(1827) it is £150,000. There are subordinate offices in different parts of the city.

The Edinburgh Register Office was suggested by the earl of Morton, lord register of Scotland. The earl, therefore, obtained from his majesty a grant of £12,000 out of the forfeited estates, for building a register-office, or house for keeping the records, and disposing them in proper order. The foundation was laid on the 27th of June, 1774. The building, which is one of the most beautiful of Mr. Adams's designs, was executed in a substantial manner, in about sixteen years, at the expense of nearly £40,000, and is one of the principal ornaments of the city. The lord register has the direction of the whole, and the principal clerks of session are his deputies. These have a great number of clerks under them, for carrying on the business of the court of session. The lord register is a minister of state in this country. He formerly collected the votes of the parliament of Scotland, and still collects those of the peers at the election of sixteen, to represent them in parliament.

The earliest institution of a grammar-school in Edinburgh seems to have been about 1516, and a building which had been erected for the accommodation of the scholars in 1578, continued, notwithstanding the great increase of their number, to he used for the purpose till 1777; when the foundation of the present High School was laid on the 24th of June, by Sir William Forbes. This building is plain, but commodious. The great hall, where the boys meet for prayers, is sixty-eight feet by thirty, with commodious libraries at each end. There are a rector and four masters, who teach about 700 scholars annually. The salaries are trifling, and the fees are 10s. 6d. per quarter, but five quarters are paid. There is also a janitor, who receives one shilling from each of the boys quarterly. To the scholars of prominent merit premiums are awarded annually, chiefly in books; and to the dux of the highest class a gold medal, with a suitable inscription. Edinburgh Academy is the name given to another school erected in 1824, to the north of the Royal Circus. This establishment is under the superintendence of a board of directors; and besides a rector and four masters for the Latin classes, as in the High School, has an English master, and teachers for writing and arithmetic. There are also several other public English schools, the masters of which have small salaries in addition to the fees; and numerous private estblishments, not only for teaching English, but the learned and foreign languages, on moderate terms; so that Edinburgh affords facilities for the acquisition of learning and the various ornamental accomplishments, which are hardly to be met with upon equal terms in any other city. Edinburgh is not a mercantile or manufacturing town. The merchants, in the strict sense of the word, reside principally at the port of Leith, and the support of the city depends chiefly on the consumption of the necessaries and superfluities of life. Gentlemen of the law are a very numerous and respectable body here: country gentlemen, officers of the army and navy, travellers from all parts, and strangers whose object is either business or pleasure, &c.

and numbers of respectable families, come to Edinburgh, as a settled residence, for a time, with a view to the education of their children. There are various manufactures of paper in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, and printing is carried on very extensively. There is also an extensive type foundry; and within these few years the manufacture of silver plated goods, particularly of the elegant ornaments for coaches now so generally used, has been introduced and carried on to a considerable extent.

Our

In order to contrast the different stages of metropolitan society with effect, it is not here necessary to go back to Mr. Creech's well known account of the changes which took place in Edinburgh from 1763 to 1793. It is thirty-five years since Mr. Creech wrote, and it is not going too far to say, that the changes and improvements which have taken place in this last period infinitely surpass all that preceded them, and would require even a better pen than his adequately to describe them. limits do not permit of minute detail in matters of this kind, otherwise we could contrast and comment on individual improvements as he has done. We may remark, however, that since 1793, Edinburgh has extended to twice the size it was at that time, and has nearly doubled its population. The public undertakings to improve and adorn it, would require a volume to detail thein with effect. In science, literature, and the arts, its progress has been equally extensive and remarkable. Wealth and luxury have increased in a like ratio, and the houses in some of the squares and streets, then occupied by persons of rank, fashion, and opulence, are now converted into shops or places of business for the trading part of the community. With regard to equipages, servants, and modes of living, the change is perhaps as striking as that which occurred within the period of Mr. Creech's experience; but the difference of manners and of tastes is no where so conspicuous, as in the elegance and refinement displayed in the numerous country villas, within a short distance of the city, occupied, during the summer months, by the different classes of citizens. In morals too, if we are to judge from the general regard paid to public opinion, and from the outward observance of all the decencies of life, by persons of every rank, there has for some years been a progressive improvement; and, when compared with the morals of 1793, those of the present day, we confess, compel us, in spite of ourselves and of all our early predilections, to award them the preference and the palm of approbation. Perhaps the prevailing fault of Edinburgh society at present is the rage which even persons of moderate circumstances exhibit for show and splendor in their domestic establishments. According to this foible of the time, nobody is entitled to move in good society without a fine house, fine furniture, fine servants, and every day at his table an absurd and ostentatious display of fine wines. If this be an evil to society at large, it fortunately often cures itself by the ruin which it brings down on the heads of those who weakly and inconsiderately indulge in it.

