consequently whether annexed to the French republic or not, we cannot discover, as neither of these towns is to be found in the maps.

EBION, the author of the heresy of the Ebionizes, was a disciple of Cerinthus and his successor. To the errors of his master, he had added new opinions of his own. He began his preaching in Judea; he taught in Asia, and even at Rome. His tenets infected the Isle of Cyprus. St. John opposed both Cerinthus and Ebion in Asia; and it is thought that he wrote his gospel, in the year 97, particularly against this heresy.

EBIONITES, ancient heretics, who rose in the very first age of the church, and formed themselves into a sect in the second century, denying the divinity of Jesus Christ. Epiphanius gives a long and exact account of the origin of the Ebionites, making them to have risen after the destruction of Jerusalem, when the first Christians, called Nazarenes, went out of it to live at Pella. The Ebionites seem to have been a branch of Nazarenes: Origen distinguishes two kinds of Ebionites; the one believing that Jesus Christ was born of a virgin, and the other that he was born after the manner of other men. The first were orthodox in every thing, except that to the Christian doctrine they joined the ceremonies of the Jewish law, with the Jews, Samaritans, and Nazarenes; together with the traditions of the Pharisees. They differed from the Nazarenes, chiefly as to what regards the authority of the sacred writings; for the Nazarenes received all for scripture contained in the Jewish canon; whereas the Ebionites rejected all the prophets, and all St. Paul's epistles. They received nothing of the Old Testament but the Pentateuch; which should intimate them to have descended rather from the

Samaritans than from the Jews. They agreed with the Nazarenes in using the Hebrew gospel of St. Matthew, otherwise called the Gospel of the Twelve Apostles; but they had corrupted their copy in many places; and, particularly, had left out the genealogy of our Saviour, which was preserved entire in that of the Nazarenes, and even in those used by the Cerinthians. Some, however, have made this gospel canonical, and of greater value than our present Greek gospel of St. Matthew: See NAZARENES. Besides the Hebrew gospel of St. Matthew, the Ebionites had adopted several other books, under the names of St. James, John, and the other apostles: they also made use of the Travels of St. Peter, which are supposed to have been written by St. Clement.

EB'ON, n. s. ? Also formerly written EBEN. EBONY, Lat. ebenus; Fr. ebene, of Gr. εßɛvoc, ab Heb. ¡ɔn, Minsheu. A particularly hard, black, and heavy wood: hence any thing remarkably black or dark.

If the wood be very hard, as ebony, or lignum vitæ, they are to turn, they use not the same tools they do for soft woods. Moxon's Mech. Ezer.

Oft by the winds extinct the signal lies,
Ere night has half rolled round her ebon throne.

Gay.

And now the sorceress bares her shrivelled hand, And circles thrice in air her ebon wand;

Flushed with new life descending statues talk,
The pliant marble softening as they walk. Darwin,
There was no want of lofty mirrors, and
The tables most of ebony inlaid

With mother-of-pearl or ivory, stood at hand, Or were of tortoise-shell or rare woods made.

Byron.

EBONY. There are divers kinds of ebony: the most usual among us are black, red, and green, but authors and travellers give very different accounts of the tree that yields this valuable wood. The real tree, however, from which

it is obtained is the AMERIMNUM EBENUS of the

West Indies, which see Black ebony is much preferred to that of other colors. The best is a jet black, free of veins and rind, very massive, astringent, and of an acrid pungent taste. Its rind, infused in water, is said to purge pituita, and cure venereal disorders; whence Matthiolus took guaiacum for a sort of ebony. It yields an agreeable perfume when laid on burning coals: when green, it readily takes fire from the abundance of its oil. The Indians make statues of their gods, and sceptres for their princes, of this wood. It was first brought to Rome by Pompey, after he had subdued Mithridates. It is now much less used among us than anciently; since the discovery of so many ways of giving other hard woods a black color. The cabinetmakers, inlayers, &c., make pear-tree and other woods pass for ebony, by giving them a black color, by a few washes of a hot decoction of galls; and when dry, adding ink, and polishing them with a stiff brush, and a little hot wax.

