RIDGWAY.

There are nine churches, public schools, and one private school for boys. Located here is the House of Divine Providence for Incurable Patients, in charge of Sisters of Charity. The water supply is obtained from artesian wells. The roads in the vicinity are excellent, and the scenery in general, together with the numerous groves and small streams, make it a most charming locality. In the vicinity are many points of historic interest, their histories dating back to pre-Revolutionary days. Pop. (1890) 1,047; (1900) 2,685; (1910) 5,416.

Ridgway, rĭdj'wa, Robert, American naturalist: b. Mount Carmel, Ill., 2 July 1850. He was zoologist to the United States geological exploration of the fortieth parallel under Člarence King in 1867-9, and since 1880 has been curator of the division of birds in the National Museum at Washington. He was one of the founders in 1883 of the American Ornithologists' Union, of which he later became president. He served as a member of the committee at the first International Ornithological Congress at Vienna in 1885, and of that at Budapest in 1891. He is author of: A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists (1886); Manual of North American Birds (1887); Birds of North and Middle America (1901-2); etc.

Ridgway, Pa., borough, capital of Elk County; on the Clarion River, and on the Buffalo, R. & P. and the Pennsylvania R.R.'s; about 150 miles northeast of Pittsburg and 115 miles southeast of Erie. It is in a region devoted mainly to lumbering and agriculture. The chief industrial establishments are lumber mills, sash, door, and blind factories, flour and grist mills, machine shops, engine and boiler works, and dry kilns. There are other manufactories whose products are mining materials, proprietary medicines, and tobacco products. The educational institutions are public and parish elementary schools, a public library, and a private business school. Pop. (1910) 5,408.

Riding and Driving. See HORSES, RIDING AND DRIVING.

Ridley, rid'li, Nicholas, English ecclesiastic and martyr: b. about 1500; d. Oxford 16 Oct. 1555. He was graduated from Cambridge in 1521-2, later studied at the Sorbonne, Paris, and at the University of Louvain. Returning to Cambridge as proctor to the university, as such he advocated the claims of King Henry VIII. to the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the realm. Through the patronage of Archbishop Cranmer he became one of the king's chaplains; in 1540 he became master of Pembroke Hall, in 1541 canon of Canterbury, and in 1545 an additional canonry of Westminster was conferred upon him. In 1547 he was elevated to the see of Rochester. In 1550, on the deprivation of Bonner, Ridley was made bishop of London, and distinguished himself by his tempered zeal in favor of Protestantism, and especially by his liberality and kindness toward the family of his predecessor. In 1553 in a sermon before Edward VI. he made an appeal for the destitute London poor, and as a result of subsequent conferences the king and corporation of London determined to build Christ's Hospital, St. Thomas' Hospital, and Bethlehem Hospital. On the death of Edward he was induced to listen to those who

RIEDESEL

attempted to secure the Protestant ascendency by placing the Lady Jane Grey upon the throne. The defeat of this scheme, the active part he had taken in the establishment in the new discipline and the construction of the liturgy, together with his connection with Cranmer, marked Ridley out as one of the most prominent opponents of Queen Mary. He was arrested and sent to the Tower 20 July 1553. In the spring of 1554 he was removed to Oxford, and being brought before the royal commissioners and refusing to recant he was excommunicated. His further trial progressed slowly. The next year parliament passed penal laws against heretics and under these he was summoned to trial. His condemnation followed upon his admitting the truth of the principal charges against him, and he was burnt at the stake in company with Hugh Latimer.

In

Rid'path, John Clark, American educator and historian: b. Putnam County, Indiana, 26 April 1840; d. New York 1 Aug. 1900. He was graduated from Asbury University, Indiana, in 1863, and in 1864 was appointed principal of the academy at Thornton, Ind. In 1866 he was superintendent of public instruction for Lawrenceburg, Ind., and in 1867-9 professor of languages at Baker University, Baldwin City, Kan. 1869 he was appointed to the chair of English at Asbury, and in 1879 became vice-president of the university. The endowment of $2,000,000 bestowed upon the university by Mr. De Pauw, was secured largely through Ridpath's efforts, and under his management it received its new name of De Pauw. After his resignation from the university he devoted himself to literature. He was one of the editors of the 'People's Cyclopædia' (1881), and published 'Academic History of the United States' (1874-5); 'Popular History of the United States (1877); Life of James A. Garfield' (1882); Cyclopædia of Universal History) (1880-4); Great Races of Mankind' (1893); 'Life and Times of Gladstone (1898); History of the United States' (1900); etc.

