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Richepin, Jean, zhòn resh-păr, French poet and dramatist: b. Medéah, Algeria, 4 Feb. 1849. He began the study of medicine with his father, a physician, but gave it up and entered the Ecole Normale in the Department of Literature. After 1870 he engaged in journalism, editing 'L'Est, and contributing to 'Mot d'Ordre, the 'Corsaire' and 'Vérité,' in which latter he published Les Etapes d'un Refractaire.' Shortly afterward he published 'Chanson des Gueux, for which he was fined and obliged to spend a month in prison, during which time he wrote Morts bizarres.' Works of this character have placed him among the most advanced of the naturalistic school; the boldness of his expression and the license of his subject have brought to him both applause and condemnation. In reply to criticism he admitted in 1881, in defense of his works, that his coarseness was perhaps unnecessary and repugnant, but not immoral. His works include verses under titles such as Caresses' (1877); Blasphèmes' (1884); 'La Mer' (1886); Mes Paradis (1894): of romances Madame Andre) (1874); Sophie Monnier' (1884); Césarine) (1888); Braves Gens' (1888), besides many others; and of dramas Nana Sahib' (1882); 'Monsieur Scapin' (1886); Le Flibustier (1888); 'Par le Glaive (1892); Vers la Joie (1894); Chemineau' (1897). He published also a work entitled 'Théâtre Chimérique) (1896) in 27 acts in prose and verse.

Richfield, rich'feld, Utah, county-seat of Sevier County; on Rio Grande Western railroad; 135 miles south of Salt Lake City. It was incorporated in 1878. It is the centre of an agricultural and stock-raising region. The public school system includes a high school founded in 1896; there is also an association library. Pop. (1910) 2,128.

Richfield Springs, N. Y., village in Otsego County; on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railroad; about one mile from Schuyler Lake, 25 miles south by east of Utica, and 13 miles north by west of Cooperstown. It is in a productive agricultural region; but the village is a well-known health resort on account of its large number of mineral springs. It is also

VOL. 18- I

a famous summer resort. Nearby are many places of attraction, as Otsego Lake and vicinity. It has several small manufacturing establishments which more than supply local needs. The place was settled about the middle of the 18th century, but a permanent settlement was not made until after the Revolution. It was one of the favorite localities of the Indian tribes of eastern New York. Pop. (1910) 1,503.

lin County; on the Missisquoi River, and on the Richford, rich'ford, Vt., village in FrankCentral Vermont and Canadian Pacific R.R.'s; settled in 1795 and incorporated as a village in 45 miles northeast of Burlington. It was first 1878. The village is built on both sides of the lumber interests exceed all others in imporriver which affords good water power; the tance, and there are several lumber, saw, and planing mills. It is also in a maple sugar and agricultural region, and has a good trade, being a port of entry from Canada. It contains a high school. Pop. (1910) 2,907.

Richibucto, rish-e-bük'tō, formerly Liverpool, Canada, the capital of Kent County, New Brunswick, at the mouth of Richibucto River, 46 miles northeast of Saint John. It is a port of entry and the eastern terminus of a branch line connecting with the Intercolonial Railway at Kent Junction. The river is navigable for 15 miles, and there is a considerable export trade in lumber and fish, Shipbuilding is carried on.

Richland (rich'land) Center, Wis., city, county-seat of Richland County; on Pine River and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad; 55 miles north-northwest of Madison. It was settled in 1849 and was made the countyseat in 1852. It is the centre of an agricultural. stock-raising, and dairying region, and has a large export trade in flour, cheese, etc. The river furnishes water power for manufacturing; and the city contains flour and saw mills, a tannery, and brick kiln. There is a public high school. Pop. (1910) 2,392.

Richman, rich'man, Irving Berdine, American lawyer and diplomat: b. Muscatine, Iowa, 27 Oct. 1857. He was graduated from the State University of Iowa in 1883 and admitted to the bar in 1885. He was elected to the lower house of the State legislature in 1889 in Switzerland, with residence at Saint Gall, and 1891, and was United States consul-general 1893-8. He has published: John Brown Among the Quakers and Other Sketches' (1894); Appenzell; Pure Democracy and Pastoral Life in Inner Rhoden' (1895); Rhode Island: Its Making and Meaning, a historical work of much importance (1902).