EBORACUM, in ancient geography, a famous city of the Brigantes in Britain, now called York. The emperors Septimus Severus and Constantius Chlorus resided and died in it. It was a Roman colony, and the station of the Legio Sexta Victrix. Its name in the ancient British language is Caer-frock, or Caer-effroc.

EBRBUHARITES, a sect among the Mahommedans, so named from their founder Ebrbuhar, a disciple of Naschibendi. They profess great sanctity, with a total dereliction of all worldly things; yet they are regarded by the other Mussulmans, as little better than heretics, because they do not go in pilgrimage to Mecca. this labor they excuse themselves, by pretending that the purity of their souls, their sublime contemplations, extacies, &c., show them Mecca and Mahomet's tomb without stirring from their

cells.

From

with great rapidity into the Mediterranean, about twenty miles below Tortosa. Of its two mouths the one to the south is artificial, and of easier entrance than the other, which is nearly choked with mud. The stream is in general very rapid, and little adapted for navigation, being full of rocks and shoals: it is, however, useful in supplying the great canals of Arragon with water. Its bed is said to have been less obstructed in ancient times.

EBUL'LIENCY, n. s. EBUL'LIENT, adj. EBULLITION, n. s.

Lat. ebullio, of bulla, a bubble. Rising or boiling up in bub

bles. State of effervescence or swelling.

The dissolution of gold and silver disagree; so that in their mixture there is great ebullition, darkness, and, in the end, a precipitation of a black powder. Bacon.

Iron, in aqua fortis, will fall into ebullition with noise and emication; as also a crasse and fumid exhalation, caused from the combat of the sulphur of iron with the acid and nitrous spirits of aqua fortis.

Browne's Vulgar Errours.

When aqua fortis, or spirit of vitriol, poured upor filings of iron, dissolves the filings with a great heat and ebullition, is not the heat and ebullition effected by a violent motion of the parts; and does not their motion argue, that the acid parts of the liquor rush towards the parts of the metal with violence, and run forcibly into its pores, till they get between its outmost particles and the main mass of the metal? Newton.

A violent cold, as well as heat, may be produced by this ebullition, for if sal ammoniack, or any pure volatile alkali, dissolved in water, be mixed with an acid, an ebullition, with a greater degree of cold, will ensue. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

Song second was the ebullition of that passion which ended the forementioned school business. Burns.

EBUSUS, in ancient geography, the greater of the two islands called Pityusæ, in the Mediterranean, near the east coast of Spain, south-west of Majorca. Famous for its pastures and for figs. Now called Ivica.

ECASTOR, or MECASTOR, in antiquity, an oath wherein Castor was invoked. It was a custom for men never to swear by Castor, nor the women by Pollux.

ECBATANA, in ancient geography, the royal residence and capital of Media, built by Deioces king of the Medes, according to Herodotus: Pliny says, by Seleucus; but that could not be, because it is mentioned by Demosthenes. It was situated on a gentle declivity, twelve stadia from Mount Orontes, amd was in compass 150 stadia. Here stood the royal treasury and tombs. It was an open unwalled town, but had a very strong citadel, encompassed with seven wal's within, and rising above each other. The extent of the utmost was equal to the whole extent of Athens, according to Herodotus; the situation favoring this construction, as being a gentle ascent, and each wall was of a different color. ECCENTRIC, adj. & n. s. ECCENTRICAL, ECCENTRICITY, N. S. and Port. eccenico; Lat. eccentricus; Gr. EKKEVTρIKOÇ, i. e. EK, xtra, et kεVTρov, centrum. Without, or deviating from, a centre; hence, metaphorically, irregular; anomalous. Eccentricity is oddity; habit of deviation from established rules or methods.

Fr. eccentrique; Ital. Span.

Milton.

Prior.

