religion, but never went to church; and upon his death-bed, his favourite fervant, defiring him to fend for a minifter, he replied, he had no need of one. Foreigners for fome time afcribed to him the invention of Fluxions, which had been previously discovered by Sir Ifaac Newton. See FLUXIONS, 2-6. (2.) LEIBNITZ, a town of Germany, in Stiria, 16 miles S. of Graz. LEIBNITZIAN PHILOSOPHY, or the philofophy of LEIBNITZ, is a system formed and publifhed by its author in the 17th century, partly in emendation of the Cartefian, and partly in oppofition to the Newtonian. The bafis of Mr Leibnitz's philofophy was that of Des Cartes, though in fome things he differed from him; for he retained the Cartesian fubtile matter with the univerfal plenitude and vortices; and reprefented the universe as a machine, that thould proceed for ever by the laws of mechanism, in the moft perfect ftate, by an abfolute inviolable neceflity. After Sir Ifaac Newton's philofophy was published in 1687, he printed an effay on the celeftial motions, A. Erud. 1689, where he admits of the circulation of ether with Des Cartes, and of gravity with Sir Ifaac Newton; though he has not reconciled these principles, nor fhown how gravity arofe from the impulse of this ether, nor how to account for the planetary revolutions, and the laws of the planetary motions in their refpective orbits. That which he calls the harmonical circulation, is the angular velocity of any one planet, which decreases from the perihelium to the aphelium, in the fame proportion as its diftance from the fun increases; but this law does not apply to the motions of the different planets compared together; because the velocities of the planets, at their mean diftances, decrease in the same proportion as the fquare roots of the numbers expreffing those distances. Befides, his fyftem is defective, as it does not reconcile the circulation of the ether with the free motions of the comets in all directions, or with the obliquity of the planes of the planetary orbits; nor refolve other objections to which the hypothefis of the plenum and vortices is liable. Soon after this period, the difpute commenced concerning the invention of the method of fluxions, which led Mr Leibnitz to take a very decided part in oppofition to the philofophy of Sir Ifaac Newton. From the wifdom and goodness of the Deity, and his principle of a fufficient reason, he concluded that the univerfe was a perfect work, or the best that could poffibly have been made; and that other things, which were incommodious and evil, were permitted as neceffary confequences of what was beft: the material fyftem, confidered as a perfect machine, can never fall into diforder, or require to be fet right; and to fuppofe that God interpofes in it, is to leffen the skill of the author, and the perfection of his work. He exprefsly charges an impious tendency on the philofophy of Sir Ifaac Newton, because he afferts, that the fabric of the univerfe, and course of nature, could not continue for ever in its prefent state, but would require, in procefs of time, to be re-established or renewed by the hand of its former. The perfection of the univerfe, by reafon of which it is capable of continuing for ever by mechanical laws in its present state, let Mr Leibnitz to diftinguish between the quantity of motion and the force of bodies; and, whilft he owns, in oppofition to Des Cartes, that the former varies, to maintain that the quantity of force is for ever the fame in the univerfe, and to measure the forces of bodies by the fquares of their velocities. This fyftem alfo requires the utter exclufion of atoms, or of any perfectly hard and inflexible bodies. The advocates of it allege, that, according to the law of continuity, (as they call a law of nature invented for the fake of the theory,) all changes in nature are produced by infenfible and infinitely fmail degrees; fo that no body can, in any cafe, pafs from motion to rest, or from reft to motion, without pafling throngh all poffible intermediate degrees of motion:" whence they conclude, that atoms, or perfectly hard bodies, are impoflible: because if two of them fhould meet with equal motions in contrary directions, they would neceffarily stop at once, in violation of the law of continuity Mr. Leibnitz propofes two principles as the foundation of all our knowledge; the first, that it is impoffible for a thing to be and not to be at the fame