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Spaniards, and the duke of Savoy; in which Lewis was victorious; and obtained a treaty of peace, by which the duke of Mantua was guaranteed in the poffeffion of his dominions. In 1635, a new war broke out between France and Spain, and the emperor took part with the latter: it lafted 13 years against the emperor, and 25 against Spain, with various fuccefs; and the military experience acquired by the different armies kept on foot, in the Low Countries, on the frontiers of France, and in Italy, paved the way for the fucceffes of Lewis XIV. Lewis XIII. died in 1643, aged 41.

LEWIS XIV. falfely styled THE GREAT, became king at 5 years of age, in 1643. He was at firft ftyled Dieu-donne, becaufe the French confidered him as the gift of heaven, granted to their prayers after the queen had been barren 22 years. This princefs (Anne of Auftria) was declared regent by Lewis XIII. and faw herself under a neceflity to continue the war against Philip IV. king of Spain, her brother. The duke d'Enguin was made general of the French armies; and fo fignal was the fuccefs of this renowned warrior (afterwards prince of Condé, and known by the style of the Great Condé), that his victories brought on the advantageous treaties of Munfter in 1648, between France, the emperor Ferdinand III. and Chriftina queen of Sweden: the bafis of the aggrandifement of France in this reign, the principal events of which, and of the next, will be found related under the articles of ENGLAND, f 69-83; FRANCE, § 46-49; UNITED PROVINCES, &c. Lewis XIV. died in 1715, aged 77.

LEWIS XV. great-grandfon of the preceding, fucceeded in 1715. He was ftyled, in the courfe of his reign, the well beloved, which he loft fome years before he died, and was detefted and defpifed by his fubjects for his fhameful attachment to Madam Pompadour, the wife of M. D'Etoiles, who, by the miniftry of her patron the duke d'Aiguillon, governed the kingdom, and invaded the rights of the people. He died in 1774, in the 64th year of his age and 59th of his reign.

LEWIS XVI. the laft French monarch of the race of CAPET, and house of BOURBON, fucceeded his grandfather in 1774. We cannot ftyle him the last monarch of France, now that Napoleon Bonaparte has made himself emperor of the French, king of Italy, &c. &c. The principal events of this unfortunate king's reign to the revolution, in 1789, are related under FRANCE, § 50-57. His character is univerfally allowed to have been fuch, as, in times of less disturbance, would have infured him a high degree of popularity to the end of his life. He was naturally of a mild and humane difpofition; and has the peculiar merit of having been the firft who inftituted a fociety for the inftruction and employment of the blind; an example of benevolence, which has been fince fuccefsfully followed in this and other countries. He was alfo an author, and tranflated 5 vols. of Gibbon's Hiftory, and Walpole's Hiftorical Doubts, into French. His laft will and teftament, written by himself, exhibits a strong picture of his piety, refignation, and affection for his relations. At his trial, he fhowed an uncommon degree of spirit, recollection, and undaunted fortitude. On the

21ft of Jan. 1793, this unfortunate monarch, one of the best of his race, and whose private virtues, as well as his repeated conceffions to his fubjects, merited a better fate, fell by the guillotine, a facrifice to that democratic jealoufy,-that popular fury,-which exhaufted its rage by cutting off many of the greatest men in France.

(17-21.) LEWIS is alfo the name of 5 monarchs of Germany:

LEWIS I. emperor of Germany and king of France, fucceeded his father Charlemagne, in 814; but was very unfortunate. (See FRANCE, § 17.) He died in 841.

LEWIS II. the only fon of Lothaire I. and grandfon of Lewis I. was made king of Italy in 844, and fucceeded his father as emperor in 845. He drove the Saracens out of Italy, (fee ITALY, 15.) and died in 875.

Lewis III. grandfon of Lewis II. by his daughter Ermengarde, fucceeded his brother, Charles II. in 877, at 10 years of age. Berenger difputed the imperial throne with him, and having taken him prifoner at Verona, put out his eyes. He died in 879

LEWIS IV. the fon of the emperor Arnulphus, fucceeded his father A. D. 900, and reigned 12 years, during which the empire was one continued fcene of defolation; and was dreadfully ravaged by the Hungarians. He died in 911.