Richmond, rich'mond, Countess of. BEAUFORT, MARGARET.

See

Richmond, Dean, American capitalist: b. Barnard, Vt., 31 March 1804; d. New York 27 Aug. 1866. He engaged successfully in the refining and selling of salt at 15, was a director in a Syracuse bank before he was of age and afterward engaged as a shipping and produce

merchant at Buffalo. He was a leader in the movement which consolidated seven separate corporations into the New York Central Railroad Company in 1853, was its vice-president in 1853-64 and president in 1864-6. He was a recognized political leader but declined public office.

Richmond, Legh, English clergyman: b. Liverpool 29 Jan. 1772; d. Turvey, Bedfordshire, 8 May 1827. He was graduated from Cambridge in 1794, took orders in the Church of England in 1797, and in 1798 became curate of Brading in the Isle of Wight. In 1805 he was appointed chaplain in the Lock Hospital, London, and later in the same year became rector at Turvey, where he remained until his death. He was well known as a leader in the evangelical party, and wrote several tracts which were widely circulated, among them: "The Dairyman's Daughter, of which more than 4,000,000 copies in 19 different languages were circulated; The Negro Servant, etc. He also published: The Fathers of the English Church, or a Selection from the Writings of the Reformers and Early Protestant Divines of the Church of England) (8 vols., 1807-11). Consult: Life, by Grimshawe (1826, edited by Bedell 1846).

Richmond, SIR William Blake, English painter: b. London 29 Nov. 1843. He studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, where he received two silver medals in 1857 and had his portrait of his two brothers hung at the exhibition in 1861. He has traveled extensively in Italy, Greece, and Egypt studying the remains of ancient art, whence he has derived many subjects for his work. From 1878 to 1883 he was Stade professor at Oxford. His works include The Procession of Bacchus) (1865-8); The Life of Women (1870), a series of frescoes for J. S. Hodgson of Haslemere; Electra at the Tomb of Agamemnon' (1877); 'Behold the Bridegroom Cometh (1881); Release of Prometheus (1882); Audience at Athens during the Representation of Agamemnon' (1885), now in the Birmingham Gallery. He has painted portraits of Darwin, Gladstone, Browning, William Morris, Holman Hunt, and Lord Lyttelton. Most notable of his works are the interior decorations and the glass mosaics of St. Paul's Cathedral. This work was executed by a staff trained under his personal supervision. He is an earnest advocate of the development of mosaic work in England, believing that this art should be applied only in the country and under the conditions of light in which the finished product is to remain. In 1895 he became a Royal Academician, and has been professor of painting at the Royal Academy. Consult his article on Mosaics in Vol. XXXI. of the New Volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Richmond, Australia, a city of Victoria, suburban to Melbourne (q.v.). Pop. 38,000.

Richmond, Canada, the capital of Wolfe and Richmond counties, Quebec, 76 miles east of Montreal, on the Saint Francis River, an affluent of the Saint Lawrence. Its chief institution is Saint Francis College, affiliated to McGill University. The town has railway works, machine shops, and other industrial establishments.

Richmond, England, an ancient town in the county and 42 miles northwest of York (North Riding), on the left bank of the Swale. In and around the town are numerous interesting remains of antiquity, the most remarkable of which is the castle, comprising an area of nearly six_acres, and one of the most majestic ruins in England; its great tower, about 100 feet high, is a fine and very perfect specimen of the Norman keep.

Richmond, Ind., city, county-seat of Wayne County; on the Whitewater River, and on the Pittsburg, C., C. & St. L., the Grand Rapids & I. R.R.'s; 68 miles east of Indianapolis and 70 miles northwest of Cincinnati. The Richmond Interurban and the Dayton & Western traction lines connect the city with all nearby places. Richmond was settled and platted in 1816 by Friends from North Carolina. It was incorporated in 1834 and chartered as a city in 1840. The city has about 300 manufacturing establishments, employing about 3,500 persons. The chief manufactures are threshers, drills, plows, engines, boilers, carriages, milling machinery, clothing, flour, and dairy products. It is the commercial and industrial centre of a large portion of the county. It has a number of fine public buildings, chief of which are the churches and schools. There are 26 churches, 10 public school buildings, two Roman Catholic parish schools, and one Lutheran parish school. Other educational institutions are Earlham College (Friends), Saint Mary's Academy (R. C.), one business college, and the Morrison-Reeves Free Public Library. The Eastern Indiana Insane Hospital, a State institution, is located here; also other charitable institutions. three National banks have a combined capital of $350,000; the annual amount of business is $2,400,000. The government is vested in a mayor and a council of 14 members elected biennially by the people. The metropolitan police board is appointed by the governor. Pop. (1910) 22,324.