time, which, he fays, is the foundation of fpeculative truth: the other is, that nothing is without a fufficient reafon why it fhould be fo rather than otherwife; and by this principle, according to him, we make a tranfition from abftracted truths to natural philofophy. Hence he concludes, that the mind is naturally determined, in its volitions and elections, by the greatest apparent good, and that it is impoffible to make a choice between things perfectly like, which he calls indifcernibles; whence he infers, that two things perfectly like could not have been produced even by the Deity: and he rejects a vacuum, partly because the parts of it must be fuppofed perfectly like to each ether. For the fame reafon he allo rejects atoms, and ali fimilar particles of matter, to each of which, though divisible in infinitum, he afcribes a MONAD (Act. Lipfiæ, 1698, p. 435.), or active kind of principle, endued, as he fays, with per ception and appetite. The effence of fubftance he places in action or activity, or, as he exprefles it, in fomething that is between acting and the faculty of acting. He affirms abfolute reft to be impoffible, and holds motion, or a fort of nifus, to be effential to all material fubftances. Each monad he defcribes as reprefentative of the whole univerfe from its point of fight; and after all, in one of his letters he tells us, that matter is not a fubftance, but a fubftantiatum, or phenomene bien fonde. He frequently urges the comparifon between the effects of oppotite motives on the mind, and of weights placed in the fcales of a balance, or of powers acting upon the fame body with contrary directions. His learned antagonist, Dr Clarke, denies that there is a fimilitude between a balance moved by weights, and a mind acting upon the view of certain motives; becaufe the one is entirely paffive, and the other not only is acted upon, but acts unto. The mind, he owns, is purely paffive in receiving the impreffion of the motive, which is only a perception, and is not to be confounded with the power of acting after, or in confequence of, that perception. The diffe Q 2 rence luxuriant in fome places, particularly about Barton in the Beans, that they look like a foreft; and the inhabitants eat them all the year round; for which reason their neighbours call them beanbellies. They have plenty of very good wool, of which they make great quantities of stockings, and fend much of it unmanufactured into other parts of England. They trade greatly in corn and pulfe; and likewise breed great numbers of coach and dray horses, moft of the gentlemen being graziers; and several grafs farms rent at from 500l. to 2cool. a-year. It is in the midland circuit, and diocese of Lincoln; and fends 4 members to parliament, two for the city, and two for the county. fence between a man and a machine does not confift only in fenfation and intelligence, but in this power of acting also. The balance, for want of this power, cannot move at all when the weights are equal; but a free agent, he says, when there appear two perfectly alike reasonable ways of acting, has ftill within itfelf a power of choofing; and it may have strong and very good reafons not to forbear. The tranflator of Mofheim's Ecclefiaftical History obferves, that the progrefs of Arminianifm has declined in Germany and feveral parts of Switzerland, in confequence of the influence of the Leibnitzian and Wolfian philofophy. Leibnitz and Wolf, by attacking that liberty of indifference, which is fuppofed to imply the power of acting not only without, but againft, motives, ftruck, he fays, at the very foundation of the Arminian fyftem. He adds, that the greatest poffible perfection of the univerfe, confidered as the ultimate end of creating goodness, removes from the doctrine of predeftination those arbitrary procelures and narrow views, with which the Calvinists are fuppofed to have loaded it, and gives it a new, a more pleasing, and a more philofophical afpect. As the Leibnitzians laid down this great end as the fupreme object of God's univerfal dominion, and the hope to which all his difpenfations are directed; fo they concluded, that if this end was propofed, it must be accomplished. Hence the doctrine of neceffity, to fulfil the purposes of a predeftination founded in wisdom and goodnefs; a neceflity, phyfical and mechanical, in the motions of material and inanimate things, but a neceffity moral and spiritual in the voluntary