LEWIS V. the fon of Lewis D. of Bavaria, by Matilda daughter of the emp. Rodolph I. was born in 1274, and elected emperor in 1314; but his election was difputed by Frederick, whom he defeated, took prifoner, and compelled to renounce his claim to the empire. But in 1322, Lewis was depofed by pope John XXII. on which he enter ed Rome, and was crowned emperor by the antipope Peter de Corbiere. He was killed by a fall from his horfe in 1347.

(22.) LEWIS, king of Poland. See POLAND.

(23.) LEWIS, John, M. A. a learned English divine, born at Bristol, in 1675, and educated at Exeter college, Oxford. Abp. Tenison gave him the vicarage of Minfter in the isle of Thanet. He publifhed, 1. The Life of John Wickliffe, D. D. 8vo, 1720. 2. The Hiftory and Antiquities of the Ile of Thanet; 4to, 1723. 3. Hiftory of the Ab bey and Church of Feverfham; 4to, 1727. 4. Life of William Caxton, the firft printer in England; 8vo. 5. A complete Hiftory of the Tranflations of the Bible into English; 8vo. He also publish ed Wickliffe's Translation; and died in 1746.

(24) LEWIS, in geography, one of the largest of the Western Islands of Scotland, extending about 60 miles in length from N. to S. and from 13 to 14 in breadth, confifting of a great number of ifles and rocks, and connected by an ifthmus of 6 miles with the ifle of Harris. See HARRIS, N° 4. Lewis belongs to the county of Rofs; is divided by feveral channels, distinguished by feve ral names, and portioned out among different proprietors; but Lewis, ftrictly fo called, ftretches about 36 miles in length, from the N. point of Bowling-head to the S. extremity of Huffinefs in Harris. The air is moderately cold, moift, and healthy; great part of the low ground is flooded with lakes; the reft is arable in many places, and fruitful in oats, barley rye, flax, and hemp. The foil in these parts is a light fand, which the inha

bitants

bants manure with foot and fea-ware; but great
part of the island is covered with heath. The la-
bouring people dig the land with fpades, and
break the clods with small harrows, the foremoft
teeth of which are made of wood, and the remain-
der of rough heath, which smooths what the
others have broken; and this harrow is drawn by
one man, having a strong trace of horse-hair acrofs
his breaft. Of their corn they not only make malt
for ale, but likewise a strong spirit called treftareg,
which is whisky 3 times diftilled. Lewis abounds
with convenient bays and harbours, in which are
caught, in great plenty, cod, ling, and herring:
whales of different fizes are alfo often driven into
the bays, and killed with harpoons. Thefe bays
afford great plenty of fhell-fith, fuch as clams,
oyfters, cockles, muffels, limpets, welks, and fuch
a prodigious quantity of spout-fish is fometimes
caft up from the fand off Loch-tua, that they in-
fect the air, and render it unhealthy to the neigh-
bouring inhabitants, who are not able to confume
them, either as food, or manure. Some of these
lochs and bays likewife produce small corals and
corallines. The fresh water lakes are well ftored
with trouts and eels, and the rivers yield plenty
of falmon. Along the coaft are numbers of caves,
which ferve as fhelter for feals and otters, which
are eaten by the inhabitants; and vaft numbers of
fea fowls build upon the rocks and promontories.
The cows, horses, sheep, goats, hogs, and deer,
are all of a diminutive fize; but the beef, mutton,
and pork, are juicy and delicious; the horfes are
active and hardy: the deer, which are of the red
kind, confine themselves to the chace of Ofervaul,
about 15 miles in compafs, which affords toler-
able pafturage; but in winter, when the ground is
covered with fnow, these animals feed on fea-ware,
and endure all the rigour of the feason, without
any shelter from wood or copfe, for there is not a
tree to be seen; though roots of very large trees,
which have been cut by the axe, are found in dif-
ferent places. There is likewife a small grove of
birch and hazle on the SW, fide of Loch-Storna-
way. The inhabitants of Lewis are well propor-
tioned, tall, fair, fanguine, ftrong, and healthy.
They are in general fober, circumfpect, and hof
pitable; dexterous in fhooting, fwimming, and
leaping; bold and skilful mariners; and fo tempe-
rate, that they will tug at the oar all day, with-
out any other provifion than bread and water.
Along this coaft are feveral natural mounts or
forts, called Duns; fuch as Dun-rowly, Dun- (27.) LEWIS, a town of Vermont, SW. of Le-
coradel, and Dun-eiften. There are also the re-mington; 8 miles S. of the Canada Line.
mains of fome old caftles, and other monuments
of antiquity. At Stornaway village are the ruins
of a fortress deftroyed by the English garrifon fent
thither by Oliver Cromwell. To the N. of Brago
there is a round tower built of large ftones, three
ftories high, tapering to the top, with a double
wall, and a circular staircafe between, by which
one may go quite round the building. On the
fummits of the hills there are feveral cairns. In the
parish of Barvas there is a fingle ftone called the
thrufhel, ftanding upright, about 20 feet high, and
almoft as much in breadth. Three ftones, about
12 feet high each, ftand on the N. fide of Loch
Carlvay; and many others ftand fingle at great
ditances, and in remote parts of the island. But