B. F. WISSLER, Editor Sun-Telegram.

The

Richmond, Ky., city, county-seat of Madison County; on the Louisville & N. and the Louisville & A. R.R.'s; about 25 miles southsoutheast of Lexington and 135 miles eastsoutheast of Louisville. It is in an agricultural region; in the vicinity is found an excellent building stone. The chief manufactures are tobacco and dairy products, and the trade is chiefly in farm and tobacco products, cattle, and horses. Its educational institutions are Madison Institute, under the auspices of the Church of the Disciples, Walter's Collegiate Institute, a Presbyterian institution, and public elementary schools. One of the most desperate battles of the Civil War was fought at Richmond. The Confederate forces under E. Kirby Smith defeated a much larger Federal force under Manson and Nelson. Pop. (1890) 5,073; (1900) 4,658; (1910) 5,340.

Richmond (Ky.), Battle of, the most decisive Confederate victory of the Civil War. On 14 Aug. 1862 Gen. E. Kirby Smith left Knoxville, Tenn., to unite with Gen. Bragg in northern Kentucky. He passed through Big Creek Gap of the Cumberland Mountains and, leaving Gen. Stevenson's division to observe

the Union forces at Cumberland Gap, penetrated Kentucky with about 6,000 men. Preceded by Col. J. S. Scott's cavalry force of 900 men, he moved in the direction of Frankfort, threatening both Louisville and Cincinnati. Gen. Lew Wallace, with a regiment, hastened from Louisville to Lexington, and there found other forces, over which he was placed in command; new regiments came from north of the Ohio; but as Wallace was about to move forward and oppose Smith he was superseded by Gen. Nelson, who had been ordered by Gen. Buell to take charge of affairs in Kentucky. Upon his arrival Nelson organized the troops at Lexington into a division of three brigades, under Gens. M. D. Manson, Charles Cruft, and J. S. Jackson; and hearing that the Confederates were approaching, he sent forward some Kentucky cavalry to oppose them. There were several sharp cavalry affairs, in which the Union cavalry showed such aggression that Kirby Smith determined to make an immediate attack upon the Union forces at Richmond, although his troops were jaded by long and laborious marches, and Gen. Heth's division of 4,000 men was still far to the rear. He had for the attack Cleburne's and Churchill's divisions of 6,000 men and Scott's cavalry brigade of about 850, and the advance was ordered for the morning of 30 August. Scott's cavalry encountered Manson's brigade about half a mile south of Rogersville, and Cleburne, coming up with two brigades, attacked Manson, who, reinforced by a regiment of Cruft's brigade and a battery, endeavored to turn Cleburne's right, but was repulsed. Meanwhile Churchill's division had come to Cleburne's support; a brigade flanked Manson's right and drove it back in disorder; and as the rout became general, another of Cruft's regiments came up, but was quickly repulsed with heavy loss. Another position was taken farther to the rear, where the troops were under partial cover, with artillery on the flanks. This the Confederates soon attacked; Churchill's division struck Cruft's brigade, which was on the right, and drove it back in disorder; and Cleburne advancing in front, Manson's entire line went back, the Confederates in close pursuit. Manson had but partially formed another line in front of Richmond, when Gen. Nelson came on the field and selected a new line near the town and cemetery; and the troops, barely 2,200 in number, had scarcely taken position when the Confederates were upon them in flank and front, fired about three volleys, and the Union troops gave way in utter rout. Early in the day Scott's cavalry had gained the road in rear of Richmond, and the knowledge of the fact increased the demoralization. Nelson, wounded, narrowly escaped to Lexington and thence to Louisville. Manson was wounded and taken prisoner, with over 4,000 of his men, while nine guns, over 6,000 muskets, and the entire wagon-train were lost. The fragments of the army made their way to Louisville. The Union troops engaged numbered 6,500 raw men; the Confederates about 6,800 veteran troops. The Union loss was 206 killed, 844 wounded, and 4,303 captured or missing, an aggregate of 5,353. The Confederate loss was 78 killed, 372 wounded, and one missing, an aggregate of 461. Gen. Heth, with his division of 4,000 men, joined Smith after the battle, and marched to Lexing