determinations of intelligent beings, in confequence of propellent motives, which produce their effects with certainty, though thefe effects be contingent, and by no means the offspring of an abfolute and effentially immutable fatality. These principles, fays this writer, are applicable to the main doc trines of Calvinifm; by them predeftination is confirmed, though modified with refpect to its reafons and its end; by them irrefiftible grace (irrefiftible in a moral fenfe) is maintained upon the hypothesis of propellent motives and a moral neceffity: the perfeverance of the faints is alfo explicable upon the fame fyftem, by a series of moral caufes producing a feries of moral effects. (1.) LEICESTER, or LEICESTERSHIRE, an inland county of England, about 170 miles in circumference, and in form almoft circular. It has Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire on the N. Rutlandfhire and Lincolnshire on the E. Warwickfhire on the W. from which it is parted by the Roman military way called Watling Street; and by Northamptonshire on the S. As it is far from the fea, and free from marfhes, the air is fweet and wholefome. It is a champaign country, and fertile in corn and grafs, being watered by feveral rivers, as the Soar, which paffes through it, and abounds in excellent falmon, &c. the Wreke, Trent, Eye, Sense, Auker, and Aven. Thefe rivers being moftly navigable, greatly facilitate trade. In fome parts there is a great fcarcity of fuel, both wood and coal; but in the hilly parts there #6 plenty of both, with great flocks of theep. Beides wheat, barley, oats, and pease, it produces beft beans in England. They grow fo tall and (2.) LEICESTER, the capital of the above county, upon the LEIRE, now called Soar. From its fituation on the Foffe-way, and the many coins and antiquities difcovered here, it seems to have been a place of fome note in the time of the Romans. In the time of the Saxons it was a bishop's fee, and afterwards fo repaired and fortified by Edelfleda, that it became a moft wealthy place, having 32 parish churches; but in Henry II.'s reign it was quite ruined, for joining in rebellion against him with Robert earl of Leicefter. In the reign of Edward III. however, it recovered by the favour of his fon Henry Plantagenet, D. and E. of Lancafter, who founded and endowed a collegiate church and hospital. It is a borough and corporation, governed by a mayor, recorder, steward, bailiff, 24 aldermen, 48 common council men, a folicitor, a town-clerk, and two chamberlains. It had its firft charter from K. John. The freemen are exempted from paying toll in all the fairs and markets of England. It has 3 hofpitais; that above mentioned is capable of fupporting 100 aged people decently; another, erected in the reign of Henry VIII. for 12 lazars; and a 3d, for widows. The caftle was a prodigious large building; the hall and kitchen are ftill entire; the former is very fpacious and lofty; and in the tower, over one of the gate-ways, is kept the magazine for the county militia. There was a famous monaftery, called from its fituation in the meadows, St Mary de Pratis or Prez. In thefe mea, dows is now the course for the horse-races. Richard III. lies interred in St Margaret's church. The chief bufinefs of Leicefter is the stocking trade, which produces about 60,000l. a-year. In a parliament held here in the reign of Henry V. the first law for burning heretics was made, againft the followers of Wickliffe, who was rector of Lutterworth in this county, and where his pulpit is faid ftill to remain. The town fuffered greatly in the civil wars, by two fucceffive fieges. Its market on Saturday is one of the greatest in England for corn and cattle; and it has 4 fairs. It lies 27 miles NNE. of Coventry, and 98 NNW. of London. Lon. 1. 3. W. Lat. 52. 