hey were in ancient times. An accurate observer for fifty years remarks, that the increased height of water, from a decrease of breadth, has been apparent even in that space. The depth of the channel at a medium, in the highest spring tides, is about twenty-five fathoms; the bottom either coarse sand or rugged scars, which have for ages unknown resisted the attrition of the currents. From the straits both east and west is a gradual increase of depth through the channel to 100 fathoms, till soundings are totally lost. The spring tides in the straits rise on an average twenty-four feet, the neap tides fifteen. The tide flows from the German Sea, passes the straits, and meets, with a great rippling, the western tide from the ocean, between Fairleigh near Hastings and Bologne; a proof that, if the separation of the land was effected by the seas, it must have been by the overpowering weight of those of the north.

DOUGH, n. s. Goth. and Scotch deigh; DOUGH BAKED, adj. Sax. dah; Welsh and DOUGH'Y, adj. Arm. tous; Belg. deigh; from dyghen, to increase, because dough increases, and causes other things to increase, by fermentation.--Minsheu. Mr. Tooke insists that it is the past participle of the Sax. deapian, to moisten or wet. Unbaked bread or pastry; dough-baked, is unfinished, still dough, as in the similar phrase of Shakspeare: doughy, unsound; soft; weak.

The kyngdom of heven is lyk to sour dowgh, whiche a womman took and hidde in thre mesuris of mele, Wiclif. Matt. xiii.

til it were al sowred.

For when, through tasteless flat humility, In doughbaked men some harmlessness we see, 'Tis but his phlegm that's virtuous, and not he. Donne.

Surely, if they would have been as good husbands of their cattle, as they were of their dough, they might have had enough to eat without need of murmuring: for if their back-burden of dough lasted for a month, their herds might have served them many years.

Bp. Hall. Contemplations.

When the gods moulded up the paste of man, Some of their dough was left upon their hands, For want of souls, and so they made Egyptians.

Dryden.

DOUGLAS (John), bishop of Salisbury, a native of Scotland, was born in 1721. He received his early education at Glasgow, whence he removed to Baliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship, and proceeded to the degree of master of arts, October 14th 1743. He accumulated the degrees of bachelor and doctor in divinity, May 6th, 1758. Not long after his entering into holy orders he obtained the rectory of Eaton Constantine in Shropshire, on the presentation of the earl of Bradford. In 1747 William Lauder, a native of Edinburgh, and a man of considerable talents and learning, excited general attention by publishing a paper, to which he gave the title of an Essay on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Moderns; the design of which was to prove that our great epic poet had made free with the works of some obscure Latin poets of modern date, in the composition of his immortal poem of Paradise Lost. Mr. Douglas published a detection of Lauder's forgeries in a letter to the earl of Bath, entitied, Milton Vindicated from the Charge of Plagiarism, brought against him by Mr. Lauder. In this masterly pamphlet the learned critic proves, that the passages which had been cited by Lauder from Masenius, Staphorstius, Taubmannus, and other obscure writers, had been interpolated by the forger himself, who had also foisted into his quotations entire lines from Hog's Latin translation of Paradise Lost, into which no examiner but Mr. Douglas had been inquisitive enough to look. The detection of this infamous fraud was so complete, that Lauder acknowledged it, and published a letter in which he assigned the reasons for his conduct, and his pretended contrition for the offence. Soon after the impostor published another attack on the character of Milton, charging him with having made additions to the Icon Basiliké of king Charles I. for the purpose of injuring that unfortunate monarch's reputation. This foul calumny, which was soon made manifest, rendered Lauder so infamous that he quitted the kingdom, and died some years after in the island of Barbadoes. In his next literary work Mr. Douglas detected the pretensions of Archibald Bower, the author of the Lives of the Popes, whose story is too long for this place. In 1754 our author published his principal work; entitled, Criterion, or a Discourse on Miracles; in which he settles the distinction between true and false miracles in a masterly manner. And of all the answers to the sophistry of David Hume, except that of Dr. Campbell, this may be safely pronounced the clearest and most convincing. In 1757 the author was presented to a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Durham, in which he took his degree of doctor in divinity. In 1762 he was made canon of Windsor, on the promotion of Dr. Keppel to the bishopric of Exeter. His next elevation was to the episcopal bench on the death of Dr. Edmund Law, bishop of Carlisle, in 1783. From that see bishop Douglas was translated to Salisbury, on the removal of Dr. Barrington to Durham, in 1791. Bishop Douglas was one of the first members of the celebrated beef-steak club, rendered so famous by Goldsmith's hu

morous poem, entitled Retaliation. By the appointment of the lords of the admiralty, he arranged the journals and papers of captain Cook for publication, and he prefixed to the work a most admirable and perspicuous introduction. He died in 1807, and was buried in the collegiate chapel at Windsor.