ton, where he arrived 2 September, and the legislature, then in session at Frankfort, fled to Louisville. Heth marched northward to Cynthiana, and to within a few miles of Covington, to threaten Cincinnati, which he found too well defended to attack, and being in turn threatened, he withdrew to join Smith, who waited at Lexington to join forces with Gen. Bragg, then operating against Gen. Buell. (See PERRYVILLE, BATTLE OF.) Consult: (Official Records,' Vol. XVI.; Van Horne, 'History of the Army of the Cumberland, Vol. I.; The Cen-.. tury Company's 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. III. E. A. CARMAN.

Richmond, Maine, town in Sagadahoc County, on the Kennebec River and on the Maine Central railroad, 37 miles north-northeast of Portland. It was first settled in 1700; in 1719-20 a fort was erected here for the defense of the settlers against the Indians; this fort twice resisted attack, and was finally dismantled in 1754. The town was incorporated in 1823. The chief industries of the town include a cotton mill and shoe factory, ice cutting, and agriculture; there are also saw and planing mills and some trade in lumber. The town has a public high school, with which the Richmond Academy (incorporated 1861) was united, and also a public library. Pop. (1890) 1,394; (1900) 2,097; (1910) 1,858.

Richmond, Mo., city, county-seat of Ray County; on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé railroad; 58 miles southeast of St. Joseph. The county-seat was removed to Richmond from Bluffton in 1827. It is the centre of a fertile agricultural and stock-raising region; and there are coal mines in the vicinity which yield excellent quality of bituminous coal. It also has wagon and plow factories, flour mills, and a foundry. It contains the county court-house, and has electric lights and modern waterworks. It is well provided with educational facilities, having two public high schools, of which one,

the Lincoln high, is for colored pupils; and is also the seat of Woodson Institute, a coeducational secondary school under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Pop. (1910) 3,664.

Richmond, Va., city, port of entry, capital of the State; county-seat of Henrico County; on the James River, the Richmond-Washington Line, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Chesapeake & Ohio, the Seaboard Air Line, and the Southern R.R.'s; about 115 miles almost due south of Washington, D. C., and 90 miles from the mouth of the river at Chesapeake Bay. Area 4.85 square miles, but including the suburbs, 16 square miles. The surface is hilly, rising from the river and the valley of Shockoe Creek in a series of hills, almost terrace-like in formation, until it reaches altitudes of from 170 to 250 feet above sea-level, at which altitudes there are plateaus constituting the principal residential sections. It was originally built on seven hills, and was often called the "Modern Rome." In 1842, when Charles Dickens visited the city, it had extended its limits to another hill, and he wrote of it as "delightfully situated on eight hills overhanging James River."

Regular lines of steamers, the Virginia Navigation Company and Old Dominion, connect

the city with Atlantic and Chesapeake ports, and furnish a cheap outlet for shipping products to other parts of the United States and to foreign ports. James River (q.v.) furnishes water power which is used extensively for manufacturing and of the total horse-power 14,000 utilized, 10,000 horse-power being electrically developed, it propels the entire street car system and supplies the electric lights of the city. Severai bridges (four railroad and two for vehicles, street cars and foot passengers) cross the river and connect the city with Manchester, and beyond its suburbs with Forest Hill Park, Bonair, Granite, Spring Hill, and other places. A seventh is being constructed especially for the street

cars.

There are about 120 miles of streets, 40 miles of which are sewered, and about 30 paved. The streets are all fairly wide. Main, the chief thoroughfare, is a broad, well-built street; Broad is the widest street in the city; Grace and West Franklin, as well as some of the suburbs, are residential sections. The water supply, which when clear is most excellent for domestic and all other purposes, is obtained from the James River at two points above the city. The water is pumped into two reservoirs from which it is piped for distribution throughout the city, and an extensive settling basin and system for insuring its clarification at all times is being pushed to completion. The natural drainage makes the city healthful, and warm winters and temperate summers attract many home seekers who desire a mild climate.