38. N. (3.) LEICESTER, a populous town of Massachufetts in Worcester county, with an academy, a Baptift church, &c. 55 miles W. by S. of Boston. LEIDENDORFF, a town of Austria. LEIESBACH, a river of Silefia. LEIFERS, a town of Germany, in the Tirolefe. (1.) LEIGH, Charles, M. D, and F. R. S. an eminent phyfician and naturalift, born in Lanca shire. fhire. He published, 1. An Account of the Natural Hiftory of Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derby; 2. A Hiftory of Virginia; and several other works. He died about 1701. (2.) LEIGH, Sir Edward, a very learned Englifhman, born at Shawell in Leicestershire, and educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. He was a member of the long parliament, and one of thofe appointed to fit in the affembly of divines. He was afterwards colonel of a regiment for the parliament; but in 1648 was among the Prefbyteri ans who were turned out, and in December he was imprisoned. From this period to the Reftoration, he employed himself in writing a number of learned and valuable books, which fhow profound learning, a knowledge of the languages, and much critical fagacity; and of which a lift is given by Anthony Wood. Sir Edward died at Rufhal Hall, in Staffordshire, June 2, 1671. (3.) LEIGH, a fea-port of Effex, on a creek in the mouth of the Thames, oppofite Canvey Island, famous for oyfters. It has a good road for fhips, and is 15 miles SSE. of Chelmsford, and 24 E. of London. Lon. o. 42. E. Lat. 51. 31. N. (4) LEIGH, a town of Lancashire, 7 miles N. of Warrington, and 164 NW. of London. Lon. 2. 45. W. Lat. 53. 30. N. (5-20.) LEIGH is also the name of 16 villages; viz. of one each, in Cheshire, Gloucester, Kent, Oxford, Somerset, Stafford, Surry, and Worcester fhires; and of 2 each in Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Effex, and Wilts. LEIGHLIN, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Carlow, Leinster; about 43 miles from Dublin, near the river Barrow. At the E. end of the church is a famous well covered with great afh trees, and dedicated to St Lafarian. This place was formerly a city, though now only a village, and the cathedral has been kept in good repair. It was a fole bishopric, founded in 632, but joined to Ferns in 1600. Gurmund, a Danish prince, was buried in this church. This cathedral was burnt by lightning, and rebuilt A. D. 1232; fince the fees were joined, it is used as a parish church. LEIGHLIN-BRIDGE, a poft town, 2 miles from the above village. It was deftroyed by the Irish in 1577. Here are the remains of a castle and an old abbey. It has fairs in May, September, and October. (1.) LEIGHTON, Alexander, a prefbyterian divine, born at Edinburgh in 1587, defcended of the family of Ufan, or Ulyffes-haven, and remarkable for his fufferings under Abp. Laud. Having published some pieces against episcopacy, and cenfured the measures of King Charles I. perhaps rather virulently, he was tried for fedition, and condemned to be publicly whipped, to have his ears cut off, and his nofe flit; which barbarous fentence was accordingly executed. As fome compenfation for his fufferings, the parliament, in 1640, appointed him keeper of Lambeth palace, which they had converted into a State Prifon. He died in 1644. (2.) LEIGHTON, Robert, D. D. Abp. of Glasgow, the fon of the preceding,, was alfo born at Edinburgh. During Cromwell's ufurpation, he was minifter of a church near Edinburgh, and diftinguished himself by his charity, and his averfion to religious and political disputes. The minifters were then called over yearly in the fynod; and were commonly asked, Whether they had preached to the times? "For God's fake (anfwered Leighton), when all my brethren preach to the times, fuffer me to preach about eternity." His moderation, however, giving offence, he retired to a life of privacy. But foon after, he was called by the unanimous voice of the magiftrates, to prefide over the college of Edinburgh; where, during ten years, he difplayed all the talents of a prudent, wife, and learned governor. In 1662, when it was refolved to introduce epifcopacy into Scotland, Leighton was confecrated bishop of Dunblane, and immediately gave an inftance of his moderation: for when Sharpe and the other bishops proposed to enter Edinburgh in a pompous manner, Leighton remonftrated againft it; but finding that what he faid had no weight, he left them, and went to Edinburgh alone. Leighton, in his own diocese, fet fuch a remarkable example of moderation, that he was revered even by the most rigid Prefbyterians. He went about preaching without any pomp; gave liberally to the poor; and removed none of the minifters, however excep、 tionable he might think their political principles. But finding that none of the other bishops could be induced to join in his moderate plan, he went to the king, and refigned his bishopric, telling him he would not have a hand in fuch oppreffive meafures. Soon after, the king and council, partly induced by this good bishop's remonftrances, refolved to carry on the cause of epifcopacy in Scotland on