the most remarkable monument of this kind ap-
pears by the village of Claffernifs. Here we find
39 pyramidal ftones ftanding upright, about 6 or 7
feet high from the furface, each about 2 feet in
breadth. They are placed in form of an avenue,
8 feet wide; the diftance between every stone be-
ing 6 feet, and a fingle piece ftands at the en-
trance. This avenue leads to a circle of 12 ftones
of the fame dimenfions, with one in the centre,
13 feet in length, and fhaped like a rudder: on
the E. S. and W. fides of this circle, are 4 stones,
forming three lines, or as it were rays from the
body of the circle. This is fuppofed to have been
a Druid temple; and tradition reports, that the
chief Druid ftood by the large ftone in the centre,
and harangued the audience. At the distance of
a quarter of a mile there is another circle of the
fame nature; but without the range and avenue.
In all probability, thefe were places of worship
erected by the Druids in time of Pagan supersti-
tion. The chief town is STORNAWAY. There is
a confiderable number of inferior adjacent ifles
and rocks, fuch as Garve at the mouth of Loch
Carlvay, Berinsay, Fladda, Bernera Minor and Ma-
jor, Kialify, Cavay, Carvay, Grenim, Pabbay, Shi-
rem Vexay, Wuya Larger and Leffer, the isle of
Pigmies, and the Flannan iflands, which the fea-
men denominate the northern bunters. These are
vifited every fummer by the inhabitants of the
Lewis, who go thither in queft of fowls, eggs,
down, quills, and feathers, as well as to fhear or
kill the theep that are kept here for pafture. In
the largest island are the ruins of a chapel dedi-
cated to St Flannan, from whom the ifles derive
their name. Lewis is divided into the two pa-
rishes of Barvas and Eye, and in each of these one
minifter is fettled; but there is a great number of
churches and chapels dedicated to different faints,
in the different ifles which compofe this cluster.
All these were fanctuaries before the reformation,
but now they are divefted of that privilege. The
people of these islands are Prefbyterians, with a
few Proteftants of the English communion, and a
ftill fmaller number of Roman Catholics. The
Proteftants observe the feftivals of Christmas,
Good Friday, Eafter, and Michaelmas; on the
laft of which the individuals of both fexes perform
an anniversary cavalcade.

(25, 26.) Lewis, two towns of Virginia; the one 23 miles E. of West Point; the other 30 miles WNW. of Richmond.

(1.) LEWISBURG, a town of N. Carolina, the capital of Franklin county, on the Tar River, 56 miles from Tarborough, and 411 from Philadelphia.

(2.) LEWISBURG, a county of S. Carolina.

(3.) LEWISBURG, or TARSTOWN, a town of Pennfylvania, on the W. bank of the Susquehanna, 7 miles above Northumberland.

(4.) LEWISBURG, a poft town of Virginia, capital of Green-brier county; 250 miles W. by N. of Richmond.

(5.) LEWISBURG, See LOUISBurg.

LEWIS CREEK, a fmall river of Delaware, which runs into Delaware Bay.

* Lewis D'Or. n. f. [French.] A golden French coin,

coin, in value 12 livres, now fettled at 17 fhillings.

Dia.

LEWISHAM, a large village in Kent, on the road to Seven-Oaks; 5 miles SE. by S. of London.

(1.) LEWISTOWN, a town of Delaware, late capital of Suffex county, feated on Lewis Creek, 4 miles above Delaware bay, and 113 S. of Philadelphia.

(2.) LEWISTOWN, a town of Pennsylvania, capital of Mifflin county, on the N. bank of the Juniatta, 115 miles WNW. of Philadelphia. Lon. 77. 38. W. Lat, 40. 35. N.

