of fourteen days obliged him to surrender. See CREESUS. After this Cyrus, having almost reduced all Asia, repassed the Euphrates, and made war upon the Assyrians. He marched directly to Babylon, took it, and there prepared a palace for his uncle Cyaxares. After these expeditions Cyrus returned to his father and mother in Persia, where they were still living; and some time after visiting Cyaxares in Media, he married his cousin the only daughter and heiress of his uncle's dominions, and returned with her to Babylon. He is now stated to have again engaged in several wars, and subdued all the nations which lie between Syria and the Red Sea. He died at the age of seventy years, after a reign of thirty: but authors differ much concerning the manner of his death. Herodotus, Justin, and Valerius Maximus relate, that he died in a war against the Scythians; that falling into an ambush, which their queen Tomyris had laid for him, she ordered his head to be cut off, and cast into a vessel full of blood, saying, ‘Thou hast always thirsted after human blood, now glut thyself with it.' Diodorus the Sicilian states, that he was taken in an engagement and hanged. Ctesias assures us, that he died of a wound which he received in his thigh: but by Xenophon's account he died peaceably in his bed, amidst his friends and servants; and certain it is, that in Alexander's time his monument was shown at Pasagarda in Persia. From all this it is obvious, that we are but imperfectly acquainted with the history of this great prince, the founder of the Persian, and destroyer of the Chaldæan empire. Cyrus was monarch of all the east; or as he himself speaks (2 Chr. xxxvi. 22, 23; and Ezra i. 1, 2,) of all the earth,' when he permitted the Jews to return into their own country; A.M. 3466, and A. A. C. 538. The enemies of the Hebrews, making use of this prince's affection to his own religion, prevailed with him to countermand his orders for the building of the temple at Jerusalem (Ezra iv. 5). The prophets frequently foretold the coming of Cyrus; and Isa. (xliv. 28) mentious him by name 200 years before he was born. Josephus (Antiq. I. II. c. 2) says, that the Jews of Babylon showed this passage of the prophet to Cyrus, which is extremely probable; and that this prince, in the edict which he granted them for their return, acknowledged that he received the empire of the world from the God of Israel; that the same God had described him by name in the writings of the

prophets; and had foretold that he should build a temple to him at Jerusalem. Cyrus is expressly styled in scripture, the Lord's anointed, and the shepherd of Israel,' (Isaiah xlv. 1, and xliv. 28.); and God says of him (Isa. xlv. 5) 'I girded thee, though thou hast not known me. Daniel is supposed to allude to this prince. Chap. viii. v. 3-20, under the figure of the ram. The taking of Babylon by Cyrus was clearly foretold by the prophets. See BABYLONIA and BELSHAZZAR. Archbishop Usher fixes the birth of Cyrus to A. M. 3405; his first year at Baby lon to 3466, and his death to 3475.

CYRUS THE YOUNGER, son of Darius Nothus, and brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father at the age of sixteen, to assist the Lacedæmonians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus, mad with ambition, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would have been punished with death, had not his mother Parysatis saved him by her tears and intreaties. This circumstance did not check the ambition of Cyrus; he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion and levied troops under various pretences. At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks, under the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody; and Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met in person, and their engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years before the Augustan age; and Artaxerxes, having boasted that his brother had fallen by his hand, put to death two of his subjects for declaring that they had killed him. The Greeks, who were engaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle; and no less by their retreat, which is particularly recorded by Xenophon, one of their leaders. See XENOPHON.

Kusic. A bag containing morbid matter. Contained in a bag. The art or practice of opening or

CYST, or
CY'STIS, n. s.
CY'STICK, adj.
CYSTO'TOMY, n. s..
extirpating encysted tumors.

In taking it out, the cystis broke, and shewed itself by its matter to be a meliceris. Wiseman's Surgery.

There may be a consumption, with a purulent spitting, when the vomica is contained in a cyst or bag; upon the breaking of which the patient is commonly suffocated.

Arbuthnot.

The bile is of two sorts: the cystick, or that contained in the gall-bladder, a sort of repository for the gall; or the hepatick, or what flows immediately from the liver.

Id.

CYTHERA, in ancient geography, an island opposite to Malea a promontory, and to Boa a town of Laconia; sacred to Venus, with a very ancient temple of that goddess, who was exhibited in armour, as in Cyprus. It is now called Cerigo.

CYTHERÆA, in mythology, the surname of Venus, so called from Cythera, her birth-place, where she had a temple, and on the shores of which she was believed to be wafted by the Zephyrs, surrounded by the Cupids, the Graces

the Tritons, and the Nereides, reclining in a languishing posture in a sea-shell.

