We have sustained one day in doubtful fight, What heaven's high Lord had powerfullest. Id. I doubt not to make it appear, to be a monstrous folly to deride holy things. Tillotson. All their desires, deserts, or expectations, the Conqueror had no other means to satisfy, but by the estates of such as had appeared open enemies to him, and doubtless many innocent persons suffered in this kind. Hale's Common Law. Nor did the goddess doubtfully declare Her altered mind, and alienated care. Dryden. At first the tender blades of grass appear, And buds, that yet the blast of Eurus fear, Stand at the door of life and doubt to clothe the year. Id. Those who have examined it, are thereby got past doubt in all the doctrines they profess. Locke. In arguing, the opponent uses as comprehensive and equivocal terms as he can, to involve his adversary in the doubtfulness of his expressions and therefore the answerer, on his side, makes it his play to distinguish as much as he can. Id. while he lives here in the world, Let no man, doubt whether there is any hell or no, and thereupon live so, as if absolutely there were none. South. In doubtful cases, reason still determines for the safer side; especially if the case be not only doubtful, but also highly concerning, and the venture be a soul and an eternity. Id. Doubtless many men are finally lost, who yet have no men's sins to answer for but their own. Id. Can we conclude upon Luther's instability, because in a single notion, no way fundamental, an enemy writes that he had some doubtings? Atterbury. The king did all his courage bend Against those four which now before him were, Doubting not who behind him doth attend. Daniel. This is enough for a project, without any name; I doubt more than will be reduced into practice. Swift. Most of his philosophy is in broken sentences, delivered with much doubtfulness. Baker on Learning. To teach vain wits a science little known, To admire superior sense, and doubt their own. Pope. Doubtless, oh guest! great laud and praise were mine, If after social rites and gifts bestowed, Id. Odyssey. Though doubtfulness or uncertainty seems to be a medium between certain truth and certain falsehood in our minds, yet there is no such medium in things themselves. Watts. Hippocrates commends the flesh of the wild sow above the tame; and no doubt but the animal is more or less healthy, according to the air it lives in. Arbuthnot on Aliments. Should reason guide thee with her brightest ray, And pour on misty doubt resistless day; Yet hope not life from grief or danger free, Nor think the doom of man reversed for thee. Johnson. Vanity of Human Wishes. If I were to form a judgment from experience rather than theory, I should doubt much whether the capacity for, or even the possession of, a seat in parliament, did really convey much of power to be properly called political. Burke. But dreadful is their doom, when doubt has driven To censure Fate and pious Hope forego: Like yonder blasted boughs by lightning riven, Perfection, beauty, life, they never know; But frown on all that pass, a monument of woe. DOUBTING, the act of withholding our assent from any proposition on suspicion that we are not able peremptorily to decide between the reasons for and against it. Doubting is distinguished by the schoolmen into two kinds, dubitatio sterilis, and dubitatio efficax. The former is that where no determination ensues: in this withhold their assent from every thing. See manner the Sceptics and Academics doubt, who The latter is followed by judgSCEPTICS, &c. ment, which distinguishes truth from falsehood; such is the doubting of the Peripatetics and Cartesians. The last in particular perpetually inculcate the deceitfulness of our senses, and tell us that we are to doubt of every one of their reports, till they have been examined and confirmed by reason. On the other hand the Epicureans teach, that our senses always tell truth; and that if we go ever so little from them we come within the province of doubting. DOUBTING, in rhetoric, a figure wherein the orator appears some time fluctuating, and undetermined what to do or say. Tacitus furnishes us with an instance of doubting, almost to a degree of distraction, in those words of Tiberius written to the senate: Quid scribam, P. S. aut quomodo scribam, aut quid omnino non scribam hoc tempore, dii me deæque pejus perdant quam perire quotidie sentio, si scio. DOUCET, n. s. Fr. doucet. A custard. This word I find only in Skinner and Ainsworth, says Dr. Johnson. The Archælog, vol. xv., mentions it frequently as a part of the diet of Charles I. when duke of York. DOUCINE, in architecture, a moulding, concave above and convex below, serving commonly et, Love thou'rt blinder than thyself in this, To vex my dove-like friend for my amiss, And when one sad truth may expiate Thy wrath, to make her fortune run my fate. Donne. Pamphlets are the weekly almanacks, shewing what weather is in the state, which, like the doves of Aleppo, carry news to every part of the kingdom. T. Ford. 1647. he dove is sent forth, a fowl both swift and simple. She, like a true citizen of the ark, returns. Bp. Hall. Contemplations. Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread, Milton. The hawk sets up for protector, and makes havock L'Estrange. in the dovehouse. When a man is made up wholly of the dove, without the least grain of the serpent in his composition, be becomes ridiculous in many circumstances of life, and very often discredits his best actions. Addison. He made an administration so chequered and speckled; he put together a piece of joinery so crossly indented and whimsically dove-tailed; a cabinet'so variously inlaid; such a piece of diversified mosaic; such a tesselated pavement without cement, &c. Burke. Character of Lord Chatham. Dove, in geography, a river of England, in Derbyshire, which rises in the Peak, divides that county from Staffordshire, and falls into the Trent, four miles north of Burton. DOVE-DALE, one of the most romantic spots in Derbyshire, where the Dove runs in a chasm between precipitous rocks. It is situated near Ashborn. DOVER, a cinque-port, sea-port, and market town of Kent, is a place of considerable historical and topographical interest. Camden and others suppose it to derive its name from the British word Dwfyrrha, which signifies a steep place: the Saxons called it Dorfa, and Antoninus, in his Itinerary, Dubris. It is probable that the Roman town stood on the south side of the Dour, and VOL. VII. that the Watling Street entered it near the oldBiggen-gate. That the ancient Britons possessed it as a military post, anterior to the Roman conquest, is also extremely probable: and that the Romans fortified and adapted it to their system of tactics is universally admitted. The old tradition, quoted and confirmed by Mr. King in his Munimenta Antiqua, vol. ii., is, that Arviragus, the British chief, here fortified himself, when he refused to pay the tribute imposed by Julius Cæsar; and that here, afterwards, king Arthur also held his residence.' Darrell, in his History of Dover Castle, has given currency to another tradition, which assigns the foundation of this fortress to Cæsar and Lambard quotes Lidgate and Rosse, as saying, that they of the castle kept till this day certeine vessels of olde wine and salte, which they affirme to be the remayne of suche provision as he (Cæsar) brought into it.' Cæsar's own narrative, however, would lead us to no such conclusion. He speaks of being repulsed by the inhabitants of this part of Kent; and most probably landed, in his first expedition, at Deal. The Roman writers, indeed, do not affect to speak of him as having made any conquest here, but merely as having led the way into Britain: Territa quæsitis ostendit terga Britann is. The fortifications, and all the works we can now trace of the Romans, upon the hill, near Dover, are bounded by the deep ditch, and it will be a vain attempt to search after any military works of that people in the castle beyond it. The form of the camp, the ditch, the parapet, and the octagon building, all point out the hand of the Roman engineer and architect. It was common for them, where the ground would admit of it, to make their camp in the form of a parallelogram, with the angles rounded off, and to secure it with a deep ditch and a high parapet: and this appears to have been the original plan of the Roman camp on this hill, before it was altered, either by the Saxons or the Normans. of Dover; and, soon after their conversion to The former, at an early period, became masters Christianity, the ancient church within the walls of the castle is said to have been consecrated by St. Augustine, at the request of king Ethelbert, whose son and successor, Eadhald, founded a college near it for secular canons. In the reign of Edward the Confessor, if not before, the great earl Goodwin was governor of the castle, and is said to have strengthened it by new fortifications. It is well known that William the Norman, when he was contriving the conquest of England, refused to permit earl Harold to depart from Rouen, until he had bound him by a solemn oath to deliver up, after Edward's death, the castle of Dover, with the well of water in it.' Domesday Book informs us that, 'in the time of king Edward, Dovere paid £18, of which sum Edward had two parts, and the earl Goodwin the third part of one moiety, and the canons of St. Martin the other. The burgesses have furnished the king with twenty ships once in each year for fifteen days, and in each ship were twenty-one men; this they had done because