Riedesel, re'dě-zěl, Frederica Charlotte Louisa (VON MASSOw): b. Brandenburg 1746; d. Berlin 29 March 1808. She was the wife of Baron Riedesel (q.v.), and accompanied her After Burgoyne's surhusband to America. render she resided for a year at Cambridge, Mass., where a street has since been named in her honor; and later at Charlottesville, Va. She wrote graphic descriptions of the campaign and subsequent events, published after her death by her son-in-law, Count von Reuss, and translated inadequately into English in 1827 (Letters and Memoirs Relating to the War of American Independence, and the Capture of the British Troops at Saratoga'), and worthily by W. L. Stone in 1867 (Letters and Journals Relating to the War of the American Revolution').

Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, FREIHERR ZU EISENBACH, German soldier: b. Lauterbach, Rhine Hesse, 3 June 1738; d. Brunswick 6 Jan. 1800. He studied at the Marburg law school, but before the completion of his course enlisted in a regiment of Hessian infantry as vice-ensign, and soon afterward went to England with his regiment, which had been made part of the British army, and was billeted on a town near London. There he became fairly pro

ficient in English. On the outbreak of the Seven Years' war in 1756, the regiment was summoned to Germany, and Riedesel was assigned to the immediate staff of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick. Shortly after the outbreak of the American Revolution, England negotiated with several of the petty sovereigns of Germany for some 20,000 troops. Of these about 4,000 were from Brunswick. Riedesel was promoted major-general and placed in command of the Brunswick contingent, and on 1 June 1776 he reached Quebec. A thorough disciplinarian, he practised his troops in the American mode of fighting, particularly in rapidity of firing, in which the Continentals were much more efficient. He accompanied Burgoyne (q.v.) on the ill-fated expedition of 1777, distinguished himself at Ticonderoga, and at Hubbardton brought up reinforcements and dispersed the Americans. At Freeman's Farm 19 Sept. 1777, he saved the British from rout by arriving with his Brunswickers; and, after the action on 7 October, had his counsels prevailed, Burgoyne would probably have made a successful retreat to Canada. He was taken prisoner at Saratoga 17 October, exchanged in 1779, and in that year appointed to a command on Long Island. In 1783 he returned to Germany, in 1787 was promoted lieutenant-general, and in 1788 commanded the Brunswick portion of the army sent from Germany to Holland to assist the Stadtholder. From 1794 until his death he was commandant of the town of Brunswick. The 'Leben und Wirken des General-Lieutenants F. A. Riedesel, nebst vielen Original-Correspondenzen und historischen Aktenstüken,' by von Eelking, appeared in 1856. An abridged translation into English by W. L. Stone was published in 1868. It affords a most complete and accurate account of Burgoyne's expedition, as well as a clear view of contemporary affairs in Canada.

Riel, re-el', Louis, Canadian insurgent: b. St. Boniface, Manitoba, 23 Oct. 1844; d. Regina, Northwest Territory, 16 Nov. 1885. He belonged to the Mitis race of Franco-Indians, and as protégé of Archbishop Taché, was educated at the Jesuit College at Montreal. In 1869 he took part in the protest raised by the native tribes against the establishment of Canadian authority in the territories lately acquired from the Hudson Bay Company, and was elected president of a provisional government established at Fort Garry. The rebellion was suppressed the next year by a force under Sir Garnet Wolseley and Riel fled from the territory. In 1873 he was elected to the Dominion parliament for Provencher, but was not permitted to take his seat, and after two subsequent reelections a warrant of outlawry was issued against him and he was sentenced in 1875 to five years' banishment with forfeiture of political rights. In 1884-5 he headed a party of halfbreeds in another insurrection, which was soon suppressed. Riel was taken prisoner, convicted of treason, and executed. See RIEL'S REBEL