The University of Edinburgh is a sufficiently

prominent feature in its history and character to deserve our distinct notice. In 1581 a grant was obtained from James VI. for founding a college within the city of Edinburgh; and the citizens, aided by various donations, purchased part of the areas, chambers, and church of the collegiate provostry and prebends of the Kirk-a-field, otherwise called Templum et Præfectura Sanctæ Mariæ in campis, as a suitable site for it. In 1583 the provost, magistrates, and council, the patrons of this new institution, prepared the place for the reception of teachers and students; and in October, 1583, Robert Rollock, whom they had insited from a professorship in the University of St. Andrew's, began to teach in it. Other professors were soon after elected; and Rollock was made principal of the College, and professor of divinity. The offices of principal and professor of divinity remained united till 1620. In 1617 James VI. having visited Scotland, commanded the principal and regents to attend him in Stirling Castle, where they held a solemn philosophical disputation, and the king desired that their college should for the future be called The College of King James, which name it still bears in all its diplomas and public deeds. For some time the college consisted only of the principal and four regents or professors of philosophy, who each instructed one class of students for four years, in Latin, Greek, logic, mathematics, ethics, and physics. It was not till about the year 1710 that the regents began to be confined each to a particular profession; since which time they have been commonly styled Professors of Greek, Logic, Moral Philosophy, and Natural Philosophy.-The first medical professors instituted at Edinburgh, were Sir Robert Sibbald and Dr. Archibald Pitcairn, in 1685. For thirty years afterwards, however, a summer lecture, on the officinal plants, and the dissection of a human body, once in two or three years, completed the whole course of medical education at Edinburgh. In 1720 an attempt was made to teach the different branches of physic regularly; which succeeded so well, that, ever since, the reputation of the University as a school for medicine has been undisputed. The College has a fine library, founded in 1580, by Mr. Clement Little, advocate. It is enriched by a copy of every book entered in Stationers' Hall, according to statute, and it now contains 70,000 volumes. The students of divinity. who pay nothing to this library, have one belonging to their own particular department. The museum contains a capital collection of natural curiosities, the number of which is daily increasing; and, under the admirable management of professor Jamieson, it promises to become the most interesting and important in Britain. The anatomical and obstetrical preparations are peculiarly valuable. This university having been instituted after the Reformation, among a frugal people that had no love for ecclesiastical dignities, it differs greatly from the wealthy foundations which receive the name of Universities and colleges in England, or in the Catholic countries of the continent of Europe. It still consists of a

single college, which enjoys the privilege of conferring degrees.

The branches of education at present taught in it are the following: 1. Literature and Philosophy, comprehending humanity, or Latin, Greek, mathematics, logic, moral philosophy, natural philosophy, rhetoric, belles lettres, universal history, and natural history. 2. Theology, comprehending divinity, church history, and oriental languages. 3. Law, comprehending civil law, institutes and pandects, Scots' law, public law, conveyancing. 4. Medicine, comprehending dietetics, materia medica, and pharmacy; practice of physic, chemistry, and chemical pharmacy; theory of physic, anatomy, and surgery; theory and practice of midwifery; medical jurisprudence, clinical medicine, clinical surgery, and military surgery. During the Summer session lectures are given on the following branches, viz. botany, natural history, midwifery, clinical lectures on medicine, and clinical lectures on surgery. The principal professors and lecturers are at present thirty-one in all; and the number of students is about 2400. The professorships of church history, natural history, astronomy, law of nature and nations, and rhetoric, are in the gift of the crown. The professor of agriculture was nominated by Sir William Pulteney, the founder of the institution. The remaining chairs are in the gift of the town council. Besides the classes here enumerated, the medical professors alternately give clinical lectures upon the cases of the patients in the Royal Infirmary. The integrity and discernment uniformly displayed in the appointment to professorships in this university, have contributed greatly to extend its reputation both at home and abroad. From confidence in the talents and industry of the professors, it has become a seat of education, not only to the youth of the united kingdom, but, to the honor of our country, students have been attracted to it from every nation in Europe, and from almost every civilised country on the globe. About thirty years ago, the old buildings of the college being thought quite unsuitable to the dignity of such a flourishing seat of learning, the magistrates and council set on foot a subscription for erecting a new structure, according to a design of Robert Adam, Esq., architect. Most of the old fabric was in consequence pulled down, and the new building is now in considerable forwardness. It is upon a superb scale, and the whole, when finished, if not the most splendid structure of the sort in Europe, will be the completest and most commodious. The estimate for completing the whole was about £63,000. The six columns in the front are not to be equalled in Britain. The shaft of each is twenty-three feet high, and three feet diameter, of one entire stone. The botanical garden belonging to the university is situated to the northward of the village of Canon-mills, and consists of about twelve acres. But the funds for the support of this garden are very inadequate to the purpose, not exceeding.£170 per annum.