he had freed them from sac and soc. Whoever constantly resided in the town, and paid custom to the 2 F king, was quit of toll throughout England. All these customs were in use there when king William came into England.' For several succeeding centuries, Dover Castle was regarded as the key and barrier of the whole kingdom;' and, in every civil broil, the possession of this fortress was eagerly sought. Henry II., on his arrival from Normandy, rebuilt the keep, and fortified the castle, on the Norman pian, so that its strength was materially increased. Louis, the dauphin, besieged it when he landed to assist the barons, in the reign of king John; but was repulsed with great loss, by Hubert de Burgh, then governor. In the civil wars of the seventeenth century, it was seized for the parliament, by a merchant named Drake, who, on the night of August 1st, 1642, took it by surprise, with the aid of ten or twelve men only. He contrived, by the means of ropes and scaling ladders, to lead his party to the top of the cliff on the sea-side, which, being considered as inaccessible, was left unguarded. After these commotions had subsided, this ancient pile was, for upwards of a century, left to moulder into ruins; though, in 1745, barracks had been built here sufficiently large to contain a regiment of soldiers. The wars of the French revolution, however, and the many threats of invasion then thrown out, occasioned a great alteration in the defences of this coast; and Dover Castle has been put in modern times into a respectable state of defence. It at present consists of an immense mass of almost every kind of fortification; and is divided into two courts, a lower and an upper, defended into by deep, broad, and dry ditches, from which communications with the inner towers have been made by subterraneous passages. The buildings occupy nearly the whole summit of the eminence which bounds the south-east side of the deep valley in which Dover stands; the lower court is surrounded by an irregular wall, excepting on the side next the sea, where a considerable part of the cliff, with the remainder of the wall, was thrown down by an earthquake on the 6th of April, 1680. This wall is called the curtain, and is flanked, at unequal distances, by a variety of towers of different shapes, semi-circular, square, polygonal, &c., the workmanship of different ages. The oldest of them, which is on the eastern side of the castle, bears the name of earl Goodwin. Nine of the other towers are stated to have been built in Norman times, and to have derived their names from Sir John de Fiennes, and the eight approved warriors whom he had selected to assist in the defence of this fortress. These towers, according to their relative situation on the wall, beginning from the cliff on the western side, are: 1. The Old, or Canons' tower, which anciently had a drawbridge and battery. 2. A pentagonal tower, originally named after its first commander Albrancis, but afterwards Rokesly tower, from one of its captains. 3. Chilham, or Calderscot tower, built by Fulbert de Lucy, lord of the manor and castle of Chilham. 4. Hurst. 5. Arsic, or Sayes. 6. Gatton tower. These three were named after adjacent manors appropriated to their repairs. 7. Peveril, Beauchamp, or Marshal's tower, so successively called after William de Peveril and Hugh de Beauchamp, ancient commanders, and the marshalmen who had the superintendence of military stores, &c. 8. Port, or Porth's tower, which took its name from William de Porth, and was also called Gasting's, from one of its captains; but now bears the name of Mary's tower, from queen Mary, by whom it was re-built. 9. Fiennes tower, as it was originally named, after Sir John Fiennes, now more generally called New-gate, to distinguish it from the ancient entrance; and Constable's tower, from its having been the occasional residence of the constable or governor of the castle. 10. Clopton's tower, built by Edward IV., and deriving its name from the lord of a manor assigned for its repair. 11. Godsfoe tower, so called from an ancient commander. 12. Crevequer's, Craville's, or the earl of Norfolk's tower, a work of great magnificence, which has a subterraneous passage leading to a vault of vast extent, and strongly defended. 13. FitzWilliam's, or St. John's tower, which derived its former name from Adam Fitz-William, to whom, for his valor at the battle of Hastings, the conqueror gave the scarf from his own arm, and its latter name from lord St. John, who held the lands allotted to it. 14. Averanche's, or Maunsel's tower, a fine remain of Norman workmanship, so named from Averanche, an ancient commander of this castle, and his successor Maunsel, who was lord warden of the cinque-ports in the reign of Henry III. 15. Veville, or Pincester tower, so called from two of its commanders, the latter of whom assisted Hubert De Burgh in the defence of the castle against the Dauphin. 