CYTINUS, in botany, a genus of the dodecandria order, gynandria class of plants; natural order eleventh, sarmentaceæ: CAL. quadrifid, superior: COR. none; the antheræ are sixteen, and sessile; the fruit an octolocular polyspermous berry. Species one, a Cape shrub.

CYTISUS, tree treefoil, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order thirty-second, papilionaceæ: CAL. bilabiated, with the upper lip bifid; inferior, tridentate; the legume attenuated at the base. There are eleven species; of which the most remarkable are, 1. C. Austriacus, the Austrian, or Tartarian evergreen cytisus, has a shrubby stem, dividing low into many greenish branches, forming a bushy head three or four feet high, having smooth whitish-green leaves, and bright yellow flowers in close umbellate heads at the ends of the branches, having a cluster of leaves under each head. These flowers appear in May. 2. C. laburnum, or large deciduous cytisus, has a large upright tree-stem, branching into a full spreading head, twenty or thirty feet high, having smooth greenish branches, oblong oval entire leaves, growing by threes on long slender footstalks; and from the sides of all the branches numerous yellow flowers collecting into long spikes, hanging loosely downward, and appearing in May.

CYZICENI, CYZICENIANS, the people of Cyzicum, who were noted by the ancients for their timidity and effeminacy. Hence the proverb in Zenodotus and others, tinctura Cyzicenica, applied to persons guilty of an indecency through fear; but stateres Cyziceni, nummi Cyziceni, denote things executed to perfection.

CYZICUM, in ancient geography, an island of the Propontis, on the coast of Mysia; joined to the continent by two bridges, the first of which was built by Alexander the Great.

CYZICUM, or CYZICUS, one of the noblest cities of the Hither Asia; situated in the above island. It was a colony of the Milesians, and is famous for its siege by Mithridates, which was raised by Lucullus. The inhabitants were made free by the Romans, but forfeited their freedom under Tiberius. It was adorned with a citadel and walls; had a port and marble towers; and three magazines, one for arms, another for warlike engines, and a third for

corn.

CZASLAU, or TZASLAU, a town of Bohemia, the capital of a circle of the same name, on the Crudimka. It is said to possess the highest spire in Bohemia; and within the beautiful church is interred the famous Zisca. The circle of Czaslau, or Csaslau, is enclosed by Moravia, the circle of Tabor, Caurzim, Bitschow and Chrudim. The flourishing. It contains eight towns, thirty-three soil is productive, but the manufactures are not boroughs, and 829 villages.

CZERNIGOV, or TSCHERNIGOV, a government of European Russia, erected in the year 1781, and lying between those of Mohilev, Smolensko, Orel, Kursk, Pultava, Kiev, and Minsk. The soil is very fertile. It has been augmented beyond its original boundaries by the addition of the government of NovgorodSieverskoi; and now contains, according to official returns, 741,850 inhabitants. Czernigov, or Tchernigow, the capital, situated right bank of the Desna, is fortified, and is the see of a Greek archbishop. Population 5000. Seventy-five miles north of Kiev, and 344 south-west of Moscow.

on the

CZERNOVICZ, or TSCHERNOWITZ, a town of Austria, the capital of the Bucharvine, or, more properly, of a circle in Galicia. It is situated at the foot of mountains, on the south bank of the Pruth, on the high road from Lemberg to Jassay, 140 miles south-east of the former, and ninety-five north-west of the latter. much enlarged and improved in 1771, and contains 5400 inhabitants. Here is a Greek bishop, a custom-house, a criminal court, a provincial and a charity school. circle, in 1803, was 195,268. The population of the

It was

CZIRKNITZ ZEE, a very extraordinary lake of Austria, in Carniola, five miles long and three broad, which annually produces both fish and corn: for, being dry in summer, its bottom is cultivated, and it produces corn, grass, &c.; but about the 29th of September the water rushes in from several subterraneous passages, which, with the rains and streams that fall from the mountains, quickly fill it again for the winter season. These subterraneous passages are probably connected with some gulf, the ebbing or flowing of whose waters depend upon periodical winds or currents.

CZONGRAD, a market town of Hungary, in a county of the same name, situated at the conflux of the Korosch and the Theyss.

CZONGRAD, a county of Hungary, enclosed by the counties of Hewesch, Bekesch, Chonad, Batsch, Pesth, and Little Cumania. It is thirty miles in length and eighteen in breadth.

D. The fourth letter of the Hebrew, Syriac, Greck, Latin, and French languages, is traced by Minsheu in its shape to the Hebdaleth, signifying, says he, a gate, which the figure of this letter partly resembles. Hence, with a slight alteration, came the Greek A, and by rounding two of the angles of the delta, the Roman D.