EDINBURGHSHIRE, or MID-LOTHIAN. See MID-LOTHIAN.

These are of the second edition. Shakspeare. The business of our redemption is to rub over the defaced copy of the creation, to reprint God's image upon the soul, and to set forth nature in a second and a fairer edition. South.

I cannot go so far as he who published the last edition of him. Dryden's Fables, Preface.

The Code, composed hastily was forced to undergo an emendation, and to come forth in a second edition. Baker. This English edition is not so properly a translation, as a new composition upon the same ground.

I sent it in a letter to the editor,
Who thanked me duly by return of post-
I'm for a handsome article his creditor.

Byron. EDMONDSON (Joseph), a genealogist and herald painter, was appointed in 1764, Mowbray herald extraordinary. He was also a member of the Society of Antiquaries. He died in 1786. His works are, Historical Account of the Greville family, 8vo.; A Companion to the Peerage, 8vo.; A Body of Heraldry, 2 vols. folio; Baronagium Genealogicum, or the Pedigrees of English Peers, 6 vols. folio.

EDMUND I, king of England, the son of Edward the Elder, succeeded his brother Athelstan A. D. 941, and exhibited proofs of great

courage and abilities during a short reign of about eight years. He was murdered by Leolf, a robber, A. D. 948. See ENGLAND.

EDMUND II, surnamed Ironside, from his strength and valor, succeeded his father Ethelred II. A. D. 1016, in that part of England which was not then possessed by the Danes. He was endued with great abilities, but was murdered by the traitor, Edric, duke of Mercia, before he had reigned a year. See ENGLAND.

EDOM, Heb. 178, i. e. red; or Esau, the son of Isaac and brother of Jacob. The name Edom was given him, either because he sold his birth-right to Jacob for a mess of red pottage, or by reason of the color of his hair and complexion. Idumæa is derived from Edom, and is often called in Scripture the land of Edom. See the next article.

EDOM, or Idumæa, in ancient geography, a district of Arabia Petræa. A great part of the south of Judæa was also called Idumæa, because occupied by the Idumæans, upon the Jewish captivity. But Edom Proper appears not to have been very extensive, from the march of the Israelites, in which they compassed it on the south eastwards, till they came to the country of the Moabites. Within this compass lies mount Hor, where Aaron died; marching from which the Israelites fought with king Arad the Canaanite, who came down the wilderness against them. And this is the extent of the Idumæa Propria, lying south of the Dead Sea; but in Solomon's time extending to the Red Sea.-1 Kings ix. 26.

EDRISSI (Mohamed ben Mohamed, Scherif al) an Arabian prince and geographer of the twelfth century, who, being expelled from his dominions in the south of Egypt, took refuge in Sicily, at the court of Roger II. Here he composed Geographical Recreations; and constructed a silver globe, said to have weighed 400 Greek pounds, on which were inscribed the divisions of the earth, so far as they were then known. His book, which has been termed Geographia Nubiensis, from its containing much information relative to the eastern parts of Africa, was translated into Latin by Gabriel Sionita and John Hesronita, and published at Paris, 4to, 1619.

EDUCATE, v. a. I Lat. educare, from duco, EDUCATION, n. s. to lead. To bring up from youth; instruct youth. See Hooker's fine definition of the substantive.