LEWUNAKHANNEK, a town of N. America, on the Ohio, inhabited by Chriftian Indians, fettled under the care of Moravian miffionaries. (1.) LEX, LAW. See Law, Part I. The Roman laws were of three kinds; 1ft, Such as were made by their kings. 2d, The laws of the XII tables, brought by the Decemviri from Athens, &c. And, 3d, Such as were propofed by the superior magiftrates in the times of the republic. Romulus made laws by his fole authority; but his fucceffors fought the approbation of the people. The laws of the 3d class were enacted in the following manner. No law could be proposed but by fome of the following magiftrates, viz. the Prætor, Confuls, Dictator, Interrex, Decemviri, Military Tribunes, Triumviri, Tribunes of the people. If any of thefe proposed a law, it was firft committed to writing, and privately examined as to its utility and probable confequences, by perfons qualified for the task; fometimes it was referred to the whole fenate for their fentiments. It was then hung up publicly for 3 market days, that all the people might have time to examine it, and confider its tendency: This was called legis promul gatio, quafi provulatio. If the perfon who framed the bill did not in the mean time drop it, the people were convened in comitia, and he addreffed them in an oration, being alfo feconded by his friends fetting forth the expediency and probable utility of fuch a law: This was called rogatio legis, because the addrefs was always prefaced with this petitionary form of words, Velitis, jubeatifne, Quirites? "Will you, O Romans, confent and order this law to pafs?" This being done, thofe that difliked the motion delivered their fentiments in oppofition to it. An urn was then brought to certain priefts who attended upon the occafion, into which were caft the names of the tribes, centuries, or curia, as the COMITIA happened to be tributa, centuriata, or curiata. (See COMITIA, 3-5.) The names were fhaken together, and the fift drawn tribe or century was called prærogativa, because their fuffrages were first asked. The curia firft drawn was called principium, for the fame reason. The other tribes, centuries, &c. were called tribus jure vocata, centuria jure vocatæ, &c. In this fituation, the veto or negative voice of the tribunes of the people might put an end to the proceedings, and dissolve the affembly. The tribune's interference was called interceffio. The conful alfo had it in his power to ftop further proceedings, by commanding any of the holidays called feria imperative to be observed. The comitia would alfo be diffolved by any person being feized with the falling fickness, or upon the ap

pearance of any unlucky omen. If the bufinefs met with no interruption of this fort, each of the people were prefented with two tablets, on one of which was written A. on the other U. R. Their difapprobation of the bill was expreffed by throwing into an urn the tablet infcribed A: (See A.) Their affent by throwing in the one marked U. R. According to the majority of these tablets, the law pafled or not. If it paffed, it was written upon record, and carried into the treasury; this was called legem ferre. Afterwards it was engraved upon plates of brafs, and hung up in the moft public and confpicuous places: this was termed legem figere, and a future repeal of this was legem refigere. If a law paffed in the comi tia curiata, it was called lex curiata; if in the comitia centuriata, it had the name of lex centuriata ; but if it paffed in the comitia tributa, it was termed plebifcitum. The law, too, generally bore the names of the proposers, as lex Ælia, lex Fufia, &c.

(2.) LEX RHODIA. See LAWS, § 9. LEXAWACSEIN, a river of Pennsylvania, which rifes in Northampton county, on the E. fide of Mount Ararat, and falls into the Delaware, 174 miles above Philadelphia.

LEXIARCHI, at Athens, fix officers, affifted by 30 inferior ones, whose business it was to find fuch as came not to the public affemblies, and to make fcrutiny among fuch as were prefent. They kept a regifter of the age, manners, and abilities of all the citizens, who were inrolled at the age of 20.

* LEXICOGRAPHER. n. S. [λığıxov and yeep; lexicographe, French.] A writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge, that bufies himself in tracing the original, and detailing the fignification of words.-Commentators and lexicographers, acquainted with the Syriac language, have given these hints in their writings on fcripture. Watts.

* LEXICOGRAPHY. n. f. [λžinov and gape.] The art or practice of writing dictionaries.

*(1.) LEXICON. n.s. [atžıxov.] A dictionary; a book teaching the fignification of words.-Though a linguift fhould pride himself to have all the tongues that Babel cleft the world into, yet, if he had not ftudied the folid things in them, as well as the words and lexicons, he were nothing fo much to be efteemed a learned man as any yeoman competently wife in his mother dialect only. Milton.