Try now the merits of this blessed exchange Of modest truth for wit's eccentric range. Cowper.

ECCHELLENSIS (Abraham), a learned Maronite, employed in the Paris edition of the Polyglott Bible. He, however, quarrelled with two of his coadjutors, and was then employed in making an Arabic translation of the Scriptures, at Rome. While he was professor of the Oriental languages at Rome, he was chosen by the great duke Ferdinand II., to translate from Arabic into Latin, the fifth, sixth, and seventh of Apollonius's Conics, in which he was assisted by John Alphonso Borelli, who added commentaries to them. died at Rome, in 1664.

He

ECCHYMO'SIS, n. s. Εκχύμωσις. Livid spots or blotches in the skin, made by extravasated blood.

Ecchymosis may be defined an extravasation of the blood in or under the skin, the skin remaining whole. Laxations are accompanied with tumour and ecchyWiseman.

mosis.

ECCHYMOSIS; from Exxvw, to pour out, or from , out of, and xvuos, juice; an effusion of humors from their respective vessels under the integuments; or, as Paulus Egineta says, When the flesh is bruised by the violent collision of any object, and its small veins broken, and the blood is gradually discharged from them.' This blood,

when collected under the skin is called an ecchymosis, the skin in the mean time remaining entire; sometimes a tumor is formed by it, which is soft and livid, and generally without pain. If the quantity of blood is not considerable, it is usually resorbed; if much, it suppurates; it rarely happens that any farther inconvenience follows; though, in a very bad habit of body, a mortification may be the result.

ECCLESHALL, a market town of Staffordshire, pleasantly situated on a branch of the river Sow, seven miles and a half north-west of Stafford, and 148 north-west from London. The houses are neat, and there is a good church and charity school. It is supposed to be named from the Latin word ecclesia, the bishop of Litchfield having formerly had a palace here. In the civil war it was garrisoned for the king, but, being afterwards taken by the parliamentary forces, it was nearly destroyed; after which it was rebuilt by bishop Lloyd. Market on Friday.

ECCLESIASTES, a canonical book of the Old Testament, the design of which is to show the vanity of all sublunary things. It was composed by Solomon; who enumerates the several objects on which men place their happiness, and then shows the insufficiency of all worldly enjoyments. The Talmudists make king Hezekiah to be the author of it; Grotius ascribes it to Zorobabel, and others to Isaiah; but the generality of commentators believe this book to be the produce of Solomon's repentance, after he had experienced the pleasures, follies, and vanities of life.

ECCLESIASTIC, adj. & n. s. )
ECCLESIASTICAL, adj.

or relating to, the church.

Lat. eccleÀsiasticus; of,

Is discipline an ecclesiastical matter or civil? If an ecclesiastical, it must belong to the duty of the minisHooker.

ters.

ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. In the time of the Anglo-Saxons, there was no distinction between the lay and the ecclesiastical jurisdiction; the county court was as much a spiritual as a temporal tribunal; the rights of the church were ascertained and asserted at the same time, and by the same judges, as the rights of the laity. For this purpose the bishop of the diocese, and the alderman, or the sheriff of the county, sat together in the county court, and had there the cognizance of all causes, as well ecclesiastical as civil; a superior deference being paid to the bishop's opinion in spiritual matters, and to that of the lay judges in temporal: and thus the presence of the bishop added weight and reverence to the sheriff's proceedings. But it soon became an established maxim in the papal system of

