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That I did suit me all points like a man?
A gallant curtlear upon my thigh,
A boar spear in my hand?

Shakspeare. As You Like It. Mores, in his curious dissertation on letter founders, calls a cutlass, as it seems, a courtlelasse, among the antique typographic ornaments.

Warton.

CUTLER (Sir John), bart. and citizen of London, was a great benefactor to the grocers' company, and contributed largely to the rebuilding of the college of physicians in Warwick-lane. After his death, however, in 1699, his executors claimed the sum which he had advanced, with interest, amounting in all to £7000. They finally compromised the claim for £2000. Pope commemorates this circumstance in some well-known verses; describing our baronet as a perfect miser. It appears, however, that he liberally subscribed to many charities, and built at his own charge the north gallery of his parish-church, St. Margaret's, Westminster. He had two daughters, who were respectively married to John, earl of Radnor, and Sir William Portman, bart. His funeral it is said cost the sum of £7666.

CUTLERS, COMPANY OF. This company was incorporated in 1413 by Henry V.; their arms are gules, six daggers in three crosses saltire argent, handled and hilted or; the crest an elephant with a castle.

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CUTLERY, in connection with the mechanical arts, will embrace all kinds of edged and sharp tools, of iron or steel, and the modes of their manufacture.

It might be expected, that in no department of the arts of a country, would the progress of civilisation be more distinctly marked, than in the degree of excellence attained in this manufacture. A knife will purchase half the lands of a village from a barbarous tribe; and Great Britain has well sustained her superiority among civilised nations in the general quality of her cutlery goods.

But in other, and far less civilised countries, a superior steel has been manufactured for ages. It is a little remarkable, that none of our modern discoveries in chemistry have enabled us to imitate, successfully, the sword and sabre blades of Damascus; and that, within a very few years, in 1795, we believe, a new kind of foreign steel, the wootz of India, has been introduced into this country, and been found superior to any thing manufactured here for the blades of penknives.

The Damascene blades are supposed, by European cutlers, to be constructed of fine iron and steel-wire welded together in alternate layers;

the wave or water being given to them by sul phate of alumina applied to the final surface. Other accounts state them to be hardened by repeated immersions, when red-hot, in goat's blood. But the real process has never been accurately known in this country; and it is not improbable, that the iron ore of Syria may possess some peculiarity which is the foundation of this excellence in its manufactured steel.

Such a conjecture has been offered by Mr. Stodart, with regard to the ores out of which the wootz of India is formed. For the introduction of it into this country, we are indebted to the late distinguished naturalist, Sir Joseph Banks, who first procured a pen-knife to be made from a cake of it, in the year above-mentioned. The forging. was attended with some difficulty, owing to the unequal fusion of the metal, some parts being overcharged with the steely principle, and others being as much deficient in it. But the pen-knife made was excellent. The Indian method of making wootz has been described as follows: forged iron, in pieces, is enclosed in a crucible, and heated in a furnace with wood. Two or three pairs of bellows are employed to augment the heat, until the wood is completely charred, and the iron fused and converted into steel. The chief peculiarity of the process seems to be the use of uncharred wood. A variety of cutting instruments have been manufactured from this steel with great success.

Those articles of cutlery which do not require a fine polish, and are of low price, are made from what is called blistered steel, or that which has not undergone fusion. See our article STEEL. Those which require the edge to possess considerable tenacity, but in which superior hardness is not required, are made from sheer steel. The finer kinds of cutlery are made from steel which has been in a state of fusion, and which is termed cast-steel, no other kinds being susceptible of a fine polish. Table-knives are mostly made of sheer-steel, the tang and shoulder being of iron, and the blade being attached, by giving them a welding heat. The knives, after forging, are hardened, by heating them red-hot, and plunging them into water; they are afterwards heated over the fire, till they become blue, and then ground. Forks are made, almost altogether, by the aid of the stamp and appropriate dies. The prongs only are hardened and tempered. Razors are made of cast-steel, the edge of a razor requiring the combined advantages of great hardness and tenacity. After the razor-blade is forged into its proper shape, by the aid of a convex-faced hammer and anvil, it is hardened, by gradually heating it to a bright red heat, and plunging it into cold water. It is tempered by heating it afterwards until a brightened part appears of a straw color. This would be more equally effected by the use of sand, or, what is still better, by hot oil, or a fusible mixture, consisting of eight parts of bismuth, five of lead, and three of tin; a thermometer being placed in the liquid at the time the razors are immersed, for the purpose of indicating the proper temperature, which is about 500° of Fahrenheit. After the razor has been ground into its proper shape, it is finished by polishing.