DOUGLAS (Gavin), bishop of Dunkeld in Scotland, the third son of Archibald earl of Angus, was born in 1474. Where he was educated, is not known; but it is certain he studied theology; which did not, however, estrange him from the muses; for he employed himself at intervals in translating into beautiful verse the poem of Ovid, de Remedio Amoris. The advantages of foreign travel, and the conversation of the most learned men in France and Germany, to whom his merit procured him the readiest access, completed his education. His first preferment was to be provost of the collegiate church of St. Giles in Edinburgh; a place at that time of great dignity and revenue. In 1514 the queen regent appointed Douglas abbot of Aberbrothock, and soon after archbishop of St. Andrew's; but her power not being sufficient to establish him in that dignity, he relinquished his claim in favor of his competitor Foreman, who was supported by the pope. In 1515 he was by the queen appointed bishop of Dunkeld; and was soon after confirmed by Leo X. Nevertheless it was some time before he could obtain peaceable possession of his see. The duke of Albany, who in this year was declared regent, opposed him because he was supported by the queen; and, in order to deprive him of his bishopric, accused him of acting contrary to law in receiving bulls from Rome. On this accusation he was committed to the castle of Edinburgh, where he continued in confinement above a year; but the regent and the queen being at last reconciled, he obtained his liberty, and was consecrated bishop of Dunkeld. In 1517 he attended the duke of Albany to France; but returned soon after to Scotland. In 1521, the disputes between the earls of Arran and Angus having thrown the kingdom into violent commotion, he retired to England, where he became intimately acquainted with Polydore Virgil the historian. He died in London of the plague in 1522; and was buried in the Savoy. His most celebrated work was entitled Thirteen Bukes of Eneades, of the famous poet Virgil, translated out of Latin verses into Scottish metre, every buke having its particular prologue. Imprinted at London 1553, in 4to; and reprinted at Edinburgh 1710, in folio. He undertook it at the desire of lord Henry Sinclair, a munificent patron of arts in those times: and he completed it in eighteen months. It is said also that he compiled an historical treatise, De Rebus Scoticis.

DOUGLAS (Sylvester Baron Glenbervie) was of a noble family in Aberdeenshire, and born May 24th, 1743. He entered as a member of one of the English inns of court, and was called to the bar, where he received a silk gown. His first political situation was that of secretary to the earl of Westmoreland, when lord-lieutenant of Ireland. In 1800 he was appointed governor of the Cape of Good Hope, but relinquished

that situation the same year, and was created baron Glenbervie of Kincardine. In 1801 he was appointed joint paymaster-general of the forces; and in 1803 surveyor-general of the king's woods and forests. His lordship died at Cheltenham, May 2d, 1823. Lord Glenbervie published An Account of the Wines of Hungary, in the Philosophical Tranctions for 1773; History of the Cases of Controverted Elections, 4 vols. 8vo.; Reports of Cases determined in the Court of King's Bench, 2 vols. 8vo.; Ricciardetto, a humorous poem, translated from the Italian of Fortiguerri, with an introduction, 1822.

DOUGLAS, a town in a parish seated on the river above Lanark, thirty-seven miles south-west of Edinburgh. Its ancient castle was burnt about forty years ago, but an elegant new seat is built on its site. Two cotton-works were erected in it, in 1791, when it contained 674 inhabitants.

DOUGLAS, the capital of the Isle of Man. It has lately increased both in trade and buildings. The harbour, for ships of a tolerable burden, is the safest in the island, and is much mended by a fine mole that has been built on the eastern side. Population about 3000.

DOUGLAS, a township of Massachusetts, the southernmost in Worcester county, having the state of Rhode Island on the south, and that of Connecticut on the south-west. It is very rocky, and lies sixteen miles south of Worcester, and forty-seven south-west of Boston. It was incorporated in 1746, and named in honor of William Douglas, M. D. of Boston, a native of Scotland, and a considerable benefactor to the

town.

