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Your gloomy eyes betray a deadness,
And inward languishing. Dryden and Lee's Edipus.
Mettled schoolboys, set to cuff,

Will not confess that they have done enough,
Though deadly weary.

Orrery.

After this life, to hope for the favours of mercy then, is to expect an harvest in the dead of winter. South,

They cannot bear the dead weight of unemployed time lying upon their hands, nor the uneasiness it is to do nothing at all. Locke.

That the dead shall rise and live again, is beyond the discovery of reason, and is purely a matter of faith. Id. This motion would be quickly deadened by countermotions. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.

All, all but truth, drops dead-born from the press, Like the last gazette, or like the last address. Pope. How cold and dead does a prayer appear, that is composed in the most elegant forms of speech, when it is not heightened by solemnity of phrase from the sacred writings. Addison

Our dreams are great instances of that activity which is natural to the human soul, and which is not in the power of sleep to deaden or abate. Spectator. Somewhat is left under dead walls and dry ditches.

Arbuthnot.

Anodynes are such things as relax the tersion of the affected nervous fibres, or destroy the particular acrimony which occasions the pain; or what deadens the sensation of the brain, by procuring sleep.

Id. on Diet.

A little rill of scanty stream and bed-A name of blood from that day's sanguine rain: And Sanguinetto tells ye where the dead Made the earth wet, and turned the unwilling waters red. Byron.

But, hark!-that heavy sound breaks in once

more,

As if the clouds its echo would repeat,
And nearer, clearer, deadlier than before '
Arm! arm-it is-it is-the cannon's opening roar !
Id.

DEAD-EYE, in maritime affairs, a sort of round flattish wooden block, usually encircled with a rope, or with an iron band, g, and pierced with three holes through the flat part, in order to receive a rope called the lanyard h, which, corresponding with three holes in another dead-eye i, creates a purchase employed for various uses, but chiefly to extend the standing rigging. In order to form this purchase, one of the dead-eyes is fastened in the upper link of each chain on the ship's side, which is made round to receive and encompass the hollowed outer edge of the dead-eye. After this the lanyard is passed alternately through the holes in the upper and lower dead-eyes, till it becomes six-fold; and is then drawn tight by the application of mechanical powers.

DEAD-LIGHTS, certain wooden ports, which are made to fasten into the cabin windows, to prevent the waves from gushing into the ship in a high. sea; and, as they are made exactly to fit windows, and are strong enough to resist the waves, they are always fixed in on the approach of a storm, and the glass lights taken out, which must otherwise be shattered to pieces by the surges, and suffer great quantities of water to enter the vessel.

DEADLY FEUD, in English law-books, a profession of irreconcilable enmity, till a person is revenged by the death of his enemy. See FEUD. Such enmity and revenge were allowed by law in and a pecuniary satisfaction was not made to the the time of the Saxons. If any man was killed, kindred, it was lawful for them to take up arms and revenge themselves on the murderer: this was called deadly feud; and probably was the original of an appeal.

DEAD SEA, in geography, a lake of Judea, inte which the river Jordan discharges itself. See ASPHALTITES.

DEAD WATER, at sea, the eddy water just astern of a ship; so called because it does not pass away so swift as the water running by her sides does. They say that a ship makes much deadwater when she has a great eddy following her

stern.

DEAF, v. a. & adj. DEAFEN, v. a. DEAFLY, adv. DEAFNESS, n. s. weak and this seems

Sax. adearian, deas; Goth. deif; Dan. doev. Minsheu says, Teut. daub, from Heb. 387, confirmed by an old

meaning of the word in our language, i. e. sterile, unprofitable. To deprive of hearing; to stun: wanting the sense of hearing, totally or partially; dull; determined against a request or solicitation applied also to sounds heard imperfectly, i. e. weakly. It requires to before the thing or sound that ought to be heard.

And by so myche more thei wondriden and seiden, he dide wel alle thingis and he made deefe men to here and doumbe men to speke. Wiclif. Mark 7.

A good wif was ther of beside Bathe, But she was some del defe, and that was scathe. Chaucer. Prol. to Cant. Tales. Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf.

Shakspeare.