D is generally ranked among the lingual letters, having a middle sound between t and th, formed by a stronger impulse of the tongue to the roof of the mouth than the former letter. In Latin words the t and d are often changed for one another, as at for ad, set for sed, haut for haud, &c. And in the formation of words from the Latin, di frequently assumes the shape of gi or j, as journal for diurnal. In English the sound of d never varies, nor is it ever mute. D, as a numeral, signifies five hundred; D, five

thousand. See ABBREVIATIONS.

DAB, v. a. & n.
DA'BBLE, v. a. & n.
DA'BBLER, n. s.
DA'B-CHICK.

Gr. devw, duπTw; Chald. dub; Ger. doggwa, dopa; Sax. da pan, dippan; Scot. dub; Belg. dabben, dabbelen; Fr. dauber. All probably, as Minsheu suggests, from the sound of mud, when struck. To dab is to apply something soft or moist, as to a sore; to strike a soft blow. Dab, as a substantive, is a low word for a man expert at something: also a small fish. Mr. Todd thinks it a corruption of adept, adab. To dabble is to move about; to strike, or strike in water or mud; and, by consequence, to smear, daub, or bespatter: metaphorically, to 'meddle without mastery,' as Dr. Johnson well says; and hence a dabbler is a superficial meddler. A dab-chick is a small water-fowl. We first illustrate dab.

A sore should never be wiped by drawing a piece of tow or rag over it, but only by dabbing it with fine Sharp.

lint.

text, I have had more reverence for the writer and the printer, and have left every thing standing. Atterbury to Pope.

A dab-chick waddles through the copse On feet and wings, and wades, and flies, and hops. Pope.

DA CAPO, (Ital. from the head), in music, an Italian term signifying that the beginning of the tune is to be repeated to complete the piece.

DACCA JELALPORE, an important and productive district of Bengal, situated for the greater part between the twenty-third and twenty-fourth degrees of northern latitude. It is bounded on the north by Mymunsingh, on the east by Tipperah, on the south by Backergunge, and on the west by Ranjeshahy and Jessore. It contains a great number of valuable zemindaries or estates, and is every where intersected by the Ganges and Brahmapootra, and their various branches, so that every town of consequence has its river or canal. These rivers, however, frequently occasion considerable damage by their inundations. In this district it is not uncommon to find fields of rice covered with water, six or eight feet deep. Rice is its principal produce, and has been sold, in cheap years, at the rate of 640 lbs. the rupee. Its other productions of consequence are the betel nut, tobacco, and cotton; but it imports large quantities of the last article, which is manufactured in every town and village. Its muslins are very fine and delicate. A deputy of the nabob, called the naib nazim, was the chief of this district during the Mahommedan government the last person who held this office was Jessarut Khan, who having been ordered in 1763, by the nabob Cossim Aly Khan, to put all the English at Dacca to death, kindly put them on board boats, and sent them under the protection of a guard to Calcutta; in reward for which he was appointed, after the expulsion of his master, to act in his former office on behalf of the British, and, on his decease, a pension was settled on his family, and the eldest son honored with the title of nabob. The principal towns of this district are Dacca, Narraingunge, Sunergong, and Rajanagur. It contains nearly 1,000,000 inhabitants, most of whom are Mahommedans.

DACCA, a considerable city of Bengal, capital of the foregoing district, and for eighty years the capital of Bengal, when it was called Jehangireanagur. It is the residence of a judge, collector, &c., and is situated on the north bank of the Boor Gunga (Old Ganges), which is here very deep and broad, at the distance of about 100 miles from the sea. The best houses are built of brick, but the bazaars are often thatched; and every vacant spot is filled with trees. French, Dutch, and English East India Companies had factories here at an early period; those of the two former are gone to decay. The ancient citadel at the west end of the town is in ruins, but the palace or Pooshteh is in good repair. In this city are manufactured beautiful muslins, and shell bracelets much worn by the

The

Hindoo ladies. The hot winds which pervade almost all other parts of India, are, through the abundant irrigation of the neighbourhood, little felt here. The months of September and October are, however, unhealthy. The neighbourhood abounds with game of all sorts, from the tiger to the quail. Provisions and fish are also here very cheap and abundant. Distant by land from Calcutta, 180 miles.

DACE, n. s., called also DACE and DART, provincially. Sax. dagian, from dag to shine as in Lat. luciscit, luciscus; a small fish.

Let me live harmlessly, and near the brink Of Trent or Avon have a dwelling place;

Where I may see my quill or cork down sink With eager bite of pearch, or bleak, or dace. Walton. DACE, in ichthyology, a species of CYPRINUS, which see.