policy, that all the ecclesiastical persons, and causes, should be entirely subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction only; which was alleged to be lodged in the pope, by divine indefeasible_right and investiture from Christ himself, and derived from the pope to all inferior tribunals. It was not, however, till after the Norman conquest, that this doctrine was received in England; when William I., (whose title was espoused by the monasteries which he endowed, and by the foreign clergy whom he brought over from France and Italy, and planted in the best preferments of the English church), established this fatal encroachment, and separated the ecclesiastical court from the civil. King Henry I., at his accession, among other restorations of the laws of king Edward the Confessor, revived this of the union of the civil and ecclesiastical courts. This, however, was opposed by the popish clergy, who, under the guidance of that arrogant prelate archbishop Anselm, very early attacked a measure that put them on a level with the profane laity; and therefore in their synod at Westminster, 3 Hen. I., they ordained, that no bishop should attend the discussion of temporal causes; which soon dissolved this newly effected union. And when, upon the death of Henry I., Stephen was brought in and supported by the clergy, one article of the oath imposed upon him was, that ecclesiastical persons and causes should be subject only to the bishop's jurisdiction. As about that time the contest began, about the laws of England and those of Rome, the temporal courts adhering to the former, and the spiritual adopting the latter, as their rule, this widened the breach, and made a coalition afterwards impracticable; which probably would otherwise have been effected at the reformation. Ecclesiastical courts are various; as the ARCHDEACON'S COURT, the Court of ARCHES, the CONSISTORY, the PECULIARS, the PREROGATIVE, and the great court of appeal in all ecclesiastical causes, viz. the Court of DELEGATES. See these articles. In these spiritual courts, it must be acknowledged to their honor, that though they continue to decide many ques tions of temporal cognizance, yet justice is in general so impartially administered, that the boundaries of their power are well known, and no material inconvenience arises from this jurisdiction continuing in the ancient channel. Their ordinary course of proceeding is, first, by citation, to call the party injuring before them. Then by libel, or by articles drawn out in a formal allegation, to set forth the complainant's ground of complaint. To this succeeds the defendant's answer upon oath; when, if he denies or extenuates the charge, they proceed to proofs by witnesses examined, and their depositions taken down in writing by an officer of the court. If the defendant has any circumstances to offer, in his defence, he must propound them in what is called his defensive allegation, to which he is entitled in his turn to the plaintiff's answer upon oath, and may from thence proceed to proofs as well as his antagonist. The canonical doctrine of purgation, whereby the parties were obliged to answer upon oath to any matter, however criminal, that might be objected against them (though long ago over ruled in the court of chancery, the

genius of the English law having broken through the bondage imposed on it by its clerical chancellors, and asserted the doctrines of judicial as well as civil liberty,) continued till the middle of the seventeenth century, to be upheld by the spiritual courts; when the legislature was obliged to interpose, to teach them a lesson of similar moderation. By the statute of 13 Car. II. cap. 12, it is enacted, that it shall not be lawful for any bishop, or ecclesiastical judge, to administer to any person the oath usually called the oath ex officio, or any other oath whereby he may be compelled to confess, accuse, or purge himself of any criminal matter, whereby he may be liable to any censure or punishment. When all the pleadings and proofs are concluded, they are referred to the consideration, not of a jury, but of a single judge; who takes information by hearing advocates on both sides, and thereupon forms his interlocutory decree, or definitive sentence, at his own discretion: from which there generally lies an appeal to the several stages mentioned in the articles above referred to; though, if the same be not appealed from by him in fifteen days, it is final by the statute 25 Hen. VIII. cap. 19.

ECCLESIASTICAL STATE, in geography, a name often given to the pope's dominions in Italy. They consisted before the late revolutions of the provinces of Campagna, St. Peter's Patrimony, Umbria, Ancona, Urbino, Romagna, Bologna, and Ferrara. The first five of these were erected by the French into the Roman republic; the last three into the Cisalpine. Avignon, and Venaissin in France, became included in the French republic. See PAPAL STATES.

ECCLESIASTICUS, an apocryphal book, so called, from its being read in the church, ecclesia, as a book of piety and instruction, but not of infallible authority. The author was a Jew, called Jesus, or Joshua, the son of Sirach. The Greeks call it the Wisdom of the son of Sirach. ECCOPROTICKS, n. s. Er and κοπρος. Such medicines as gently purge the belly, so as to bring away no more than the natural excrements lodged in the intestines.

The body ought to be maintained in its daily excretions by such means as are eccoprotick.