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There are also diseases of the internal ear that admit of no distinct classification, and sometimes such defects of the auditory nerves, either as a whole or in part, as to occasion this unhappy peculiarity. The sensibility of these nerves, like that of the rest of the body, becomes also weakened by age and various diseases, so as to occasion what is properly called a loss of hearing.

Our object in this paper is to consider deafness distinctly, and as a disease. Its unhappy consequence, in those who are born deaf, DUMBNESS, is an entirely different topic: at least in a nosological point of view. We shall first treat of both distinctly, and then, in the latter article, give some account of the modern efforts to ameliorate the situation of those in whom these disorders are hopeless. And,

1. Of deafness from deficiency in the auditory organs. We are said to possess more accurate and detailed descriptions of the anatomy of the ear than of any other part of the body in our articles ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY we shall be seen to avail ourselves of them. But it is remarkable that the profession of an aurist is almost new to the medical world, and that many diseases and deficiencies of the organs of the ear are yet to be explained. We have perhaps, therefore, less of the just application of knowledge to its diseases than to those of any other part.

The office of individual portions of this complicated organ, for instance, has been but very imperfectly ascertained. Numerous observations seem to indicate that considerable injuries and deficiencies of the membrana tympani may take place without producing much effect upon the faculty of hearing. Persons who, by driving smoke taken in at the mouth, in large volumes through the ears, indicate a deficiency of this kind, are often found acute in the perception of sounds; and Sir Astley Cooper mentions an instance in which the membrana tympani of one ear being totally destroyed, and that of the other nearly so, by disease, it appeared that the deafness was inconsiderable, and that sound was most readily perceived by the ear in which no trace of the membrane could be discovered. In the same case, the ear was nicely susceptible of musical tones, the individual played well on the flute, and sang perfectly in tune. The power of accommodating the ear to differing intensity of sound was, indeed, lost for some time after the destruction of the membrane: it, however, gradually returned; and at the period of examination there was no distress arising from that deficiency.

Where deafness has followed the accidental destruction or continued disease of this mem

brane, it would appear to arise more directly, therefore, from its effect on neighbouring organs, as on the membranes of the fenestra, and the fluid of the labyrinth, which seem to be essential to the distinct conveyance of sound. The tympanum is, in fact, only one of the outward portals of this mysterious temple, though the last of them at which the sound arrives.

Its functions seem to be analogous with those of the pinna, or outward ear, i. e. to regulate

and direct, only in a more perfect degree, the waves and impressions of sound. In the case above quoted, after this membrane had been so materially injured, the muscles of the external ear seemed to acquire a new power of moving upward, and backwards, which was regularly exerted in the effort to catch an indistinct sound. The whole of the pinna, we need hardly observe, has been frequently removed without any abiding injury to the hearing. And in cases where the auricle has never been formed, the functions of the inner ear have been found perfect. Scarpi considers the fenestra rotunda as a species of second tympanum. So long, therefore, as the internal ear is sound and healthy, all the essential operations of this organ will proceed.

One practical remark may be permitted us here, on a very common practice. Sir Hans Sloane has observed, that among the many people in England who had applied to him on account of deafness, the far greater part were thrown into their complaints by too often picking their ears, and thereby bringing humors, or ulcerous dispositions, on them.'-Phil. Trans. No. 246, p. 406.

2. Of diseases of the meatus auditorius, or external passage of the ear.-In this passage, and its secretions, arise the most common impediments to hearing. The exact, healthy quantum of cerumen, or wax, which should be here secreted, has never been ascertained. But in a diseased state of this part of the ear the cerumen has been found completely stopping up the passage, and sometimes forming a false tympanum. The cerumen hardened and permanently lodged on the tympanum is a frequent and uniform cause of deafness. The common application of warm water for this accumulation has never been improved upon. This passage is also subject to eration, which produces a great thickening of the integuments, and consequent obstruction. The ichor, exuding from the ulcerated surface, inspissates in the passage, and is accompanied with much fotor. This disease generally yields to the application of solutions of the metallic salts, as of muriated mercury in lime-water; or of vitriolated zinc; or to the use of the unguentum hydrargiri nitratum; calomel, or other alteratives being taken at the same time. (Saunders). Polypous excrescences and other extraneous substances sometimes require to be removed by mechanical means from this passage.