The glazer, used in polishing, is formed of wood, faced with an alloy of lead and tin; after its face is turned to the proper form and size, it is filled with notches, which are filled up with emery and tallow. This instrument gives the razor a smooth and uniform surface and a fine edge. The polisher consists of a piece of circular wood, running upon an axis, like that of the stone or the glazer. It is coated with leather, having its surface covered with crocus martis. The handles of razors and knives are made of ivory and tortoise-shell, bone, or other materials, directed by fashion, or the use for which they are designed. The horn of razor-handles is commonly cut into pieces, and placed between two dies, having a recess of the shape of the handle. By this process it admits of considerable extension, and is dyed black by means of logwood and green vitriol. The clear horn-handles are sometimes stained, so as to imitate tortoise-shell, by being coated with a composition of three parts of potash, one of minium, ten of quicklime, and as much water as will reduce the whole into a pulpy, mass. Those parts of the handle requiring darker shades are more thickly covered, and the stains are dried in before the fire.

The manufacture of pen-knives is divided into three departments; the first is the forging of the blades, the spring, and the iron scales; the second, the grinding and polishing of the blades; and the third, the handling, which consists in fitting up all the parts, and finishing the knife. The blades are made of the best caststeel, and hardened and tempered to about the same degree with that of razors. In grinding they are made a little more concave on one side than the other, in other respects they are treated in a similar way to razors. The handles are covered with horn, ivory, and sometimes wood; but the most durable are those of stags-horn. The general fault in pen-knives is that of being too soft. The temper ought to be not higher than a straw color, as it seldom happens that a pen-knife is so hard as to snap on the edge.

The beauty and elegance of polished steel is never displayed to more advantage than in the manufacture of the finer kinds of scissars. The steel employed for this purpose should be of the choicest description; it must possess hardness and uniformity of texture for the sake of securing a fine polish, and great tenacity, when hot, for the purpose of forming the bow or ring of the scissar, which requires to be extended from a solid piece, having a hole previously punched through it. It ought also to be very tenacious when cold, to allow that delicacy of form observed in ladies' scissars. After they are forged as near to the same size as the eye of the workman can ascertain, they are paired. The bows and some other parts are filed to their intended form: the blades are also roughly ground, and the two sides properly adjusted to each other, after being bound together with wire, and hardened up to the bows. They are afterwards heated till they become of a purple color, which indicates their proper temper. Almost all the remaining part of the work is performed at the grinding mill, with the stone, the lap, the po

lisher, and the brush; the last being used to polish those parts which have been filed, and which the lap and the polisher cannot touch. Previous to screwing the scissars finally together, they are rubbed over with the powder of quicklime, and afterwards cleaned with soft sheep leather. The quick-lime absorbs the moisture from the surface. Scissars are ornamented by bluing and gilding; also with studs of gold or polished steel. Very large scissars are manufactured partly of iron and partly of steel; the shanks and bows being of the former. These, as well as those all of steel, which are not hardened all over, cannot be polished: an inferior sort of lustre, however, is given to them by means of a burnish of hardened polished steel, which is very easily distinguished from the real polish, by the irregularity of the surface. Having entered into these particulars, relating to the manufacture of the usual articles found in cutlers' shops, we shall now enter upon some of the more general principles that are applicable to the finer articles of cutlery..

Cutlers do not use any coating to their work at the hardening heat, as the file-cutters do; indeed, it seems evidently unnecessary when the article is intended to be tempered and ground. The best rule is to harden as little as possible above the state intended to be produced by tempering. Work which has been overheated has a crumbly edge, and will not afford the wire hereafter to be described. The proper heat is a cherry-red, visible by day-light. No advantage is obtained from the use of salt in the water, or cooling that fluid, or from using mercury instead of water; but it may be remarked, that questions respecting the fluid are, properly speaking, applicable only to files, gravers, and such tools as are intended to be left at the extreme of hardness.