DACIA, in ancient geography, a country which Trajan, who reduced it to a province, joined to Moesia by an admirable bridge. This country lies extended between the Danube and the Carpathian Mountains, from the river Tibiscus, quite to the north bend of the Danube; so as to extend thence in a direct line to the mouth of the Danube and to the Euxine; being on the north next the Carpates, terminated by the river Hierasus, now called the Pruth; on the west by the Tibiscus or Teiss; and comprising a part of Upper Hungary, all Transylvania and Walachia, and a part of Moldavia.

DACIA AURELIANA, a part of ancient Illyricum, which was divided into the eastern and western; Sirmium being the capital of the latter, and Sardica of the former.

DACIER (Andrew), was born at Castres in Upper Languedoc, 1651, and studied at Saumur under Tannegui le Fevre, then engaged in the instruction of his celebrated daughter, who became Madame Dacier. The duke of Montausier, hearing of his merit, engaged him in an edition of Pompeius Festus, which he published in 1681. His edition of Horace printed at Paris in ten volumes, 12mo., and his other works, raised him to great reputation. He was made a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1695. When the history of Louis XIV. by medals was finished, he was chosen to present it to his majesty; who settled upon him a pension of 2000 livres, and appointed him keeper of the books of the king's closet. When that post was united to that of library keeper to the king, he was not only continued in the privileges of his place during life, but the survivance was granted tc bis wife, a favor of which there had been no former instance. The death, however, of Madame Dacier in 1720, rendered this grant, which was so honorable to her, ineffectual. He died September 18th, 1722, of an ulcer in the throat. DACIER (Anne), daughter of Tannegui le Fevre, professor of Greek at Saumur in France, went after her father's death to Paris, whither her fame had already reached: she was then preparing an edition of Callimachus, which she published in 1674. Having shown some sheets of it to M. Huet, preceptor to the dauphin, and to several other men of learning, the work was so highly admired, that the duke of Montausier made 2 proposal to her of publishing several

Latin authors for the use of the dauphin. She now, therefore, undertook an edition of Florus, published in 1674. Her reputation being soon after spread over Europe, Christina, queen of Sweden, ordered count Konigsmark to compli ment her, and offer her a settlement at Stockholm, in return for which Mademoiselle le Fevre sent the queen a Latin letter, with her edition of Florus. In 1683 she maried M. Dacier; and Soon after declared her design of reconciling herself to the church of Rome. Both she and her husband made their public abjuration in 1685. In 1693 she applied herself to the education of her son and daughter; the former, however, died in 1694, and the daughter, after making great attainments, became a nun in the abbey of Longchamp. Her mother has immortalised her memory in the preface to her translation of the Iliad. Madame Dacier was in a very infirm state of health the last two years of her life; and died, after a painful sickness, August 17th, 1720, aged sixty-nine.

DACOLITHUS, in ichthyology, a name given by zoologists to a small fish, supposed to be a species of loache, and called by Ray and some others cobitis barbatulea aculeata. It is a very small fish, seldom exceeding two or at most three inches in length. The head is broader and flatter than the body: its back is of a dusky brown color spotted with black, and its belly yellow. It has two beards on each side of the upper jaw; and on the coverings of the gills, on each side, two prickles, or a double-pointed sharp hook, whereby it moves itself among the stones. It delights in shallow waters, with a stony bottom, and spawns in May and June. DACTYLE, n. s. Gr. daкrvλoç, a finger, DACTILET, (from due to point) beDACTYL'IC, adj. cause composed of three parts, the first longer than either of the others; Minsheu. A poetical foot, consisting of one long syllable and two short, like the joints of a finger; as candidus. Bishop Hall uses dactilet as a diminutive.

The nimble dactils, striving to outgo
The drawling spondees, pacing it below:
The lingering spondees, labouring to delay
The breathlesse dactils, with a sudden stay.
Whoever saw a colt, wanton and wilde,
Yoked with a slow-foote oxe on fallow field,
Can right areed how handsomly besets
Dull Spoudees with the English ductilets.

Bp. Hall. Satires, 1. 6. A dactyl has the first syllable accented, and the two latter unaccented: as, labourer, possible.

DACTYLETHRA, or DACTYLITHRA, digitalis, among the ancient physicians, a medicine used to excite vomiting. It was a sort of topical application, and is described at large by Oribasius.

DACTYLIC VERSES are hexameter verses, ending in a dactyle instead of a spondee; as spondaic verses are those which have a spondee in the fifth foot instead of a dactyle. An instance of a dactylic verse occurs in Virgil: Æn. vi. 33.