3. Of diseases or obstructions of the Eustachian tube.-This forms, in fact, the body of the drum, if we may be allowed the phrase, of which the ear so largely consists. Communicating with the back of the palate, it admits a portion of air to counterbalance that in the meatus, and assists materially, during the vibrations of the tympanum, in perfecting the distinct sensation of sounds. Inveterate deafness is therefore often produced by the disease or obstruction of this organ and its cavity. When air is no longer found here, the tympanum is unduly forced and stretched inward, and thus cannot vibrate as in its perpendicular state.

Obstructions of this tube arise frequently from syphilitic ulcers in the throat, or sloughing in the cynanche maligna. The deafness ensues on

the healing of the ulcers, that is, when the obstruction is complete. The descent of a nasal polypus into the pharynx, and enlarged tonsils, have also been known to close the tube. Sometimes the cavity has been found filled with mucus.

The only symptom to which medical men can advert in this case is, that when the patient blows, with his nose and mouth stopped, he does not experience that peculiar sensation, which arises from the inflation of the tympanum. He speaks only of the loss of sense, and complains of no particular symptom. In this respect the deafness differs from all other species.

Sir Astley Cooper has, however, introduced a method of relieving this previously incurable disease of the ear, by puncturing the tympanum. The effect is said to be an instantaneous restorative to the faculty of hearing. But there is some difficulty in keeping open the puncture, which is, in point of fact, to become, in this case, an artificial Eustachian tube. A large hole diminishes the perfection of the returning tension sense, and a small one is perpetually closing. If the membrane also be much lacerated or detached at its circumference, the tension will be lessened; yet even, in these cases, the patient receives an evident benefit.

The instrument, in this operation, is passed through the meatus and the anterior or inferior part of the tympanum. The position of the manubrium of the inalleus demanding this precaution: a little crack will immediately be heard like that which is occasioned in pricking a common drum, particularly if the tube be entirely closed, as the sound will then be more acute, from the rapid entrance of the air. The instru ment must not penetrate far into the tympanum, lest it should pierce its vascular lining; and the escape of blood injure the operation.

The

4. We come now to the more numerous and important diseases of the internal ear.—It is evident that deafness often exists when no apparent cause or morbid affection appears; and that it arises from a nervous insensibility, in some cases, which no surgical aid can remove. tympanum will appear perfect, and exercise, apparently, its usual functions; and the secretions of the meatus seem healthy. In some cases, complaint is made of great noises in the head, and, as they often correspond with the beating of the pulse, this has been traced to a peculiar perception of the pulsation of the arteries. The organic causes of some of these diseases are even traceable to the brain. Where the deafness has been preceded by local inflammation in the head, evacuants, particularly local ones, are generally prescribed; such as the application of leaches and blisters to the neck and behind the ears; and the general antiphlogistic plan should be pursued more or less, according to the nature of the plerothic symptoms.

Imperfect circulation, on the other hand, and general debility, will sometimes be the cause of deafness; when the usual stimulants of electricity and galvanism have been found effectual, and stimulating liquids may be cautiously dropped into the car. In the swelling, or enlargement of neighbouring parts of the head or

reck, through scrophulous or syphilitic affections, these disorders, of course, must be attended to, as the root of the disorganisation.

Mr. Saunders has described, at some length, one of the most common and important diseases, connected both with the external and internal ear; and, at the same time, one of the most common causes of deafness that occur. We mean the puriform discharge, or 'running,' as it is popularly called, from the tympanum. He considers it under three states or stages: 1. A simple puriform discharge. 2. A puriform discharge, complicated with fungi and polypi. 3. A puriform discharge, with a caries of the tympanum. The time of transition from one of these stages to another is quite uncertain. In some instances, years do not affect it; and, in others, it seems to advance, almost at once, to a carious state, of the bone.