Industries.-The chief industries of the city are connected with the preparation of tobacco for local use and for shipment to outside markets. The Federal census of 1900 gives 49 establishments for the manufacturing of tobacco; the amount of capital invested, $3,054,450, and the value of the products for the year mentioned, $10,537,803. There were 5,666 employees, to whom were paid $1,506,090 wages for the same year. The establishments were 17 smoking and chewing tobacco factories, 22 cigarette and cheroot factories, and 10 stemmeries and packing houses. The foundries and machine shops number 18 establishments, with invested capital, $5,164,103; and the annual value of products $2,594,186. There were six establishments engaged in preparing fertilizers for market. The invested capital was $2,163,731, and the value of the products, $1,045,063. Other manufacturing establishments were wagon and carriage works, lumber mills, railroad car factory, confectionery factory, and baking powder works. In 1909 the city contained 380 manufacturing establishments which represented 100 different industries. The capital invested in manufacturing concerns was $30,660,000; there were 26,998 persons employed, and the annual wages amounted to $8,307,000. The amount paid for raw material the, same year was $24,252,000; and the total product for the year was valued at $47,358,000.

Commerce.-The location and the facilities for transportation make Richmond the commercial centre of a large extent of southeastern Virginia, and an important point of distribution for the Carolinas and adjoining Southern States. For the year ending 30 June 1909, the custom house records showed the amount of imports as $696,984; but these figures are entirely misleading as a measure of its foreign trade, as

its imports and exports are principally cleared through the custom-houses of New York and other northern ports. The amount of trade with the United States Atlantic coast cities and the cities and towns of the interior of the State is very large.

Banking and Finances.-The city had over 30 banking institutions in 1910, including 6 national banks. There were also state banks, savings banks, trust companies, private bankers and brokers, and loan and deposit companies. The amount of exchanges of the Richmond clearing house for the year ending Sept. 30, 1910, was $385,865,200; total resources of State and national banks, about $35,000,000. The assessed valuations of the city in 1910 were, real, $44,560,516; personal, $37,063.705; total, $137,516,468. The receipts for a single year a decade ago were something over $1,875,000; and the expenditures a little less. The chief items of expense in the budget for 1904 were, to the sinking fund for interest and redemption, $473,311.26; a special appropriation of $20,000 for opening and widening streets and one of $50,000 for a new gas holder in west end are also in this budget; for schools, $179,743.74; police department, $113,100; fire department, $116,150; waterworks, $78,385; gas works, $191,500; streets, $183,010. The net public debt was (1910) $8,804,263. The municipal assets, including waterworks, gas plant, city-hall, parks, market-houses, school buildings, etc., were valued at $8,000,000; and there was to the credit of the sinking fund in bonds and cash something over $830,000.

Public Buildings, Parks, and Monuments.Richmond is historic ground and her noted public buildings are valued more on account of their association than for the architectural merits which they possess. Capitol Square, on Shockoe Hill, has an area of 12 acres. It takes its name from the State Capitol which is on the square. The Capitol was built after a model procured by Thomas Jefferson when he was in France, and which was patterned after Maison Quarries of Nismes, an ancient Roman temple, only changing the columns from the Corinthian to the Ionic. The corner-stone was laid in 1785, and on 19 Oct. 1789, the eighth anniversary of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, the Virginia State Legislature convened in the new Capitol. The model for the Capitol sent from France by Jefferson is still in the building. In the rotunda is the most valuable piece of marble in America, Houdon's statue of Washington, modeled from life. The General Assembly of Virginia (19031904) appropriated $250,000 for the purpose of adding wings to the east and west sides of this building, for steps to the imposing portico at the southern end, and for some interior improvements. These additions will be in harmony with the architectural style of the original building, will preserve its most characteristic features and furnish additional room, much needed by the General Assembly and the various State departments.

On the same square is the library building, which contains the parole signed by Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, the original Virginia Bill of Rights, and the Virginia ordinance of secession. The executive mansion is on this square, on land which was once a part of Nathaniel Bacon's plantation. The old building known as the Bell House has many interesting associations.