Bis patriæ cecidere manus: quin protinus omnia. DACTYLI IDEI, q. d. the Fingers of Mount Ida, in pagan mythology, personages very differently described by ancient authors. The Cretans paid divine worship to them, as to those who had nursed and brought up the god Jupiter; whence it appears, that they were the same as the Corybantes and Curetes. Nevertheless Strabo makes them different; and says, that the tradition in Phrygia was, that the Curetes and Corybantes were descended from the Dactyli Idoi that there were originally 100 men in the island, who were called Dactyli Idæi; from whom sprang nine Curetes, and each of these nine produced ten men, as many as the fingers of a man's two hands; and that this gave the name to the ancestors of the Dactyli Idæi.' He relates another opinion, which is, that there were but five Dactyli Idai; who, according to Sophocles, were the inventors of iron: that these five brothers had five sisters, and that from this number they took the name of fingers of Mount Ida, because they were in number ten; and that they worked at the foot of this mountain. Diodorus Siculus says, the first inhabitants of the island of Crete were the Dactyli Idæi, who had their residence on mount Ida: that some said they were 100; others only five, in numbers equal to the fingers of a man's hand, whence they had the name of Dactyli: that they were magicians, and addicted to mystical ceremonies that Orpheus was their disciple, and carried their mysteries into Greece: that the Dactyli invented the use of iron and fire, and that they had been recompensed with divine honors.' Diomedes the grammarian says, the Dactyli Idai were priests of the goddess Cybele: called Idai, because that goddess was chiefly worshipped on Mount Ida in Phrygia; and Dactyli, because that, to prevent Saturn from hearing the cries of infant Jupiter, whom Cybele had committed to their custody, they used to sing certain verses of their own invention, in the Dactylic measure. Strabo gives us the names of four of the Dactyli Idæi: viz. Salaminus, Damnanæus, Hercules, and Acmon. See CORYBANTES, CRETE, and Cu

RETES.

a genus of the digynia order, and triandria clas of plants; natural order fourth, gramina: CAL bivalved and compressed, with the one valve longer than the other, carinated, or having the rachis prominent and sharp. There are two species, both natives of Britain; viz. 1. D. cynosuroides, the smooth cock's foot grass, which grows in marshy places; and 2. D. glomeratus, the rough cock's foot grass, which is common in meadows and pasture grounds. It is eaten by horses, sheep, and goats; but refused by cows.

DACTYLONOMIA, or DACTYLONOMY, from dakruλos, and voμos, a rule, the art of numbering by the fingers. The rule is this; the left thumb is reckoned one; the index or fore finger two and so on to the right thumb, which stands for the cypher.

DACTYLUS, in zoology, a name given by Pliny to the pholas. In Toulon harbour, and the road, are found solid hard stones, perfectly entire; containing, in different cells, secluded from all communication with the air, several living shell-fish, of an exquisite taste, called dactyli, i. e. dates: to come at these fish the stones are broken with mauls. Along the coast of Ancona, in the Adriatic, are stones usually weighing about fifty pounds, and sometimes even more, the outside rugged and easily broken, but the inside so hard as to require a strong arm and an iron maul to break them; within them, and in separate niches, are found small shellfish, quite alive and very palatable, called solenes and cappe laughe. These facts are attested by Gassendi, Blondel, Mayol, the learned bishop of Sulturara, and more particularly by Aldrovandi, a physician of Bologna. The two latter speak of it as a common fact, which they themselves saw.

DADUCHI, Gr. dadoxes, torch-bearers, in antiquity, priests of Ceres. The goddess having ost her daughter Proserpine, say mythologists, began to make search for her at the beginning of the night. In order to do this in the dark, she lighted a torch, and thus set forth on her travels throughout the world: for which reason she is represented with a lighted torch in her hand. In commemoration of this pretended exploit, it became a custom for the priests, at the feasts and sacrifices of this goddess, to run about in the temple with torches after this manner :-one of them took a lighted torch from off the altar, and, holding it with his hand, ran with it to a certain part of the temple, where he gave it to another, saying to him, tibi trado: the second ran after the like manner to another part of the temple, and gave it to the third, and he to another and

so on

DAD, n. s. DAD'DY. Hind. ata; Lat. tata; Goth. atta; Fr. Que among papa. those familiar words their father; and which are universally comwith which, in all languages, children first salute pounds of a and t ord; or a and b or p.

Heb. 1, dodh, beloved; Gr. αττα;

I was never so bethumpt with words,
Since first I called my brother's father dad.
Shakspeare.

His loving mother left him to my care,
Fine child, as like his dad as he could stare.
Gay.