This puriform discharge from the tympanum, he insists, is a local disease, and does not depend on any disordered state of the constitution: general remedies are, therefore, inefficacious. But, as a bad state of health. is unfavorable to the healing of any parts, so, in this particular complaint, any disordered condition of the habit should be corrected. The chief dependence is to be placed on direct applications to the parts affected. Injections of vitriolated zinc, acetate of lead, &c., are very efficacious in suppressing the discharge; and their effects may be aided by the external employment of blisters and setons. The fungous and polypous excrescences must be removed or destroyed by mechanical means; they are only incidental occurrences, and their removal reduces the disease to the first stage.

The deafness during the continuance of this discharge is sometimes very considerable, when the real injury which the organ has sustained is trivial. In the first stage, the mere thickening of parts, or the collection of the discharge, must impede the action of the intervening machinery. between the external and internal parts of the ear; and, in the second, the mechanical obstruction of the funguses or polypi excludes the pulses of sound. On this account there is often a remarkable increase of the power of hearing, when the discharge is suppressed in the first and second stages. But as the parts are invisible, it is difficult, if not impracticable, to decide à priori, how far the power of hearing can be restored. This, however, is no valid objection to attempt ing the cure. The sense will not be rendered worse by a failure; and if the discharge should be stopped, the disease which caused it is removed, the organ safe from farther injury, and the patient freed from an offensive malady. In the last stage, the sense is almost, if not totally, destroyed; and although the discharge be stopped, the patient's hearing will be very little, if at all, improved.

ceiving, as is really the case, that it produces the augmentation of deafness, is tempted to remove it. But nothing stimulative, nor any rude attempts, can be safe, for there is great danger of reproducing the discharge. Having learned that a discharge has pre-existed, it will be expedient to leave it to spontaneous separation. Saunders's Anatomy and Diseases of the Ear.

This is frequently the disorder of the ear, attended with violent inflammations of the tympanum, and even with delirium; remarkably resembling, in its fluctuations, the tooth-ache, and often popularly but most improperly treated with similar stimulating applications. Parents and individuals who have the care of children cannot be too observant of the nature of frequent discharges from the ear, and should apply early for a good medical opinion as to their cause. DEAL, v. a., v. n. & n. s. DEAL'ER, n. s. DEALING, n. s.

Sax. dæl; Goth.

dail; Teut. deil; Belg. dalen, from

As a

Gr. duλay, says Minsheu, to distribute or divide.
These are clearly the leading ideas of the word
in all its various applications. To separate and
distribute in portions; to dispose of in parts;
to scatter; to give to different persons.
neuter verb, to trade; to transact business; and
hence, to negociate and mediate an intercourse
between different parties; taking various pre-
positions, as to deal by, deal in, and deal with.
As a substantive, it expresses the part or quan-
tity divided or distributed; the act or practice
of apportioning out a pack of cards; a plank of
fir, divided, split, or sawn out from the tree. A
dealer is a trader, or distributer of various com-
modities for profit. Dealing, the practise of
trading, and hence any kind of business, trans ac-
tion, or intercourse.

Deal thy bread to the hungry, and bring the poor that are cast out to thy house. Isaiah lviii. 7.

And with the one lamb, a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil.

Exod. xxix. 40.

The treacherous dealer dealeth treacherously, and
the spoiler spoileth.
Isaiah xxi. 2.

He kept his patient a ful great del
In houres by his magike naturel.

Chaucer. Prol. to Cant. Tales. Neither can the Irish, nor yet the English lords, think themselves wronged, nor hardly dealt with, to have that which is none of their own given to them. Spenser's Ireland.

When men's affections do frame their opinions, they are in defence of errour more earnest, a great deal, than, for the most part, sound believers in the

maintenance of truth.

Hooker.

Concerning the dealings of men who administer government, and unto whom the execution of that law belongeth, they have their judge, who sitteth in heaven.

Id.

But this was neither one pope's fault, nor one prince's destiny: he must write a story of the empire, that means to tell of all their dealings in this kind.

When this disease is cured, the tympanum is exposed to the free ingress and egress of the air, and the mucilaginous discharge inspissates, as the mucus of the nose, by the exhalation of its watery parts. By this accident the patient's deafness increases at intervals, for which he often seeks relief. The practitioner, on sounding the raiseth his own credit with both, by pretending greater car, perceives this hardened matter; and con

Raleigh.