Harvey on the Plague. ECHEMIN, a river of Lower Canada, rising in the mountains to the southward of the St. Laurence, into which it falls, two miles above Quebec. The margin is a flat rock, with only a shallow covering of soil. But there is some good land in its neighbourhood.

ECHENEIS, the remora, in ichthyology, a genus belonging to the order of thoracici. The head is flat, naked, depressed, and marked with a number of transverse ridges; it has ten rays in the branchiostege membrane, and the body is naked. There are three species, of which the following one is the most worthy of note :E. remora, the sucking fish with a forked tail, and eighteen striæ on the head. This species is often found adhering so strongly to the sides of the sharks and other great fish, by means of the structure of its head, as to be got off with difficulty. It was believed, by all the ancients, to have most wonderful powers, and to be able, by adhering to the bottom, to arrest the motion of a

ship in its fullest course; and, in love affairs, to deaden the warmest affections of both sexes.

ECHEVIN, in the old French and Dutch polity, a magistrate elected by the inhabitants of a city or town, to take care of their common concerns, and the decoration and cleanliness of the city. At Paris, before the revolution, there were a pievôt and four echevins; in other towns, a mayor and echevins. At Amsterdam there were nine echevins; and at Rotterdam, seven. In France they took cognizance of rents, taxes, the navigation of rivers, &c. In Holland they judged of civil and criminal causes; and, if the criminal confessed himself guilty, they could see their sentence executed without appeal.

ECHINADES, otherwise called the Nisia Islands, a group of islets at the entrance of the gulf of Lepanto, which they almost seem to close on the side of Epirus.

ECHINITES, in natural history, the name by which authors call the fossile centronia, frequently found in our chalk pits. See CEN

TRONIA.

ECHINOPHORA, in botany, a genus of the digynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order forty-fifth, umbellatæ. The male florets are lateral, with the central one hermaphrodite : SEED one, sunk into an indurated involucrum. Species two, found on the south coast of Great Britain.

ECHINOPS, in botany, a genus of the polyga mia segregata order, and syngenesia class of plants; natural order forty-ninth, compositæ: CAL. uniflorous; COR. tubulated, and hermaphrodite; receptacle bristly; pappus indistinct. Species six, natives of the Levant, and south of Europe.

ECHINORINCHUS, a genus of the vermes intestina: the body is round, proboscis cylindrical, retractile, and crowned with hooked prickles. They are found fixed firmly to the viscera of various animals, generally the intestines; and often remain on the same spot during the whole life of the animal; they are mostly gregarious, and are easily distinguished from the tænia by their round inarticulate body. There are forty-eight species, infesting the mammalia, birds, reptiles, and fish. E'CHINUS, n. s. E'CHINATE, adj. E'CHINATED.

Lat. A hedge-hog; a shell-fish set with prickles: in botany, the prickly head, cover of the seed, or top of any plant: in architecture, a member or ornament, taking its name from the roughness of the carving, resembling the prickly rind of a chestnut, or the thorny coat of a hedge-hog. Echinated is bristled, or full of prickles. This ornament is used by modern archi tects in cornices of the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders; and generally set next to the abacus, being carved with anchors, darts, and ovals or eggs.

An echinated pyrites in shape approaches the echynated chrystalline balls. Woodward on Fossils. Many nodules of flint resemble in colour as well as in form the shells of the echinus or sea-urchin; others resemble some coralloids both in form and color.

Darwin.

ECHINUS, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of vermes mollusca. The body is roundish, covered with a bony crust, and

often beset with moveable prickles; and the mouth is below and consists of five valves. There are 108 species, all natives of the sea.

1. E. esculentus, or eatable echinus, is of a hemispherical form, covered with sharp strong spines above half an inch long, commonly of a violet color, moveable, adherent to small tubercles elegantly disposed in rows. These are their instruments of motion by which they change their place. This species is taken in dredging, and often lodges in cavities of rocks just within lowwater mark. They are eaten by the poor in many parts of England, and by persons of rank abroad. Anciently they were a favorite dish. They were the first dish in the famous supper of Lentulus, when he was made flamen Martialis, or priest of Mars.