a different plan; and, with this view, Leighton was perfuaded, in 1669, to accept of the archbishopric of Glasgow, on which he made one effort more; but finding it not in his power to ftem the violence of the times, he refigned his archbishopric, in 1675, and retired into Suffex, where he devoted himself to acts of piety. He died at London, in 1684. He was of a moft amible difpofition; ftrict in his life, polite, cheerful, engaging in his manners, and profoundly learned. He wrote a Commentary on St Peter; befides many fermons and useful tracts, which are greatly ef teemed. He bequeathed his library to the church and clergy of DUNBLANE; and funk about 8401. for burfaries and other charitable purposes, in the colleges of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and parish of Dunblane. (3.) LEIGHTON, or LEIGHTON-Buzzard, a large town of Bedfordshire, on the Uuzel; with a market on Tuesday; 74 miles WNW. of Dunftable, and 41 NW. of London. Lon. o. 35. W. Lat. 51. 55. N. (4.) LEIGHTON, a town of Huntingdonshire, 5 miles N. of Kinbolton. LEIGNE, a river of France, which runs into the Seine; S. of Bar.. LEIMBACH, a town of Germany, in Upper Saxony; one mile NE. of Mansfeld. LEIN, a river of Germany, in Suabia. LEINA, a river of Brunswick-Lunenburgh, which rifes on the borders of Heffe-Caffel, and paffing by Gottingen, Calenbergh, and Hanover, falls into the Aller. (1.) LININGEN, or LINANGE, a late county of of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, now included in France, and dep. of Mont Tonnere. It is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits. (2.) LEININGEN, NEw, a town of France, with a fort; late capital of the above county; 11 miles SW. of Worms, and 30 S. of Mentz. Lon. 8.22. E. Lat. 49. 30. N. (3.) LEININGEN, OLD, a town and caftle, 3 miles SW. of New Leiningen. LEINSTER, the eaftern province of Ireland, bounded by Ulfter on the N.; St George's, or the Irish Channel, on the E. and S.; and by the provinces of Connaught and Munfter on the W. The capital of this province and of the kingdom is Dublin. It contains 12 counties, viz. Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's-county, Longford, Louth, Meath, Queen's-county, Weft Meath, Wexford, and Wicklow. It is the most level, fertile, and best cultivated province in the kingdom; containing 2,642,958 Irish plantation acres, 858 parishes, 99 baronies, and 53 boroughs. It is about 124 miles long, and 74 broad, and extends from 51° 45′ to 55° 45' Lat. N. Mr Cruttwell makes it only 104 miles long, 55 broad, and 360 in circuit. The chief rivers are the Barrow, Boyne, and Liffey. Dermod king of Leinfter, marrying his daughter Eva to Strongbow earl of Pembroke, made him his heir; whereby the earl inherited Leinster, and was afterwards infeoffed of it by Henry II. He died in 1176, and left an only daughter Ifobel, efpoufed to William Marshal earl of Pembroke; by her he had five fons, who fuc. ceeded to his great eftates in Leinster. In the early ages, this district was almost one continued forest. LEIPHEIM, a town of Suabia, in Ulm, on the S. bank of the Danube; 11 miles NE. of Ulm, and 22 WNW. of Augfburg. It was pillaged in 1634. LEIPPE, a town of Silefia, in Neiffe. (1.) LEIPSICK, or a large, ftrong, and popu(1.) LEIPZIG, Slous town of Mifnia, with a caftle, and a famous univerfity. It is neat, and regularly built, and the ftreets are lighted in the night; it carries on a great trade, and has a right to ftop and fell the merchandizes defigned to pass through it, and the country for 75 miles round has the fame privilege. There are three great fairs every year; at the new year, Eafter and Michaelmas, which laft 15 days each. There are fix handfome colleges belonging to the univerfity, befides the private colleges; and the exchange is a fine ftructure. The town was taken by the king of Pruffia, but given up by the peace in 1763. It is feated in a plain between the Saale and Muld, near the confluence of the Playffe, the Elfter, and the Barde. Lon. 12. 55. E. Lat. 51. 19. N. (2.) LEIPZIG, or LEIPSICK, a circle of Upper Saxony, comprehending the above city, (N° 1.) 32 towns, and above 1000 villages. (1.) LEIRE, a town in Leicestershire, at the head of the Soar. (2.) LEIRE, the ancient name of the SOAR. LEISDON, a town of Kent, in Sheppey ifle. LEISEBACH, a river of Silefia. LEISELSHEIM, a town of France, in the dep. of Mont Tonnere, and late bishopric of Worms; 3 miles WNW. of Worms. LEISTENAU, a town of Pruffia, in Oberland. * LEISUREABLE, adj. [from leifure.] Done at leifure; not hurried;" enjoying leisure.