Sometimes he that deals between man and man,

interest than he bath in either.

Bacon.

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Whose own hard dealings teach them to suspect

The thoughts of others. Id. What a deal of cold business doth a man mispend the better part of life in' In scattering compliments, and tendering visits. Ben Jonson. If she hated me, I should know what passion to deal with. Sidney. Still in the night she weeps, and her tears fall Down her cheeks along, and none of all Her lovers comfort her. Perfidiously der friends have dealt, and now are enemy.

Donne. On the Lamentat. of Jeremy. Gentlemen were commanded to remain in the country, to govern the people, easy to be dealt with whilst they stand in fear. Hayward.

God's gracious dealings with men, are the aids and auxiliaries necessary to us in the pursuit of piety. Hammond.

Who then shall guide His people? Who defend? Will they not deal Worse with his followers, than with him they dealt? Milton.

I have also found, that a piece of deal, far thicker than one would easily imagine, being purposely interposed betwixt my eye, placed in a room, and the clearer daylight, was not only somewhat transparent, bat appeared quite through a lovely red.

Boyle on Colours.

God did not only exercise this providence towards his own people, but he dealt thus also with other

nations.

Tillotson.

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Wherever I find a great deal of gratitude in a poor man, I take it for granted there would be as much generosity if he were a rich man. Pope.

You wrote to me with the freedom of a friend, dealing plainly with me in the matter of my own trifles. Id.

Among authors, none draw upon themselves more displeasure than those who deal in political matters. Addison.

The business of mankind, in this life, being rather to act than to know, their portion of knowledge is dealt them accordingly. Id.

How can the muse her aid impart, Unskilled in all the terms of art? Or in harmonious numbers put The deal, the shuffle, and the cut? I find it common with these small dealers in wit and learning, to give themselves a title from their first,

adventure.

Id.

Id.

The Scripture forbids even the countenancing a poor man in his cause; which is a popular way of Freventing justice, that some men have dealt in, though without that success which they proposed to themselves. Atterbury.

True logick is not that noisy thing that deals all in dispute, to which the former ages had debased it. Watts's Logick.

How Spain prepares her banners to unfold, And Rome deals out her blessings and her gold. Tickell.

The nightly mallet deals resounding blows.

Gay.

Nature seldom forms an universal genius; but deals out her favours in the present state with a parsimonious hand. Mason.

I do readily admit that a great deal of the wars, seditions, and troubles of the world did formerly turn upon the contention between interests that went by the names of protestant and catholic. Burke.

The Goth, the Christian, Time, War, Flood, and
Fire

Have dealt upon the seven-hilled city's pride;
She saw her glories star by star expire,
And up the steep barbarian monarchs ride,
Where the car climbed the capitol.

Byron.

DEAL, in carpentry, a thin kind of fir plank, formed by sawing the trunk of a tree into a great many longitudinal divisions, of greater or less thickness according to the purposes it is intended to serve. A good method of seasoning planks for deal, is to throw them into salt water as soon as they are sawed, and keep them there three or four days, frequently turning them. In this case they will be rendered much harder, by drying afterwards in the air and sun; but neither this, nor any other method yet known, will preserve them from shrinking. Rods of deal expand laterally, or cross the grain, in moist weather, and contract again in dry.

DEAL, in geography, a market town and seaport of Kent, between Dover and Sandwich, and supposed to be the Dola of Nennius, and situated on a flat and level coast. The town of Deal, except it may be the sea's shrinking a little from it, is in much the same condition in which it ever was, even from the earliest accounts. Dr. Halley has proved, in his Miscellanea Curiosa, that Julius Cæsar landed here, August 26th, A. A. C. 55. The great conveniency of landing has been of infinite service to the place; so that it is large and populous, divided into the upper and lower towns, adorned with many buildings, and is in effect the principal place on the Downs. To the south of the town is a castle, surrounded by a ditch; it consists, chiefly of a round tower, containing apartments for the captain and other The batteries and marofficers, and a battery. tello towers, constructed during the late war, command from the eminences, every access to the shore. Anchors, cables, &c., are always ready to

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