While Mr. Stodart does not seem to attach much value to peculiarities in the process of hardening, he mentions it as the observation of one of his best workmen, that the charcoal fire should be made up with shavings of leather: and that he never had a razor crack in the hardening since he had used this method. It appears from a consideration of other facts, that this process is likely to prove advantageous. When brittle substances crack in cooling, it arises from the outside contracting and becoming too small to contain the interior parts. But it is known, that hard steel occupies more space than soft, and it may be easily inferred, that the nearer the steel approaches to the state of iron, the less will he this increase of dimensions. If, then, we suppose a razor, or any other piece of steel, to be heated in an open fire with a current of air passing through it, the external part will, by the loss of carbon, become less steely than before; and when the whole piece comes to be hardened, the inside will be too large for the external part, which will probably crack. But if the piece of steel be wrapped up in the cementing mixture, or if the fire itself contain animal coal, and is put together so as to operate in the manner of that mixture, the external surface, instead of being degraded by this heat, will be more carbonated than the internal part, in consequence of which

it will be so far from splitting or bursting during its cooling, that it will be acted upon in a contrary direction, tending to render it more dense and solid.

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One of the greatest difficulties in hardening steel-works of any considerable extent, more especially such articles as are formed of thin plates, or have a variety of parts of different sizes, consists in the apparent impracticability of heating the thicker parts before the slighter are burned away; besides which, even for a piece of uniform figure, it is no easy matter to make up a fire which shall give a speedy heat, and be nearly of the same intensity throughout. This difficulty,' says Mr. Nicholson, formed a very considerable impediment to my success in a course of delicate steel-work, in which I was engaged about seven years ago; but, after various unsuccessful experiments, I succeeded in removing it by the use of a bath of melted lead, which, for very justifiable reasons, has been kept a secret till now. Pure lead, that is to say, lead containing little or no tin, is ignited to a moderate redness, and then well stirred into this the piece is plunged for a few seconds; that is to say, until when brought near the surface, that part does not appear less luminous than the rest. The piece is then speedily stirred about in the bath, suddenly drawn out, and plunged into a large mass of water. In this manner, a plate of steel may be hardened so as to be perfectly brittle, and yet continue so sound as to ring like a bell; an effect which I never could produce in any other way. Mr. Stodart has lately made trial of this method, and considers it to be a great acquisition to the art, as, in fact, I found it.'

The letting down, or tempering of hard steel, is considered as absolutely necessary for the production of a fine and durable edge. It has been usual to do this by heating the hardened steel till its bright surface exhibits some known color by oxidation. The first is a very faint straw color, becoming deeper and deeper, by increase of heat, to a fine deep golden-yellow, which changes irregularly to a purple, then to an uniform blue, succeeded by white and several successive faint repetitions of these series. It is well known, that the hardest state of tempered instruments, such as razors and surgeons' instruments, is indicated by this straw color; that a deeper color is required for leather-cutters' knives, and other tools, that require the edge to be turned on one side; that the blue, which indicates a good temper for springs, is almost too soft for any cutting instrument, except saws, and such tools as are sharpened with a file, and that the lower states of hardness are not at all adapted to this use. But it is of considerable importance, that the letting down, or tempering, as well as the hardening, should be effected by heat equally applied, and that the temperatures, especially at the lower heats, where greater hardness is to be left, should be more precisely ascertained than can be done by the different shades of oxidation. Mr. Hartley first practised the method of immersing hard steel in heated oil, or the fusible compound of lead five parts, tin three, and bismuth eight. The temperature

of either of these fluids may be ascertained in the usual manner, when it does not exceed the point at which mercury boils; and, by this contrivance, the same advantages are obtained in lowering the temperature of a whole instrument, or any number of them at once, as have already been stated in favor of my method of hardening. Oil is preferable to the fusible mixture for several reasons. It is cheaper; it admits of the work being seen during the immersion, by reason of its transparency; and there is no occasion for any contrivance to prevent the work from floating.