—A relation inexcufable in his works of leisurable hours, the examination being as ready as the relation. Brown. * LEISUREABLY. adv. [from leifurable.] At leifure; without tumult or hurry.-Let us beg of God, that when the hour of our reft is come, the patterns of our diffolution may be Jacob, Moses, Joshua, and David, who leifurably ending their lives in peace, prayed for the mercies of God upon their pofterity. Hooker. * LEISURE. n. f. [loifir, French.] 1. Freedom from bufinefs or hurry; a vacancy of mind; a pow. er to fpend time according to choice.-A gentleman fell very fick, and a friend faid to him, Send for a phyfician; but the fick man answered, It is no matter; for if I die, I will die at leifure. Bacon. -Where ambition and avarice have made no en trance, the defire of leifure is much more natural than of business and care. Temple.—You enjoy your quiet in a garden, where you have not only the leisure of thinking, but the pleasure to think of nothing which can discompose your mind. Dryden. 2. Convenience of time. We'll make our leifures to attend on yours. They fummon'd up their meiny, strait took Shak. He figh'd, and had no leifure more to fay. Dryd. I fhall leave with him that rebuke, to be confidered at his leifure. Locke. 3. Want of leisure. Not ufed.—— More than I have faid, loving countrymen; The leifure and enforcement of the time Forbids to dwell on. Shak. (1.) * LEISURELY. adj. [from leifure.] Not hafty; deliberate; done without hurry. He was the wretch'deft thing when he was So long a growing, and fo leifurely, If with caution leisurely we past, Their numerous grofs might charge us one by one. Dryden. -We defcended very leifurely, my friend being careful to count the fteps. Addifon. LEISZNIG, a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle of Leipzig on the Mulda. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of cloth, lace, flockings, &c. LEITA, LEYTA, or LEYTHA, a river of Germany, which rifes in Auftria, joins the Raab, at Raab in Hungary; after which both fall into the Danube, 9 miles W. of Comorn. (1.) LEITH, anciently called Inverleith, the port of Edinburgh, is feated on the banks of the Forth, about two miles from the capital. It is built on both fides of the harbour; by which it is divided into two parts, called NORTH and SOUTH LEITH. The communication between these was by a stone bridge of three arches, founded by Robert Ballentine, abbot of Holyrood-house, in 1493, but lately pulled down.-The harbour is formed by the conflux of the river, called the Water of Leith, with the Firth of Forth. The depth of water, at neap tides, is about 9 feet; but in high fpring tides, it is about 16 feet. In the beginning of the 18th century, the town council of Edinburgh improved the harbour at an enormous expenfe, by extending a ftone pier a confiderable way into the fea. In 1777, they erected an additional ftone quay towards its W. fide. Upwards of 100 fhips could then lie conveniently in this port; but it can now admit of a much greater number, in confequence of having lately undergone great improvements. The old bridge has been pulled down, and an elegant draw-bridge erected a little to the E. of the former fite: And lately a second drawbridge on a new and fimple plan has been erected confiderably below the former, in order to form a fhort and convenient paffage to the new docks. The port is accommodated with wet and dry docks, and other conveniences for fhip-building, which is there carried on to fome extent, as veffels come to Leith to be repaired from all parts of Scotland. The road of Leith affords good anchorage for ships of the greateft fize. The harbour was granted to the community of Edinburgh by king Robert I. in 1326; but the banks of the harbour belonged to Logan of Reftalrig, a turbulent baron, from whom the citizens purchased the bank between the houses and the river, (N° 2.) for the purpose of erecting wharfs, shops, and granaries. As the fituation of Leith, however, is much more convenient for trade than that of Edinburgh, the inhabitants of the metropolis fell upon various methods to restrain the trade of Leith. They firft purchased from Logan of Reftalrig, an exclufive privilege of carrying on every species of traffic in the town of Leith, and of keeping warehouses and inns for the entertainment