country by the Dominion government and the government sales of land to incoming settlers would dispossess them of their homesteads. In June 1884 Louis Riel, the half-breed leader of the abortive outbreak of 1869–70, returned by invitation from Montana and put himself at the head of the movement. At a gathering at Saint Laurent, on the Saskatchewan, September 1884, a "Bill of Rights" was adopted asking that the half-breeds should receive the same grant of 240 acres per capita that had already been given (1870) to their kinsmen in the province of Manitoba. With this demand were coupled more extravagant pretensions to further reservations of land and grants of money. Various petitions had already been sent to the Dominion government in behalf of the half-breed claims. A commission had been appointed to consider them, but the whole matter aroused so little public attention in Canada that the news of the actual revolt in March 1885 came with alarming suddenness. On the 17th of that month_the_metis formed a provincial government, with Louis Riel (q.v.) as president, Gabriel Dumont as adjutantgeneral, and a numerous council. All obtainable stores were seized, supplies on the way to Prince Albert intercepted, and the telegraph wires cut. At the same time every effort was made to arouse the Indians of the Saskatchewan district, detachments of whom, under Beardy and One-Arrow, at once joined the rebels. The only forces immediately available to cope with the outbreak were about 500 mounted police, scattered in small detachments over the Northwest Territory, of whom some 200 men of all ranks were distributed between Prince Albert, Fort Carlton, Battleford, and Fort Pitt. The rebels demanded the surrender of Fort Carlton, a mounted police post on the North Saskatchewan, 40 miles above Prince Albert, held by Major Crozier with a handful of men. Crozier refused, and succeeded in communicating with Prince Albert, and obtaining a reinforcement of 40 volunteers. With the help of these he attempted (26 March) to secure the stores from Duck Lake, a post a few miles distant. Here occurred the first bloodshed of the rising. The rebels attacked Crozier near Duck Lake, and forced him to retire to Carlton with a loss of 12 killed and 12 wounded. The mounted police burned the fort at Carlton and retired to Prince Albert. The news of the fight at Duck Lake occasioned intense excitement throughout Canada. Immediate steps were taken to despatch an adequate force of militia to the northwest. General Sir Frederick Middleton, the commander-inchief, was already on his way. On the 28th of March there was a general call to arms of the militia forces, picked troops from the different regiments being at once forwarded to the front. Various corps of scouts, rangers, cavalry, etc., were specially organized. Eighteen hundred troops started from Ontario and Quebec within six days of the call to arms, and within a month 3,000 men had been transported to the northwest and 1,500 raised in Manitoba and the territories. The area of operations was the valley of the Saskatchewan River, whose north branch runs from west to east through the district of the same name at a distance of about 200 miles north of the Canadian Pacific Railroad and roughly par allel with its course. On this river were the important posts of Prince Albert, Battleford. sit

nated about 160 miles farther up the river, and Fort Pitt, also on the river, 120 miles northwest of Battleford. The main body of rebels had established themselves at Batoche, on the South Saskatchewan, a river flowing from the southwest to meet its confluent on a long V-shaped angle. Mustering his forces at Qu'Appelle and Swift Current, Middleton resolved to strike into the rebel territory in two columns. The main column, under Middleton, was to move northward on Clark's Crossing, a ferry station on the Saskatchewan about 40 miles by trail from Batoche. A second, under Lieutenant Colonel Otter, was to march from Swift Current (140 miles west of Qu'Appelle) to the relief of Battleford. A third force, gathered at Calgary, was to descend the route of the North Saskatchewan from Edmonton, thus reaching Fort Pitt. Meantime the position of affairs appeared extremely critical. Some 500 Indians in the neighborhood of Battleford had risen under Poundmaker, a Cree chief, laid seige to the stockade fort in which the whites had taken refuge, and plundered the stores of the town. Near Fort Pitt the Indians had also risen under Big Bear, and at Frog Lake, a post about 30 miles distant, on Good Friday (3 April), they plundered the stores and shot down nine persons in cold blood. The news of the massacre spread terror through out the unprotected valley of the upper river, the settlers fleeing toward Edmonton. Many of the deserted houses were looted and burned. The advance was carried out with admirable success. The main column, the Royal Grenadiers, A Battery and other troops, traversing in forced marches 177 miles of prairie, struck the South Saskatchewan at Clark's Crossing. Advancing northwards down the river, they came upon the rebels strongly posted in a wooded ravine called Fish Creek, in which they had constructed rifle pits. A sanguinary contest ensued (23 April). The rebels, led by Gabriel Dumont, defended themselves stubbornly, but were ultimately dislodged. The loss of the militia was 10 killed and 40 wounded. The second column, under Otter, consisting chiefly of Queen's Own men, left Swift Current 13 April, and after a march of 202 miles successfully relieved the beleaguered fort at Battleford. From there Colonel Otter determined to strike at Poundmaker's reserve, against which he moved on 1 May, with a force of 325 men and three guns. They came upon the Indians in force at Cut Knife Hill, and after a severe engagement were compelled to retire on Battleford, with a loss of 8 killed and 14 wounded. At the same time General Strange, with the third division, marched from Calgary to Edmonton (2 May), and thence directed his forces against Big Bear. Meanwhile General Middleton decided to move forward against the main body of the half-breeds at Batoche. The advanced season rendered possible the navigation of the South Saskatchewan, down which the steamer Northcote, with supplies and munitions, was despatched to join Middleton's column. Batoche was invested by the militia on 9 May, and a four days' fight ensued. The rebels were entrenched in rifle pits along the banks of the river. During the first three days the fighting was desultory, Middleton using his artillery and throwing up earthworks in order to exhaust the ammunition of the half-breeds without unduly exposing his men. The Northcote, that was to