(2.) LEXICON is chiefly used in speaking of Greek dictionaries: it is derived from the Greek Mežis, a word or diction.

(1.) LEXINGTON, a town of Massachusetts, in Middlefex county, 10 miles NW. of Boston; famous for being the fcene of the firft battle between the British and Americans at the commencement of the American war, on the 19th of April 1775. (See AMERICA, § 14.) It contained a church and about 1000 citizens in 1795. Lon. 3. 42. E. of Philadelphia. Lat. 42. 31. N.

(2.) LEXINGTON, a town of Georgia, on the S. bank of the Ogeechee, 3 miles from Greensborough.

(3.) LEXINGTON, a county of S. Carolina, in the district of Orangeburgh.

(4.) LEXINGTON, a flourishing town of Kentucky, formerly capital of the state, în Fayette

county,

county, on the head waters of the Elkhorn. It contained about 250 houses, built on a regular plan, and 2000 citizens, in 1796. It has 2 printing offices and 2 weekly gazettes. Near it are relics of two ancient forts, with ditches and baftions; and feveral curious fepulchres. It lies 24 miles E. of Frankfort, and 774 SW. of Philadelphia. Lon. 85. 8. W. Lat. 38. 6. N.

(5.) LEXINGTON, a poft town of Virginia, capital of Rockbridge county, 159 miles W. by N. of Richmond, and 398 from Philadelphia.

* LEY. n. f. Ley, lee, lay, are all from the Saxon® leag, a field or pasture, by the ufual melting of the letter g or g. Gibfon's Cambden.

LEYBORN, a town of Yorkshire. LEYBOURN, William, an English matheinatician of the 17th century, originally a printer in London. He published 1. The Trader's Sure Guide,, which has gone through many editions: 2. Curfus Mathematicus: 3, 4 Treatifes on Surveying; on Dialling, &c. He died about 1699.

(1.) LEYDEN, [in Latin, LUGDUNUM BATAVORUM,] one of the largest and finest cities of Holland, in the department of Delft, and late province of S. Holland, abounding with canals, along which are rows of lofty trees, that afford very pleasant walks. A small branch of the Rhine runs through it. Over the canals are 145 bridges, moftly of ftone or brick. The university is the oldeft in the republic, and has a library rich in MSS. a phyfic garden well ftocked with exotic plants; an anatomy hall, and an obfervatory. The profeffors, who are generally very eminent, read public lectures 4 times a week, for which they take no money, but about three guineas are paid . for a courfe of private lectures, which lafts a year. Their falaries are from col. to 200l. a year; and their lectures are in Latin. The cloth manufacture formerly flourished to fuch a degree, that 100,000 pieces have fometimes been made in a year. The city fuftained a long and severe fiege, in 1573, against the Spaniards. That illuftrious magiftrate, Adrian de Verf, when the citizens reprefented to him the havoc made by the famine during the fiege, and infifted upon his furrendering; "Friends (faid he), here is my body, divide it among you to fatisfy your hunger, but banish all thoughts of furrendering to the cruel and perfidious Spaniards." They took his advice, and told the Spaniards, they would hold out as long as they had one arm to eat and another to fight. There are fome fine churches, and many long, broad, handsome streets. The citizens opened their gates to the French under Gen. Pichegru, on the 19th Jan. 1795. It is 15 miles S. of Haarlem, and 20 SW. of Amfterdam. Lon. 4. 33. E. Lat. 52. 10. N.

(2.) LEYDEN, an ifland on the coaft of Java. (3.) LEYDEN, Lucas VAN. See LUCAS, N° 5. (4.) LEYDEN PHIAL, a phial coated on the infide and outfide with tinfoil, or other proper conducting substance, and furnished with a brass wire and knob, for giving the electrical fhock. See ELECTRICITY, Index.

LEYMEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine; 8 miles S. of Heidelberg. LEYPA, a town of Bohemia, in Leitmeritz. VOL. XIII. PART I.

LEYRE, a town of Spain, in Navarre. LEYRIA, a city of Portugal, in Eftremadura, LEYSERA, in botany, a genus of the polygamia fuperflua order, belonging to the fyngenefia clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 49th order, Compofita. The receptacle is naked: the pappus paleaceous; that of the difc plumy; the calyx carious.