DOUGLAS, CAPE, a promontory on the northwest coast of North America, which forms the west side of the entrance into Cook's River, opposite Point Bode, which forms the east side. It is a very lofty promontory, and its elevated summit appears above the clouds, forming two exceedingly high mountains. Long. 206° 10′ E., lat. 58° 56′ N,

DOUGLAS ISLAND, an island between Admiralty Island and the west coast of America. It is about twenty miles long, and six miles broad in the middle; but becomes narrow towards each end; eastward it terminates in a sharp point. The channel between this island and the mainland is generally choked up with ice.

DOULEIA, dovλeta, in antiquity, a punishment among the Athenians, by which the criminal was reduced to the condition of a slave. It was never inflicted upon any but the aripo, 50journers and freed servants.

DOVRAFIELD, the highest range of mountains in the Scandinavian peninsula, which, with another chain, divides the kingdom of Norway into north and south. Its highest peak is upwards of 8000 feet above the level of the sea. It derives its name from the village of Dovre.

DOURO, or DUERO, a river of Spain, which rising on the borders of Arragon, and flowing westward, traverses more than half the width of the peninsula. It receives a number of streams from the mountains of Biscay and Leon to the north, and from those of Old Castile to the south. In part of its course, it forms the boun

dary between Spain and the province of Tras los Montes in Portugal. In the lower part of its course it runs wholly in Portugal, and forms a line of separation between Beira and the northern provinces. It finally discharges itself into the Atlantic, a little below Oporto. The banks of this river were the scene of various movéments of the English and French armies in 1812 and 1813, previous to the battles of Salamanca and Vittoria.

To DOUSE, v. a. & v. n. Gr. dvois; but probably it is a cant word formed from the sound. To put over head suddenly in the water. fall suddenly into the water.

It is no jesting trivial matter,

To swing in the' air, or douse in water.

To

Hudibras.

DOUW (Gerhard), a celebrated painter, born at Leyden in 1613. At the age of fifteen he became a disciple of Rembrandt, and continued with him three years. From Rembrandt he learned the true principles of coloring, and obtained a complete knowledge of the chiaroscuro; but to that knowledge he added a delicacy of pencil, and a patience in working up his colors to the highest degree of neatness, superior to any other master. His pictures are usually of a small size, with figures so exquisitely touched, so transparent, so wonderfully delicate, as to excite astonishment as well as pleasure. He designed every object after nature, and with an exactness so singular, that each figure separately appears perfect in respect to color, freshness, and force. Of his patience Sandrart gives a remarkable instance. Having once, in company with Bamboccio, visited Douw, they took particular notice of a broom he was then painting, and, expressing their surprise at the excessive neatness of that minute object, Douw told them he should spend three days more on that broom, before he should account it complete. In a family picture of Mrs. Spiering, the same author informs us, that the lady sat five days for the finishing one of her hands that leaned on an arm-chair. Few, therefore, would sit to him for their portraits; so that he indulged himself mostly in works of, fancy, on which he could employ as much time as suited his inclination. Douw died in 1674, aged sixty-one. He is doubtless the most wonderful in his finishing of all the Flemish masters. His pictures are also remarkable, not only for retaining their original lustre, but for having the same beautiful effect at any distance. In the gallery at Florence there is a night-piece by candle-light, which is exquisitely finished; and, in the same apartment, a mountebank attended by a number of figures, which it seems impossible either sufficiently to commend or to describe.

DOW'AGER, n. s. Fr. douairiere. A widow

with a jointure. A title also given generally

to widows of rank.

She lingers my desires,

Like to a stepdame or a dowager,

Long wintering on a young man's revenue.

Catharine no more

Shakspeare.

Shall be called queen; but princess dowager,
And widow to prince Arthur. Id. Henry VIII.

Widows have a greater interest in property than either maids or wives; so that it is as unnatural for a dowager as a freeholder to be an enemy to our constitution. Addison.

DOW'DY, n. s. & adj. From dowd, or dey hood; dey a nurse, and hood a cap. An awkward ill-dressed woman: slatternly.

Laura, to his lady, was but a kitchen wench; Dido, a dowdy; Cleopatra, a gipsy; Helen and Hero, slidings and harlots. Shakspeare. Romeo and Juliet. The bedlam train of lovers use Tinhance the value, and the faults excuse; And therefore 'tis no wonder if we see They doat on dowdies and deformity.

Dryden.

No housewifery the dowdy creature knew; To sum up all, her tongue confessed the shrew.