have aided in the attack, steamed down the river under a hot fire on the 9th, but its steering gear being disabled, it drifted past Batoche. On the fourth day a general charge of the militia resulted in a complete victory. The rifle pits and the village of Batoche were taken by storm and Riel and many of his council captured. Dumont escaped to the United States. The loss of the Canadian forces in the four days was 8 killed and 46 wounded; that of the rebels, 51 killed and 173 wounded. With the storming of Batoche the rebellion was virtually at an end. Poundmaker capitulated, and Big Bear fleeing to the north, though offering fight at Frenchman's Butte and Loon Lake, was ultimately captured (2 July). Riel was taken to Regina, where he was tried for treason-felony (July 1885). His counsel attempted to defend him on the ground of insanity. but the plea was unavailing, and he was sentenced to be hanged. Numerous petitions were sent from French Canada in favor of commutation of his sentence, with equally urgent petitions to the contrary from various parts of the Dominion. He was hanged at Regina 16 Nov. 1885, Indians were shortly afterwards hanged at Batmeeting his death with great fortitude. Eight tleford for complicity in the murders at Frog Lake, Fort Pitt and other places. Poundmaker, the Manitoba penitentiary. For further informasentenced to three years' imprisonment, died in tion consult the Official Report on the SuppresAnnual Register) (1885); Reminiscences Lieut.sion of the Rebellion,' Ottawa, 1886; Dominion Col. Bolton' (1886). STEPHEN LEACOCK,

McGill University.

leader: b. about 1313; d. 8 Oct. 1354. The son Rienzi, re-ĕn'zē, Cola di, Roman popular of an innkeeper, he became imbued with a passionate desire to re-establish the glory of ancient Rome on the ruins of the oligarchy under whose rule the people suffered. In 1343 he went to the Pope at Avignon, as the representative of the Roman people, and entreated him to return to Rome and end the misrule of the nobles. The ter returned to Rome, where he began the organPope made Rienzi apostolic notary, and the latization of a widespread movement for the overRienzi summoned an assembly of the people at throw of the aristocracy. On 20 May 1347, the Capitol, and there proposed a new constitution for the state, providing for the arming of the people and the garrisoning of the walls by them, the reform of justice and the equitable distributing of taxes. He became head of the new republic with the title of Tribune of the People, and by means of the popular levies forced the nobles to leave the city. Rienzi's plans included not merely the restoration of the municipal liberties of Rome, but the re-establishment of the ancient Roman state, and to that end he invited the Italian cities to send representatives to Rome for the consideration of the welfare of Italy. Though few cities responded, Rienzi, carried away by power and his own eloquence, caused himself to be crowned tribune 15 August, and bestowed the Roman citizenship on all inhabitants of Italy. The Pope's hostility, however, was aroused by Rienzi's vainglorious attempt to act as arbitrator in the dispute for the imperial throne that was then in progress, and he stirred up the Roman nobles against Rienzi The nobles were defeated, but, Rienzi, dazzled by success, began to play the tyrant, and a second insurrection compelled him to flee the city (15

December). Later he went to Bohemia to secure the aid of Emperor Charles II. for the execution of his plans. The emperor handed Rienzi over to Pope Innocent VI., who, however, recognized how useful the tribune might be to him in crushing the Roman nobility and therefore sent him to Rome with Cardinal Albornoz in 1354. Rienzi's popularity was still great and he easily regained power; once more, however, he fell a victim to excess, perpetrated acts of outrage and oppression, and aroused the hatred of the people. An insurrection, stirred up by the nobles of the house of Colonna and Sarelli, broke out on 8 Oct. 1354. The mob stormed the Capitol, and Rienzi, seized as he was escaping in disguise, was murdered, and his body dragged through the streets. The career of Rienzi is the subject of one of Bulwer-Lytton's novels, Rienzi' (1835) and of Wagner's opera, 'Rienzi, first produced at Dresden 20 Oct. 1842. Consult: Pappencordt, Cola di Rienzo uni seine Zeit (1841); Auriac, 'Etude historique sur Nicolo Rienzo) (1888); Rodocanachi, Cola di Rienzi' (1888).