Mr. Nicholson requested Mr. Stodart to favor him with an account of the temperatures at which the several colors make their appearance upon hardened steel; in compliance with which he made a series of experiments upon surgeons' needles, hardened, highly polished, and exposed to a gradual heat, while floating at the surface of the fusible mixture. The appearances are as follow: No. 1, taken out at 430° of Fahrenheit. This temperature leaves the steel in the most excellent state for razors and scalpels. The tarnish, or faint yellowish tinge, it produces, is too evanescent to be observed, without comparison with another piece of polished steel. Instruments, in this state, retain their edge much longer than those upon which the actual straw color has been brought, as is the common practice. Mr. S. informs me, says Mr. Nicholson, that 430° is the lowest temperature for letting down, and that the lower degrees will not afford a firm edge. No. 2, at 440°, and 3, at 450°. These needles differ so little in their appearance from No. 1, that it is not easy to arrange them with certainty when misplaced. No. 4 has the evident tinge, which workmen call pale straw color. It was taken out at 460°, and has the usual temper of penknives, razors, and other fine edge-tools. It is much softer than No. 1, as Mr. Stodart assures me, and this difference exhibits a valuable proof of the advantages of this method of tempering. Nos. 2, 6, 7, and 8, exhibit successive deeper shades of color, having been respectively taken out at the temperatures 470°, 480°, 490°, and 500°. The last is of a bright brownish metallic yellow, very slightly inclining to purple. No. 9 obtained an uniform deep blue at the temperature of 580°. The intermediate shades produced on steel, by heats between 500° and 580°, are yellow, brown, red, and purple, which are exhibited irregularly on different parts of the surface. As I had before seen this irregularity, particularly on the surface of a razor of wootz, and had found, in my own experience, that the colors on different kinds of steel do not correspond with like degrees of temper, and probably of temperature in their production, I was desirous that some experiments might be made upon it by the same skilful artist. Four beautifully polished blades were, therefore, exposed to heat on the fusible metal. The first was taken up when it had acquired the fine yellow, or uniform deep straw color. The second remained on the mixture, till the part nearest the stem had become purplish; at which period, a number of small round spots, of a purplish color, appeared in the clear yellow of the blade. The third was left till the thicker parts of the blade were of a deep

ruddy purple; but the concave face still continued yellow. This also acquired spots like the other, and a slight cloudiness. These three blades were of cast-steel; the fourth, which was made out of a piece called Styrian steel, was left upon the mixture till the red tinge had pervaded almost the whole of its concave face. Two or three spots appeared upon this blade; but the greater part of its surface was variegated with blue clouds, disposed in such a manner, as to produce those waving lines which, in Damascus steel, are called the water.' Two results are more immediately suggested by these facts: first, that the irregular production of a deep color upon the surface of brightened steel, may serve to indicate the want of uniformity in its composition; and, secondly, that the deep color, being observed to come on first at the thickest parts, Mr. Stodart was disposed to think, that its more speedy appearance was owing to those parts not having been hardened.

An ingenious method of hardening delicate steel-work was some time since communicated to Mr. Stodart by Dr. Wollaston. The steel enclosed in a tube is surrounded by the fusible alloy of eight parts lead, two tin, and five bismuth. The tube, with its contents, is then heated in a furnace to rednesss, and plunged into a cooling fluid. It is afterwards thrown into boiling water, by which the alloy is fused, and the steel is left perfectly hardened and unaltered by twisting or cracking.

Suppose our cutting instrument to be forged, hardened, and let down or tempered; it remains to be ground, polished, and set. The grinding of fine cutlery is performed upon a grind-stone of a fine close grit, called a Bilston grind-stone, and sold at the tool shops in London at a moderate price. The cutlers use water, and do not seem generally to know any thing of the ase of tallow. The face of the work is rendered finer by subsequent grinding upon mahogany cylinders, with emery of different fineness, or upon cylinders faced with hard pewter, called laps, which are preferable to those with a wooden face. The last polish is given upon a cylinder faced with buff leather, to which crocus, or the red oxide of iron, is applied with water. This last operation is attended with considerable danger of heating the work, and almost instantly reducing its temper along the thin edge, which at the same time acquires the colors of oxidation.