Gen. xxxiv. 12. Till morrow next, that I the elfe subdew, Returne from whence ye came, and rest awhile, And with Sansfoyes dead dowry you endew.

Spenser. Faerie Queene. And ask no other dowry but such another jest. Shakspeare.

Take her, or leave her?

Will you with those infirmities she owes, Unfriended, new adapted to our hate, Dowered with our curse, and strangered with our oath, Id. King Lear. Thy dowerless daughter, king, thrown to my chance, Id. Is queen of us, and ours, and our fair France. His patrimonial territories of Flanders were in dower to his mother-in-law. Bacon's Henry VII.

Our first mother Eve bequeathed this dowry to her daughters, that they should be our helpers to sin. Bp. Hall. Contemplations.

What spreading virtue, what a sparkling fire, How great, how plentiful, how rich a dower, Dost thou within this dying flesh inspire!

Thine own hand

Davies.

The custom of dower is derived from the Germans, amongst whom it was a rule, that a woman should have no marriage portion, but that the husband should allot a part of his property for her use, in case she survived him, Thus Tacitus, in his treatise, De Moribus Germanorum, sect. 18, says, 'Dotem non uxor marito, sed uxori maritus offert.' The Saxons, also, were acquainted with it, as appears from the laws of King Edmond; by which a widow was entitled to a moiety of her husband's property for her life. And no alteration seems to have been made in this custom at the conquest, nor indeed until the reign of Henry II,; when, according to Glanville, every man was bound, both by the civil and ecclesiastical law, to endow his wife, at the time of marriage, either of all his lands, generally, or of some particular part thereof: if endowed generally, the wife was entitled to her dos rationabilis, which was one third part of her husband's freehold; if specially, to the particular land named, provided it did not amount to more than a third. Similar regulations with respect to dower are contained in the Grand Coutumier of Normandy.

The following are the five different kinds of dower which once existed, but the first two only are now in use. 1. Dower by the common law. This entitles the widow, after the death of her husband, to the enjoyment, during her life, of a third part of all the lands and tenements of which he was seized in fee simple or fee tail at any time during the coverture. This right is not prejudiced by the husband's conveyance of such lands, even though the wife join therein (unless a fine or recovery be used, as stated subsequently in this article), nor by his disposing of the same by will. 2. Dower by custom is where a widow becomes entitled to a certain portion of her husband's lands in consequence of some local and peculiar custom. Thus, by the custom of gavelkind (a tenure by which a great part of the land in Kent is still held), she is entitled to a moiety of the lands held by her husband in that tenure: and by the custom of some boroughs she is entitled to all the tenements that were her husband's. Copyhold lands are not at common law subject to dower; but, by the custom of most manors, the widows of copyholders are entitled to a certain part, and sometimes to the whole, of the copyhold lands of which their husbands die possessed. This kind of dower is generally called the widow's free bench.

The species of dower now out of use are, 3. Dower ad ostuum ecclesia, which was where the husband, at the church door, after the marriage, endowed his wife with the whole or a certain portion of his lands. 4. Dower ex assensu patris, in which species the husband being heir apparent of his father, with his consent, endowed the wife, at the church door, with a part of the lands of the father. And, 5. Dower de la pluis beale. This was merely a consequence of tenures by knight-service, and was abolished by the statute of 12 Car. II., when those tenures were converted into socage.

As to the persons entitled to dower.-Alien women are not generally capable of acquiring dower an alien queen is, however, an exception

to this rule; and, by an act passed in the reign of Henry V. (not printed among the statutes but contained in Rot. Parl. vol. iv. 128-130), all alien women, who from thenceforth should be married to Englishmen, by license from the king, are enabled to have their dower. Naturalisation also removes this disability; as does also denization, so far as relates to the lands of which the husband was seized when his alien wife was created a denizen, but not to any of which he was seized before, and which he had then parted with. Jewesses also, as long as they continue of that religion, cannot be endowed. With the above exceptions every woman, who has attained the age of nine years, is by the common law entitled to dower; but she may be deprived thereof in the several ways following. 1. By the attainder of the husband for treason; but not for misprision of treason or felony. 2. By the attainder of herself for treason or felony, unless afterwards pardoned, in which case her capacity to be endowed is restored as fully as if it had never been lost. 3. By divorce à vinculo matrimonii: it must be observed that a divorce, à mensá et thoro will not deprive the wife of dower, such divorce being merely a permission to the parties to live separate, and not a dissolution of the marriage. 4. By elopement from the husband, and living with an adulterer: but if the former be afterwards voluntarily reconciled, and suffer his wife to dwell with him, the incapacity will be removed. 5. By withholding the title-deeds of the property from the heir at law. 6. By joining with the husband in levying a fine or suffering a common recovery of his lands: but this will only prevent her from claiming dower out of the lands comprized in the fine or recovery. Also, by the custom of London, a married woman may bar herself of dower by a bargain and sale acknowledged before the lord mayor, or the recorder, and one alderman, and enrolled in the court of hustings: in this case the wife must be examined separately from her husband as to her consent. 7. The last and most usual mode, now in practice, of barring dower, is a jointure settled on the wife before marriage. See JOINTURE.