Rienzi, The Last of the Roman Tribunes, a historical romance by Sir Edward BulwerLytton, published in 1835. It is founded on the career of Cola di Rienzi (q.v.). Bulwer was so impressed with the heroism and force of character of his hero, that at first he meditated writing his biography, instead of a romance founded on his life. The story adheres very closely to the historical facts. Many of the situations and scenes are very strong. The treatment is epic rather than dramatic; and the splendid yet comfortless civilization of the Middle Ages, so picturesque and so squalid, so ecstatic and so base, is vividly delineated. Rienzi is also the subject of a once popular tragedy by Mary Russell Mitford, first published in 1828.

Riesengebirge, re'zěngė - bēr"gė (the Giants' Mountains), part of the Sudetic chain, separating Silesia from Bohemia and Moravia, till it joins the Carpathians. It contains the loftiest mountains of the north or central parts of Germany. Some of the principal summits are Schneekoppe, 5,257 feet high; the Borenberg and the Grand Rad, each 5,156 feet high.

Riet-bok, ret'bok, the Dutch name of a South African species of antelope, Antilope (or Tragelaphus) arundinaceus. It is nearly five feet in length and about three feet high at the shoulder; the horns, about a foot long, are boldly annulated at the base. In color it is of a dull ashy gray, sometimes tinged with red on the upper parts and silvery-gray beneath. As its name (riet-bok, reed-buck) implies, it is found mostly among reeds or coarse long grass. Riff, a name given to the coast districts of northern Morocco extending from Ceuta to the western frontier of Algiers, and forming a line of steep cliffs with few harbors. Its Berber inhabitants were formerly much addicted to piracy, and are still noted for smuggling.

Rifle. See SMALL ARMS.

Rifleman, or Rifle Bird, an Australian forest-bird (Ptilorhis paradiseus), closely related to the birds of paradise and so called because its colors and ornaments reminded the colonists of the old uniform of the British Rifle Brigade. The male is regarded as more splen

did in plumage than any other Australian bird. The upper parts are velvety black, tinged with purple; the under parts velvety black, diversified with olive-green. The crown of the head and the throat are covered with innumerable little specks of emerald green of most brilliant lustre. The tail is black, the two central feathers rich metallic green. The female, as is often the case, is much duller colored than her mate. They obtain their insect food largely from beneath the loose bark of trees, about which they scramble like woodpeckers. Consult Newton, 'Dictionary of Birds' (1893-6).

Rifling. See ORDNANCE.

Rig Veda, rig vä'dä, the oldest of the four Vedas, and therefore the oldest literary monument of the Indo-European races. The term Veda is the ancient Hindu Sanskrit word for knowledge, and the Vedas compose the great body of sacred scripture of the older Hindus, written in an ancient form of Sanskrit. The precise time of composition of the Vedas can not be determined, but it is probable that the Rig Veda was in course of composition as early as 1200 B.C., and some authorities contend that some of the verses must have been composed as early as 1500 B.C., the latest date of composition given for any of the verses being 600 B.C. It is known that the Rig Veda was composed by many different generations, and Max Müller believes that for a long period after its composition it was transmitted orally from one to another, and that it was not set down in writing until a much later date, since it contains no allusion to writing or writing materials. Of the four Vedas the Rig Veda is by far the most important, not only on account of its greater antiquity but also because of the information which it contains. The most authoritative writers state that the sacred hymns of the Rig Veda are repeated in a modified form in the Sama Veda, or chants, and in another form in the Yajur Veda, or ritual, while the fourth and latest of the Vedas, the inferior Atharva Veda, shows great modifications from the hymns of the Rig Veda, due to the introduction of superstitions, magic chants and vulgar charms. The hymns of the Rig Veda, in common with those of the three succeeding ones, are of four classes; the first and most important are the mantras, or sacred utterances, usually in metrical form; the next are the Brahmanas, or explanatory inspired utterances, being the oldest Indo-European bodies of prose; last come the Sutras, or rules of the sacrifice. The Rig Veda consists of 1,017 hymns or short lyric poems, with 10,580 verses. It is written in ten books, of which books ii.-viii. contain each the record of a single family or clan; book i., 15 collections, each attributed to a different poet-sage; book ix. glorifies the sacred drink "Soma," and book x. contains hymns supposed to have been composed by many different authors. The religion was nature worship, the chief objects of adoration being Agni, the god of fire, and Indra or Jupiter Pluvius, the cloud-compeller. The Hindu Triad had not yet arisen. The Rig Veda does not recognize the institution of caste. Beef was eaten. Women held a high position, and some of the hymns were composed by them. The rite of suttee was unknown; the conquest of Indra had