LEYSSARD, a town of France, in the dep. of the Ain, 5 m. W. of Nantua, and 10 E. of Bourg, LEYTA, or LEYTHA. See LEITA.

LEYTE, or LEITE, one of the Philippine inlands, in the Eaft Indian Ocean, about 40 leagues long, and in circumference about 90 or 100. Its foil on the E. fide is very fruitful; but there are very high mountains which almoft divide it, and occafion fo great a difference in the air, that when it is winter on the N. fide, it is fummer on the $. When the inhabitants on the one fide reap, the others fow; and they have two plentiful harvests in the year. It contains about 9oco inhabitants, Who pay tribute to the Spaniards in rice, wax, and quilts. Lon. 118. o. E. Lat. 11. o. N. LEZANDRIEUX, a town of France, in the dep, of the North Coafts; 5 m. N. of Pontrieu. LEZARS, an Indian nation, who refide in the North Western Territory, between the mouths of the Wabash and Ohio.

LEZAT, a town of France, in the dep. of Arriege, 26 miles N. of Mirepoix.

LEZAY, a town of France, in the dep. of the Two Sevres; 6 miles ENE. of Melle. LEZOUX, a town of France, in the dep. of Puy de Dome, 134 miles E. of Clermont.

LHAN, a river of Germany, which rises in Heffe, and paffing Marpurg, Wetzlar, and Naffau, falls into the Rhine above Coblentz.

(1.) LHOYD, or LHWYD, Humphrey, a learn(1.) LHUYD, Sed antiquarian of the 16th century, born at Denbigh, who applied to the study of phyfic; and living moftly within the walls of Denbigh caftle, practifed there as a physician; and died in 1570, with the character of a wellbred gentleman. He wrote and tranflated feveral picces relative to history and antiquities; in particular, the History of Cambria, now called Wales, from Caradoc of Langcarvan, &c. but died before it was finished: however, Sir Henry Sidney, lord prefident of Wales, employed Dr David Powel to finish it, who published it in 1584. A new and improved edition of this work was published in 1774.

(2.) LHUYD, Edward, keeper of the Museum at Oxford, was a native of S. Wales, the fon of Charles Lhuyd, Efq. of Lhanvorde. He was edu cated at Jefus College, Oxford, where he was created M. A. July 21, 1701. He was bred un der Dr Plot, whom he fucceeded as keeper of the Afhmolean museum, and had the use of all Vaughan's collections. With inceffant labour and great exactnefs be fearched into the Welsh antiquities; perufed or collected a great deal of ancient and valuable matter from their MSS.; tranfcribed all the old charters of their monatteries that he could find; travelled feveral times over Wales, Cornwall, Scotland, Ireland, Armoric Bretagne, countries inhabited by the fame people; Ꮓ compared

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yet both of them are liable to many cenfures, Dryden.-This or any other fcheme, coming from a private hand, might be liable to many defects. Savift.

LIANCOURT, a town of France, in the dep. of the Oife, 4 miles S. of Clermont.

LIANE, a river of France, which runs into the fea, near Boulogne.

*LIAR. n.. [from lie. The word would ana-
logically be lier; but this orthography has pre-
vailed, and the convenience of diftinction from lier,
he who lies down, is fufficient to confirm it.] One
who tells falfhood; one who wants veracity.
She's like a liar, gone to burning hell!
'Twas I that kill'd her.

He approves the common liar, fame,
Who fpeaks him thus at Rome.

Shak.

Sbak.

LIART, a town of France, in the dep. of Ardennes, 12 miles SW. of Rocroy.