16. Earl Goodwin's tower, built by that nobleman when governor of the castle. The upper court, like the lower one, is surrounded by a strong wall and various towers; and near the centre stands the spacious keep, erected in the beginning of Henry III.'s reign. This building is in fine preservation, and is constructed on a similar plan to those built by bishop Gundulph, and particularly to that at Rochester. It is now used as a magazine, the roof having been rendered bomb-proof. On the eastern side of this court are three towers, which derive their names from Gilbert de Maminot, or Mainmouth, who was one of the knights that accompanied the conqueror to England, and was appointed marshal of this castle by John de Fiennes : these towers command the whole vallum and ascent leading to the principal entrance to this court; near the south angle of which is another entrance, by a gate called Palace, or Subterranean Gate. The new works recently formed for the defence of this fortress consist of different batteries, furnished with a very formidable train of artillery, casemates dug in the solid chalk-rock, magazines, covered-ways, and various subterranean communications and apartments for soldiery: the latter are sufficiently spacious for the accommodation of about 2000 men, and, with their inhabitants, form a very curious spectacle: light and air are conveyed into them by well-like apertures cut in the chalk, and by other openings in the face of the cliffs. A new road has also been made, under the direction of the Board of Ordnance, from the town to the top of the hill, where it joins the Deal road, in a direction to be commanded by the batteries. A branch from this road turns to the right nearly opposite Gatton Tower, and enters the castle by a new bridge and gate. Near the edge of the cliff stands a piece of brass ordnance, twenty-four feet long, cast at Utrecht in 1544, and called Queen Elizabeth's Pocket Pistol. Dover Castle occupies altogether about thirtyfive acres of ground: the hill on which it stands is very steep and rugged on the side of the town and harbour; and towards the sea it is a complete precipice of upwards of 320 feet from its base on the shore. But it is commanded by higher eminences both to the north-west by west and south west. Like other royal castles, it was formerly both extra-parochial and extra-judicial; but, as several of the ancient franchises are either lost or disused, the civil power has of late years been exercised within its limits, independently of any control from the warden. At the renewal of the war, in 1803, the heights on the western side of the town were strongly fortified, agreeably to the modern system, and a new military road leading to them made. Other fortifications here are Archliff Fort, at the extremity of the pier, and Amherst Battery, at the north Pier-head: these, acting in conjunction with the heights and castle, entirely command the road to the town. the idea of captain Perry, in his report after & survey in 1718, several jetties have been erected towards the east, to prevent the encroachments of the sea. In 1737 the mole or cross wall was faced with Portland stone, and several flood-gates or sluices were constructed in it. When the tide had receded from the mouth of the outer harbour the immense back-water. confined by these sluices, was conveyed through them, to dislodge the beach that accumulates at its entrance During a violent storm, in 1802, several rods of the north-pier head were beaten down by the fury of the waves. This was immediately rebuilt, in a most substantial inanner, under the inspection of Mr. James Moon, the present harbour-master. A dry dock, and several other extensive and important works, have also been completed under the direction of this able and ingenious gentleman. The back-water, which formerly lost its force in passing through the outer harbour, is now carried round it, in cast-iron culverts or tunnels, seven feet in diameter, to the extremity of the south-pier head, where it branches off in directions, and effectually removes the beach from the entrance of the harbour, during the spring tides. These works were accomplished by Mr. Moon in 1822. The depth at spring tides is now between eighteen and twenty feet, and at neap tides about fourteen; so that ships of 400 or 500 tons may enter in safety. The town of Dover was formerly defended by a strong embattled wall, which included a space of about half a mile square, and in which were ten gates; though not a trace of the wall or gates now remains, except of the foundation in some places. From the hills above, the town has an interesting appearance. It extends in contrary directions, to