Education and instruction are the means, the one by use, the other by precept, to make our natural faculty of reason both the better and the sooner to judge rightly between truth and error, good and evil. Hooker.

The best time for marriage will be towards thirty, or as the younger times are unfit, either to choose or to govern a wife and family, so, if thou stay long, thou shalt hardly see the education of thy children, who, being left to strangers, are in effect lost; and better were it to be unborn than ill-bred.

Raleigh to his Son.

country made of great estimation, were so obvious, that they appear to have led, in a variety of cases, to great attention to the work of education; and though we have not, in many instances, any account of the procedures of the ancients, yet, in the few circumstances which have been recorded, we perceive that, long before any thing like a systematic plan of education was adopted, individuals made education an object of primary concern.

One grand object of moral education, so far as it respects rectitude of dispositions and affections, is to cultivate the habit of self-control. Religious people, of all periods, who have possessed the light of revelation, have, in a particular manner, been sensible that this habit lies at the foundation of moral worth; and where the authority of the parent is generally preserved, the cultivation of this habit follows as a matter of course. It requires a wise choice of means to prevent filial submission from being the submission of a slave, rather than of a child: but where it is acquired, and rightly directed, the foundation is laid for submission and obedience to the will of God; and, where this principle takes a firm hold on the mind, almost every thing is done that could be wished, to further the progress of the individual towards moral worth. A maxim of the highest authority, now indeed, is felt in all its truth, The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.' In reading almost the only systematic work of antiquity on the subject of education, that of Quintilian, we become convinced of the writer's great good sense, excellence of disposition, and extensive information; and from his work, though it had a particular object in view, much may be learned by the modern instructor. Most excellent principles are scattered up and down in those general parts, which amply repay our perusal, though we are seldom invited to proceed by elegance of diction, or brilliance of thought: and the different facts he mentions, give us reason to suppose that, in his time, education was in a most degraded state at Rome.

6

is almost as destitute of real knowledge as when he first entered a school.' To render learning truly beneficial, instead of the school and university education which youth at present receive, Milton proposes that the place of both school and university be supplied by an academy, in which they may acquire all that is taught at either, except law and physic.

'Let the academy,' he says, 'afford accommodation for 150 persons; twenty of whom may be servants and attendants. As many academies as are necessary may be afterwards erected on the model of this one. Let the youth who are introduced into this academy begin with learning the principal rules of grammar. In their pronunciation of Latin, let them follow that of the Italians, as that of the English is indistinct, and unsuitable to the genius of the language. Next read to them some entertaining book on education, such as the three first books of Quintilian, in Latin; and Cebes, Plutarch, or some other of the Socratic discourses, in Greek; and inspire them, by seasonable lectures, with love for learning, admiration of great and virtuous characters, and a disposition to cheerful obedience. At a different hour let them be instructed in arithmetic and geometry. Between supper and bed time instruct them in the principles of religion and the sacred history. From the writers on education, let the pupils pass to the authors on agriculture, to Cato, Varro, and Columella. Before half these authors be read, they cannot but be pretty well qualified to read most of the Latin prose authors. They may now learn the use of the globes, and make themselves acquainted with the ancient and modern maps. Let them about this time, begin the study of the Greek tongue, and proceed in it as in the Latin: they will not fail to overcome, in a short time, all the difficul ties of grammar; after which they will have access to all the treasures of natural knowledge to be found in Aristotle and Theophrastus. In the same manner they may make themselves acquainted with Vitruvius, Šeneca, Mela, Celsus, Pliny, and Solinus. Let them next turn their attention to mathematics, beginning with trigonometry, as an introduction to fortification, architecture, and navigation. To teach them the knowledge of nature, and the arts of life, let them have the instructions of artists and mechanics, whose skill has been obtained by actual practice. They will now read the poets with ease and pleasure. From these let them proceed to the moralists; after which they may be allowed the best Greek, Latin, and Italian dramatic compositions. From these let them proceed to politics: let them here study the law of Moses, the admirable remains of the ancient lawgivers of Greece, the Roman tables, edicts, and pandects, concluding with the institutions of their mother country. Let them next be more particularly instructed in the principles of theology; having by this time acquired the Hebrew language, together with the Chaldee and the Syriac dialect, whereby they may read the Scriptures in their original tongue. Thus furnished, they will be able to enter into the spirit of the noblest historians and poets. To get by heart, and repeat in a proper manner, passages from the writ