of strangers in that place; and in 1483, the town council probibited, under fevere penalties, the citizens of Edinburgh from taking into partnership any inhabitant of Leith. To free themfelves from this oppreffion, the people of Leith purchased the fuperiority of their town from Logan, for 3000l. Scots, and it was erected into a burgh of barony by the queen regent, Mary of Lorraine, who promifed to erect it into a royal borough. She died, however, before this was accomplished; and upon her death, Francis and Mary, in violation of the private rights of the people of Leith, re-fold the fuperiority to the town of Edinburgh, to whom it has fince been confirmed by grants from fucceffive fovereigns. On the breaking out of the difturbances at the Reformation, the queen regent caufed the whole town to be fortified, that the French troops might have a more ready inlet into the kingdom. It was accordingly furrounded with a wall, having eight baftions: but this wall went no farther than the ftreet now called Bernard's Nook, because at that time the fea came up the length of that street. All that space, therefore, on which the row of houfes nearest the harbour of Leith now ftands, has been gained fince that time from the sea. In the time of Charles I. a fortification was erect-ed at Leith by the Covenanters. Cromwell built a strong fort at the place called the Citadel in North Leith; but it was pulled down on the reftoration of Charles II. by order of government. The gate and portcullifes ftill, however, remain. A palace alfo formerly ftood here, fituated at the NE. boundary of the former town, where the weigh-houfe now ftands. It was destroyed by the. English in the time of Henry VIII. The remains of this building, called the king's work, with a garden, and a piece of wafte land that furrounded it, was erected into a barony by James VI. and bestowed upon Bernard Lindfay of Lochiell, his groom of the chamber; who repaired, and appropriated it to the recreations of the court; but it foon fell from its dignity. The tennis court was converted into a weigh-house; and the freet which bounds it is ftill called Bernard's Nook. As Leith lay within the parish of Reftalrig, the church of Reftalrig was the place of worship for the inhabitants of Leith; but in 1650 the Affembly ordered that church to be pulled down as a monument of idolatry, so that Leith wanted a parish church for upwards of 50 years. During that period they reforted for worship to a large and beautiful chapel, dedicated to St Mary, now called South Leith church; and in 1609 this chapel was, by authority of parliament, declared to be the parish church of the diftrict; fo that Reftalrig is now in the parish of South Leith, as the latter was formerly in that of Reftalrig. (See N° 7.) In 1772, a Chapel of Eafe was erected by the inhabitants. There are also an episcopal and several other diffenting congregations in Leith. North Leith church is fituated at the site of the N. end of the old bridge. A very great trade is carried on between Leith and many foreign ports. In 1784, the trade in flax, hemp, iron, afhes, tar, wood, tea, fpirits, groceries, wine, hops, foap, candles, and ropes, amounted to 495,000l.; befides 190,000 bolls of grain imported, at 161,000l. For the particulars, see Sir J. Sinclair's Stat. Acc. Vol. VI. p. 569, 570. In general, the imports from France, Spain, and Portugal, are wines, brandy, and fruits; from the Welt Indies and America, rice, indigo, rum, fugar, and logwood. But the principal foreign trade of Leith is by the eaftern feas, for the navigation of which it is most happily fituated. To Germany, Holland, and the Baltic, it exports lead, glafs ware, linen and woollen ftuffs, and a variety of other goods; and imports immenfe quantities of timber, oak-bark, hides, linen rags, pearl afhes, flax, hemp, tar, and many other articles. In 1784, there were 1774 fhips cleared at the custom-house of Leith. And from Nov. 13th 1786 to Nov. 13th 1787, there arrived in Leith harbour, 1708 veffels, carrying 105,223 tons. (Vide ibid.) The Baltic trade, however, is at prefent rather on the decline; the great extent to which it was carried on for fome years past having been chiefly owing to the vast increase of new buildings in Edinburgh and its environs. The coafting trade is at prefent, the principal branch that employs the fhipping at Leith, including thofe which belong to other ports on the Forth, which |