the east, south-west, and north, three long streets meeting at one point in the centre. There were formerly six parishes, each of which had its distinct church; four of these edifices have long been destroyed, with the exception of some parts of those of St. Nicholas and St. Martin-le-Grand; and the town is now divided into the two parishes of St. Mary the Virgin, and St. James the Apostle. Great part of the priory buildings still remains: a Maison Dieu, or hospital, on the left of the entrance to the town, was endowed by Hubert de Burgh, the great justiciary of England, about the beginning of the reign of Henry III.; after the dissolution, this was converted by queen Mary into an office for victualling the navy, to which use it was appropriated up to the close of the late war. times of war, all ships in the downs, belonging to the royal navy, are supplied hence by vessels engaged for that purpose. The harbour of Dover was evidently at one time considerably more inland, particularly towards the north-east. At what period the ancient haven became useless is not known, but it was a flourishing harbour in Edward the Confessor's time. A round tower was built on the south-west side of the present harbour, A.D. 1500, to protect the shipping from the violence of the south-west winds: to this tower it is said the vessels were moored by rings; and the haven was called Little Paradise. In 1533 Sir J. Thompson, then holding the living, first projected a pier at Dover, which was begun at Archcliff, on the south-west side of the bay, and carried out directly eastward into the sea, to an extent of 131 rods. The bottom was laid with vast stones, of twenty tons weight, brought from Folkstone by water. The king himself came several times to Dover to view the works, and is stated by Harris to have expended about £80,000 on this pier. Attempts were made in the two following reigns to forward the work, but no effectual advance was made till the time of Elizabeth, to whom Sir Walter Raleigh presented a memorial, stating that no promontory, town, or haven, in Christendom, is so placed by nature and situation, both to gratify friends and annoy enemies, as this town of Dover.' An immense quantity of beach thrown up by the sea, had formed a bar across the harbour in her reign, which totally impeded the passage. The queen therefore now granted the town the free exportation of 30,000 quarters of wheat, 10,000 quarters of barley, and 4000 tons of beer, in aid of the expense; and for the same purpose a duty of 3d. per ton was laid on every vessel passing this port above twenty tons burden: this duty produced about £1000 annually in 24 and 25 Eliz. Its repairs have been since provided for by several grants and acts of parliament. Agreeably to in St. Mary's, the principal cnurch of modern times, is a spacious and curious edifice, in length about 120 feet, in breadth fifty-five, consisting of a nave and aisles, with a tower at the west end. It is said to have been built by the priory and convent of St. Martin, in the year 1216. The west front is of Norman architecture, as are also the first three arches and their supporting columns on each side of the nave. Two years after the dissolution, this church, which had previously belonged to the Maison Dieu, was given to the parishioners by Henry VIII., who was then at Dover; and every house-keeper, paying scot and lot, has now a right to vote in the election of a minister. The other church, St. James's, is an irregular structure, and its interior, which is kept particularly neat and clean, displays its origin to have been Norman: it has a square tower, built in arches, directly over the centre of the north aisle, and the pulpit is placed under it. This town is governed by a mayor, twelve jurats, and thirty-six common-council-men; from the latter of whom a town-clerk and chamberlain are annually chosen. The mayor was formerly elected by the resident freemen, in St. Mary's church, on the 8th of September, the nativity of the Virgin. The two members of parliament were also chosen in St. Mary's church by the whole body of freemen, resident and, non-resident, in number about 2300. But in 1826 these elections were removed by act of parliament to the town hall, or to hustings erected in the market place. Freedom is acquired by birth, 'servitude, marriage, and burgage tenure: the franchise obtained by marriage ceases at the death of the wife, and that by tenure at the alienation of the freehold. Both in times of peace and war the trade of Dover is extensive; this being the principal place of embarkation for the continent. From thirty to forty vessels, exclusive of packets, are employed in the passage to the opposite shores: some are from sixty to seventy tons burden each; and have been considered as the handsomest