The setting now remains to be performed, which is a work of much delicacy and skill: so much so, indeed, that Mr. Stodart says, he can not produce the most exquisite and perfect edge if interrupted by conversation, or even by noises in the street. The tool is first whetted upon a hone with oil, by rubbing it backwards and forwards. In all the processes of grinding or wearing down the edge, but more especially in the setting, the artist appears to prefer that stroke which leads the edge according to the action of cutting, instead of making the back run first along the stone: for if there be any lump or particle of stone or other substance lying upon the face of the grinder, and the back of the tool be first run over it, it will proceed beneath the edge and lift it up, at the same time

producing a notch. But on the other hand, if the edge be made to move foremost and meet such particle, it will slide beneath it, and suffer no injury. Another precaution in whetting is, that the hand should not bear heavy; because it is evident, that the same stone must produce a more uniform edge if the steel be worn away by many, than by few strokes. It is also of essential importance that the hone itself should be of a fine texture, or that its silicious particles should be very minute.

The grind-stone leaves a ragged edge, which it is the first effect of whetting to reduce so thin that it may be bent backwards and forwards. This flexible part is called the wire, and if the whetting were to be continued too long it would break off in pieces without regularity, leaving a finer though still very imperfect edge, and tending to produce accident while lying on the face of the stone. The wire is taken off by raising the face of the knife to an angle of about fifty degrees with the surface of the stone, and giving a light stroke edge foremost, alternately towards each end of the stone. These strokes produce an edge, the faces of which are inclined to each other in an angle of about 100 degrees, and to which the wire is so slightly adherent that it may often be taken away entire, and is easily removed by lightly drawing the edge along the finger nail. The edge thus cleared, is generally very even but it is too thick, and must again be reduced by whetting. A finer wire is by this means produced, which will require to be again taken off, if, for want of judgment or delicacy of hand, the artist should have carried it too far But we will suppose the obtuse edge to be very even, and the second wire to be scarcely perceptible. In this case the last edge will be very acute, but neither so even nor so strong as to be durably useful. The finish is given by two or more alternate light strokes with the edge slanting foremost, and the blade of the knife raised, so that its plane forms an angle of about twenty-eight degrees with the face of the stone. This is the angle which by careful observation and measurement Mr. Stodart habitually uses for the finest surgeons' instruments, and which he considers as the best for razors, and other keen cutting tools. The angle of edge is therefore about fifty-six degrees. The excellence and uniformity of a fine edge may be ascertained, by its mode of operation when lightly drawn along the surface of the skin, or leather, or any organised soft substance. Lancets are tried by suffering the point to drop gently through a piece of thin soft leather. If the edge be exquisite, it will not only pass with facility, but there will not be the least noise produced, any more than if it had dropped into water. This kind of edge cannot be produced, but by performing the last two or more strokes on the green hone. The operation of strapping is similar to that of grinding or whetting, and is performed by means of the angular particle of fine crocus, or other material bedded in the face of the strap. It requires less skill than the operation of setting, and is very apt, from the elasticity of the strap, to enlarge the angle of the edge or round it too much. The chief manufactories of cutlery in

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Swift. So mutton cutlets, prime of meat. CUTTACK, a considerable district of Orissa, Hindostan, situated between the twentieth and twenty-second degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the north by Midnapoor and Mohurbunge; on the south by the Circars; on the east by the Bay of Bengal; and on the west by several small states of the interior. Its length is about 150 miles, and breadth about sixty, containing a population of 1,200,000 souls. Between Gaintee and Bamori the country is richly productive, and is inhabited by weavers, who manufacture muslins in pieces for turbans. From Arick poor to Cuttack the land is chiefly arable, but interspersed with bushes, and not thoroughly cultivated. The Mahanuddy River, in passing through this country, often changes its name, according to the vicinity of different towns and villages. It is also watered by other considerable streams. The rents are chiefly paid in

cowries.

The holy land of Juggernauth extends about fifteen miles on each side of the temple of Juggernauth, to the north and south. Its occupants have from time immemorial been exempt from the taxes which Hindoos pay for access to the temple, except during the ruth and dole jattries, when they also are liable to a small impost.