DOW'LAS, n.s. A coarse kind of linen

Dowlas, filthy dowlas; I have given them away to bakers' wives, and they have made boulters of them. Shakspeare.

DOWLAS HEAD, a cape of Ireland, on the coast of Kerry, in Munster. Near this are seve ral large caves, one of which has its entrance so low as hardly to admit of a boat with a man standing up in it; but, further in, the roof is as high as that of a Gothic cathedral, and has a fine echo.

DOW LE1ABAD, a district of Hindostan, in the nizam's dominions, in the province of Aurungabad, situated between the nineteenth and twentieth degrees of north latitude, and extending along the north side of the Godavery.

DOWLETABAD, DEOGHIR, or DEOGHUR, a town and strong fortress in the province of Aurungabad, deemed by the natives impregnable. It stands on the summit of a mountain, surrounded with other enclosures, of which that on the plain contains a large town. The two lower forts are overtopped by the upper, and com

manded by it. In 1595 Dowletabad surrendered to Ahmed Nizam Shah, of Ahmednuggur, and on the fall of his dynasty it was taken possession of by Mallek Amber, an Abyssinian slave, who was reckoned one of the ablest generals and financiers of his age. His successors reigned until 1634, when it was taken by the Moguls during the reign of Shah Jehan, and the capital transferred to the neighbouring town of Gurka, or Kerkhi, since named AURUNGABAD, which see. Bel. dons; Swed. dun;

DOWN, n.s.
DOWN'ED, adj. Dan. duun. The softest part
Down'x, adj. of a bird's plumage; hence

applied to the soft fibres of plants, and any thing remarkably soft or soothing.

By his gates of breath

There lies a downy feather, which stirs not:
Did he suspire, that light and weightless down,
Perforce must move.

Shakspeare.
Banquo! Donalbain! Malcolm! awake!
Shake off this downy sleep, death's counterfeit,
And look on death itself.
Id. Macbeth.

There be plants that have prickles, yet have a downy or velvet rind upon their leaves, as stock-gilly flowers and coltsfoot; which down or nap cousisteth of a subtile spirit, in a soft substance.

Bacon's Natural History. Like scattered down, by howling Eurus blown, By rapid whirlwinds from his mansion thrown.

Give me flattery,

Sandys.

here originated the other uses of the word, and still retains in Sussex, and in some other parts of England, its primitive meaning. J To down is

used by Sidney for to subdue; beat downwards. As a neuter verb it signifies, to descend; be received. As an adjective, dejected; and sometimes firm; positive (figuratively). As a preposition, it means along or towards a lower point. As an adverb, on or tending to the ground; below the horizon, answering and opposed to up; also from former to later times, and from higher to lower station or repute. As an interjection, it encourages to, or pronounces, degradation or destruction. Downcast is, bent towards the ground. Downfal, ruin; calamity. Downgyved, hanging down like fetters. Downright is, plain; open; or, as we say, by a similar figure, straightforward; direct; unqualified. The meaning of the other compounds is apparent.

And now the axe is put to the roote of the tree, therfor every tre that makith not good fruyt schal be kit down and schal be cast into the fyr.

Wiclif. Matt. 3. Let them wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they be not satisfied. Psalm lix. 15. Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising; thou understandest my thoughts afar off.

Id. cxxxix. 2. Then thought the prince all peril sure was past, And that he victor onely did remayne,

No sooner thought, then that the carle as fast Gan heap huge strokes on him, as ere he down was Spenser.

cast.

How goes the night, boy? -The moon is down; I have not heard the clock, And she goes down at twelve. Shakspeare. Macbeth. Down, down to hell, and say I sent thee thither. Shakspeare. Go, some pull down the Savoy; others to the inns of courts down with them all.

Id.