sloops in the kingdom. They have frequently reached Calais, with a favorable wind, in three hours the shortest passage ever known was two hours and forty minutes. Several steam vessels are now also employed in the passage to the continent, which, as well as his majesty's steam packets stationed here, well sustain the honor of the ports for elegant accommodations. In the year 1778 an act was obtained for the better paving, cleansing, lighting, and watching the town; and, in 1822, an act was passed to light it with gas, which has been very completely carried into effect: so that Dover may now be said to be, on the whole, well paved and lighted. In Dover is distant seventy-two miles from London, sixteen from Canterbury, twenty-two from Margate, and eighty-eight from Brighton. It has two weekly markets, viz. on Wednesday and Saturday; the latter being the principal. There is an annual fair, which begins on the 22d day of November, and continues three market days. The number of persons of all ranks passing through the town, is generally very great. cluding the garrison of Dover Castle, and the heights, together with those districts of other parishes which form a part of the town, the population may, with much probability, be fixed at from 16,000 to 18,000. It has of late become a favorite watering place. Numerous lodging houses have been erected, and fitted up in an elegant style, for the accommodation of visitors, and many others are in progress. During the bathing season, musical promenades are established at Batcheller's King's Arms Library and Assembly Rooms, and at Warren's Marine Library. The former is an extensive and elegant structure, and was finished in 1826. No place can boast of local attractions more numerous (and which want of space alone compels us thus to pass over), or prospects more interesting. Shakspeare's beautiful description of the cliff that bears his name, on the south-west of the harbour, is well known. DOVER, a considerable township of the United States, in Stafford county, New Hampshire; incorporated in 1633. It is situated on the south side of Cochecto River, about four miles above its junction with Salmon Fall River, which together form the Piscataqua. Ten miles south by east of Rochester. DOVER, a large township of New Jersey, in Monmouth county, between Shrewsbury and New Stafford, extending from the sea to the county line. DOVER, a township of Massacnusetts, in Norfolk county, incorporated in 1650. It lies fifteen miles southward of Boston. DOVER, the metropolis of Delaware state, in Kent county, on the south-west side of Jones Creek, about four miles and a half north-west from its mouth, in the Delaware; twelve miles from Duck Creek; forty-eight from Wilmington; and seventy-six S. S. W. of Philadelphia. town has a lively appearance, and drives on a considerable trade with Philadelphia, chiefly in flour. This DOVER, a small town in York county, Pennsyl vania, seated on the Fox Run. DOVER, STRAITS OF, the narrow channel between Dover and Calais, which separates Great Britain from the French coast. Britain is supposed by many to have been once peninsulated, the present straits occupying the site of the isthmus which joined it to Gaul. No certain cause,' says Mr. Pennant, in his Arct. Zool. Vol 1. Introd. p. ii., can be given for the mighty convulsion which tore us from this continent; whether it was rent by an earthquake, or whether it was worn through by the continual dashing of the waters. The correspondency of strata,' he adds, on part of the opposite shores of Britain and France, leaves no room to doubt but that they were once united. The chalky cliffs of Blancnez between Calais and Bologne, and those to the westward of Dover, exactly tally: the last are vast and continued; the former short, and the termination of the immense bed. Between Bologne and Folkstone (about six miles from the latter) is another memorial of the junction of the two countries; a narrow submarine hill, called the Rip-raps, about a quarter of a mile broad, and ten miles long, extending eastwards towards the Goodwin Sands. Its materials are boulder-stones, adventitious to many strata. The depth of water on it, in very low spring tides, is only fourteen feet. The fishermen from Folkstone have often touched it with a fifteen feet oar; so that it is justly the dread of navigators. Many a tall ship has perished on it, and sunk instantly into twenty-one fathoms of water. In July, 1782, the Belleisle of sixty-four guns struck, and lay on it during three hours; but, by starting her beer and water, got clear off." These celebrated straits are only twenty-one miles wide in the narrowest part: from the pier at Dover to that of Calais twentyfour. It is said that their breadth is diminishing, and that they are two miles narrower than |