The chief towns are Cuttack, Juggernauth, Buddruck, and Balasore. This district is mentioned by the Mahommedan historians as early as the year 1212, under the title of Jagepore, or Jehazpore. It was then subject to a Hindoo prince, who resided at Jagepore; it was subdued by and annexed to Bengal in the reign of Solyman Kerang, 1569. Thus it remained till the year 1751, when it was ceded by the nuwab Alyverdy Khan to the Nagpore Mahrattas, who, in 1803, were again compelled to resign it to the victorious arms of the British, and it is now managed by a civil establishment of judge, collector, &c.

CUTTACK, the capital of the above district, called also Cuttack Benares, formerly Saringgur, was once fortified, and a highly respectable town; bat, during the period it was governed by the Mahrattas, it fell to decay. In the year 1592 it withstood the Mogul arms for nearly a month, and is naturally strong, but the climate is unhealthy. It is at present the residence of the gentlemen of the civil establishment, and has a cantonment for a corps of native infantry.

CUTTER, a small vessel, commonly navigated in the channel of England. It is furnished with one mast, and rigged as a sloop. Many of these vessels are used in an illicit trade, and others are employed by government to take them; the latter of which are either under the direction of the admiralty, or custom-house.

CUTTLE. Ang.-Sax. cutele. A fish, which, when pursued, darkens the water with an inky substance; a foul-mouthed fellow; a knife.

Away, you cutpurse rascal; you filthy bung, away: by this wine, I'll thrust my knife in your mouldy chaps, if you play the saucy cuttle with me. Shakspeare. Henry IV.

It is somewhat strange, that the blood of all birds and beasts, and fishes, should be of a red colour, and only the blood of the cuttle should be as black as ink. Bacon.

He that uses many words for the explaining any subject, doth, like the cuttle fish, hide himself for the most part in his own ink. Ray on the Creation.

CUTTLE-FISH. See SEPIA. CUTTS (John lord), was son of Richard Cutts, esq. of Matching in Essex; where the family were settled about the time of Henry VI., and had a large estate. He entered early into the service of the duke of Monmouta, was aidde-camp to the duke of Lorraine in Hungary, and signalised himself in a very extraordinary manner at the taking of Buda by the imperialists in 1686; which important place had been for near a century and a half in the hands of the Turks. Returning to England at the Revolution, he obtained a regiment of foot; was created baron Gowran in Ireland, December 6th, 1690; appointed governor of the Isle of Wight, April 14th, 1693; was made a major-general; and, when the assassination project was discovered, 1695-6, was captain of the king's guard. He was colonel of the Coldstream guards in 1701; when Mr. Steele, who was indebted to his interest for a military commission, inscribed to him his first work, The Christian Hero. On the accession of queen Aune, he was made a lieutenant-general of the forces in Holland; commander in chief of the forces in Ireland, under the duke of Ormond, March 23d, 1704-5; and afterwards one of the lords justices of that kingdom. He died at Dublin January 26th, 1706-7, and was buried there in the cathedral of Christ Church. He wrote a poem on the death of queen Mary, and published, in 1687, Poetical Exercises, written upon several occasions, and dedicated to her royal highness Mary, princess of Orange. One of his songs is quoted by Steele in his Tatler; but his Muse Cavalier is erroneously ascribed by Walpole to lord Peterborough.

CUT-WATER, the sharp part of the head of a ship below the beak, so called because it cuts or divides the water before it comes to the bow, that it may not come too suddenly to the breadth of the ship, which would retard it.

CUT-WORK, n. s. Embroidered work.

CUXHAVEN, a sea-port of Germany, in the duchy of Bremen, situated on the left bank of the Elbe, at its embouchure. The harbour, being very large and commodious, is much frequented, and vessels generally take in pilots here, in order to ascend the river to Hamburgh. A yacht is stationed out at sea, near the outermost buoy, with pilots ready to conduct any vessel that may demand them. The town and bailiwic belong to the corporation of Hamburgh, who have held them ever since the fourteenth century. During the late revolutionary wars Cuxhaven became a place of great importance as an entrepôt of

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