2. E. lacunosus, or oval echinus, is of an oval depressed form; on the top it is of a purple color, marked with a quadrefoil, and the spaces between tuberculated in waved rows; the lower side studded, and divided by two smooth spaces. Length four inches. When clothed it is covered with short thick-set bristles, mixed with very long

ECHITES, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order thirtieth, contorta. There are two long and straight follicles: SEED pappous; COR. funnel-shaped, with the throat naked.

ECHITES CORYMBOSA, a species of this genus, is said to yield the caoutchouc, or elastic gum according to Jacquin. See GUM, ELASTIC.

ECHIUM, viper's bugloss, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order forty-first, asperifoliæ: cor. is irregular, with the throat naked. Species twentyseven; none of them have any remarkable property except the E.vulgari, or common bugloss, the flowers of which are very grateful to bees. It is a native of many parts of Britain. The stem is rough with hairs and tubercles. The leaves are spearshaped, and rough with hair. The flowers come out in lateral spikes. They are first red, afterwards blue; sometimes purple or white. Cows and sheep are not fond of the plant; horses and goats refuse it.

Span. echo, eco; Gr. nxw. A rethe voice or any As a neuter verb,

ECHO, n. s., v. n., & v. a. Fr. and Port. echo; Lat. echo; sounding or giving again of sound. The sound returned. to resound; be sounded back as a verb active to send back, return, what has been uttered. At the parting

All the church echoed.

:

The sound filling great spaces in arched lines, cannot be guided; therefore there hath not been any means to make artificial echoes. Bacon's Natural History. (Pamphlets are) the echoes, whereby what is done in one part of the kingdom, is heard all over T. Ford.-1647.

O woods, O fountains, hillocks, dales, and bowers, With other echo late I taught your shades To answer, and resound far other song. Milton.

voice, rests not in her unaccomplishment, until by secret inclination she accorporate herself with error. Id.

Custom being but a mere face, as echo is a mere

The pleasant myrtle may teach the unfortunate Echo

In these woods to resound the renowned name of a goddess. Sidney.

With peals of shouts the Tyrians praise the song; Those peals are echoed by the Trojan throng.

Dryden's Eneid.

Now the shrill corn-pipe, echoing loud to arms, To rank and file reduce the straggling swarms. Tickell,

Through rocks and caves the name of Delia sounds; Delia each cave and echoing rock rebounds. Pope.

'Tis not enough no harshness gives offence; The sound must seem an echo to the sense. id. You may as well attempt to silence an echo by the strength of voice, as a wit by the force of reason. They both are the louder for it: they both will have Young.

the last word.

The great and popular are very freely applauded; but all soon grow weary of echoing to each other a name which has no other claim to notice, but that many mouths are pronouncing it at once. Johnson.

Famine, and Pestilence, her first born son,
Attend to finish what the sword begun;
And echoing praises, such as fiends might earn,
And folly pays, resound at your return. Cowper.
Ye shelving rocks, dark waves, and sounding
shore,-

Ye echoed sweet the tender words he swore !—
Can stars or seas the sails of love retain?

O guide my wanderer to my arms again! Darwin.
Lo, from the echoing axe, and thundering flame,
Poison and plague and yelling rage are fled!
The waters, bursting from their slimy bed,
Bring health and melody to every vale.

Beattie.

No solemn, antique gentleman of rhyme,
Who having angled all his life for fame,
And getting but a nibble at a time,
Still fussily keeps fishing on, the same
Small Triton of the minnows,' the sublime
Of mediocrity, the furious tame,
The echo's echo, usher of the school
Of female wits, boy bards- in short, a fool'
Byron.

ECHO, or EсснO, is formed from the Greek nxos, sound. The ancients being wholly unacquainted with the true cause of the echo, ascribed