compared their antiquities, and made obfervations on the whole; but died in July 1709, before he had digefted them into the form of a discourse, as he intended, on the ancient inhabitants of this inland. His untimely death prevented the completing of many admirable designs. For want of proper encouragement, he did very little towards understanding the British bards, having feen but one of thofe of the 6th century, and not being able to procure accefs to two of the principal libraries in the country. He communicated many obfervations to Bp. Gibson, whose edition of the Britannia he revifed; and publifhed "Archaologia Britannica, giving fome account, additional to what has been hitherto published, of the languages, hiftories, and cuftoms of the original inhabitants of Great Britain, from collections and obfervations in travels through Wales, Cornwall, I do not reject his obfervation as untrue, much Bas Bretagne, Ireland, and Scotland. Vol. I. Glof- lefs condemn the perfon himself as a liar, whenfography, Oxford, 1707," fol. He left in MS. a foever it seems to be contradicted. BoyleScottish or Irish-English dictionary, proposed to Thy better foul abhors a liar's part. be published in 1732 by fubfcription, by Mr DaPope. vid Malcolme, a minifter of the church of Scot-Liard, in Scotland, denotes gray-haired; as, he's a *LIARD. adj. 1. Mingled roan. Markham. 2. land, with additions; as alfo the elements of the liard old man. faid language: with neceffary and useful informations for propagating more effectually the EngLish language, and for promoting the knowledge LIBANIUS, a famous Greek rhetorician and of the ancient Scottish or Irish, and very many fophift in the 4th century, born at Antioch. He branches of useful and curious learning. Lhuyd, had a great fhare in the friendship of Julian the at the end of his preface to the Archæologia, pro- Apoftate, who offered him the dignity of Prafe mifes an hiftorical dictionary of the British per- tus Prætorio; but Libanius refufed it, thinking fons and places mentioned in ancient records. It the name of fophift, or professor of cloquence, much feems to have been ready for the prefs, though he more honourable. There are ftill extant several could not fet the time of publication. His col- of his letters and Greek orations, by which he lections for a 2d volume, which was to give an acquired great reputation; but his ftyle is fomeaccount of the antiquities, monuments, &c. in what affected and obfcure. He was a pagan. Bafil the principality of Wales, were numerous and and Chryfoftom were his difciples about A. D. well chofen; but, on account of a quarrel between 360. His letters were publifhed at Amfterdam in him and Dr Wynne, then fellow, afterwards prin- 1738; his orations at Venice, in 1735. cipal of the college, and Bp. of St Afaph, he refufed to buy them, and they were purchased by Sir Thomas Seabright of Beachwood, in Hertfordfhire, in whofe library the greateft part ftill remain, but fo indigested, and written with fo many abbreviations, that nobody can undertake to publifh them. They confift of about 40 volumes in folio, 10 in 4to, and above roo fmaller, all relating to Irish or Weifh antiquities, and chiefly in those languages. Carte made extracts from them about or before 1736; but thefe were chiefly hiftorical. Sir John Seabright gave to Mr Pennant 23 of Lhuyd's MSS. Latin and English. Many of his letters to Lifter, and other learned contemporaries, were given by Dr Fothergill to the univerfity of Oxford, and are now in the Afhmolean mufeum. Lhuyd undertook more for illuftrating this part of the kingdom than any one man befides ever did, or than any one man can be equal to.

LI, a town of China, in the province of Chen-fi. * LIABLE. n. f. [liable, from lier, old French.] Obnoxious; not exempt; subject: with to.

But what is ftrength without a double fhare
Of wifdom? waft, unwieldy, burthenfome,
Proudly fecure, yet liable to fall
By weakeft fubtilties..
Milton.
-The English boast of Spenfer and Milton, who
neither of them wanted genius or learning; and

LIBANOMANTIA, in antiquity, a fpecies of divination performed with frankincenfe; which, if it prefently caught fire, and fent forth a grateful odour, was efteemed a happy omen, and vice versa.

LIBANUS, a chain of mountains of Turkey in Afia, which lie between Syria Proper and Paleftine, extending, from W. to E. from the Mediterranean fea as far as Arabia. The fummits are always covered with fnow, but below there are very pleasant and fertile valleys. They were formerly famous for great numbers of cedar trees, but now there are very few remaining. Geogra phers diftinguish this chain into Libanus and Antilibanus; the latter of which lies on the S. fide of the valley, rifing near the ruins of Sidon, and terminates at others in Arabia, in N. Lat. 34. They are separated from each other, at an equal distance throughout, by a country called by the ancients Calofyria.

**

(1.) LIBATION. n. f. [libatio, Lat.] 1. The act of pouring wine on the ground in honour of fome deity.-In digging new earth pour in fome wine, that the vapour of the earth and wine may comfort the fpirits, provided it be not taken for a heathen facrifice, or libation to the earth. Bacon. 2. The wine fo poured.-They had no other crime to object against the Chriftians, but that they did not offer up libations, and the fmoke of facrifices, to dead men. Stilling feet

The

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