LICHART, a river of Scotland, in Rofs-fhire, which rifes on the borders of Gairloch, joins the Meig, and forms one of the head waters of the Connon. See CONNON, N° 2.

LICHEN, LIVER WORT, in botany; a genus of the natural order of alge, belonging to the cryp togamia class of plants. The male receptacle is roundish, somewhat plain, and fhining. In the fe male the leaves have a farina or mealy substance fcattered over them. There are about 130 fpecies, all found in Britain. The following are among the most remarkable.

I. LICHEN APHTHOSUS, the green ground liveravort, with black warts, grows upon the ground. at the roots of trees in woods, and other ftoney and moly places. It differs very little from the CANINUS (fee N° 6.), and according to fome is only a variety of it. Linnæus informs us, that the country people of Upland, in Sweden, give an infufion of this lichen in milk to children that are troubled with the thrush or aphtha, which induced that ingenious naturalift to beftow upon it the trivial name of aphthofus. He also fays, that a decoction of it in water purges upwards and downwards, and deftroys worms.

2. LICHEN BARBATUS, the bearded lichen, grows upon the branches of old trees in thick woods and pine-forefts. The ftalks or ftrings are flightly branched and pendulous, from half a foot to two feet in length, little bigger than a common fewing thread; cylindrically jointed towards the base; but furrounded every where else with numerous, horizontal, capillary fibres, either fimple or flight ly branched. Their colour is a whitish green. This has an aftringent quality. When steeped in water, it acquires an orange colour; and, according to Dillenius, is ufed in Pennfylvania for dyeing that colour.

3. LICHEN CALCAREUS, the black-nobbed dy. er's lichen, is frequent on calcareous rocks; and hath a hard, smooth, white, ftoney, or tartareous cruft, cracked or teffelated on the furface, with black tubercles. Dillenius fays, that this fpecies is used in dyeing, in the fame manner as the TARTARIUS, See N° 19.

4. LICHEN CALICARIS, the beaked licken, grows fometimes upon rocks, especially on the coafts; but is not very common. It is fmooth, gloffy, and whitish, producing flat or convex fhields, of the fame colour as the leaves, very near the fummits of the fegments, which are acute and rigid, and, being often reflected from the perpendicular by the growth of the fhields, appear from under their limbs like a hooked beak. This will dye a red colour; and promifes, in that intention, to rival the famous Lichen Rocolla, or Argol, which is brought from the Canary Islands, and sometimes fold at the price of 8ol. per ton. It was formerly ufed instead of starch to make hair-powder.

5. LICHEN CANDELARIUS, or yellow farinacecous lichen, is common upon walls, rocks, boards, and old pales. There are two varieties. The first has a farinaceous crust of no regular figure, covered with numerous, small, greenish yellow, or olive fhields, and grows commonly upon old boards. The other has a smooth, hard, circular cruft, wrinkled and lobed at the circumference, which adheres closely to rocks and ftones. In the

centre are numerous shields of a deeper yellow or orange colour, which, as they grow old, fwell in the middle, and affume the figure of tubercles. The inhabitants of Smaland, in Sweden, fcrape this lichen from the rocks, and mix it with their tallow, to make golden candles to burn on feftival days. 6. LICHEN CANINUS, the afh-coloured ground liverwort, grows upon the ground among mofe, at the roots of trees in fhady woods, and in heaths and ftoney places. The leaves are large, gradually dilated towards the extremities, and divided into roundish elevated lobes. Their upper fide, in dry weather, is afh-coloured; in rainy weather, of a dull fufcous green colour; the under fide white and hoary, having many thick downy nerves, from which defcend numerous, long, white, pencil-like radicles. The pletæ, or fhields, grow at the extremities of the elevated lobes, fhaped like the human nail; of a roundifh oval form, convex above, and concave beneath; of a chocolate colour on the upper fide, and the fame colour with the leaves on the under. There are two varieties, the one called reddish, and the other many-fingered, ground liverwort. The former is moft common. This fpecies was recommended by the celebrated Dr Mead, as an infallible preventative of the dreadful confequences attending the bite of a mad dog. He directed half an ounce of the leaves, dried and pulverifed, to be mixed with two drachms of powdered black pepper; divided into 4 dofes, one to be taken by the patient every morning fasting, for 4 mornings fucceffively, in half a pint of warm cow's milk; after which, to ufe the cold bath every morning for a month. But the fuccefs hath not always answered the expectation.

The

7. LICHEN COCCIFERUS, the fcarlet-tipped cup lichen, is frequent in moors and heaths. It has in the firft ftate a granulated cruft for its ground, which is afterwards turned into small laciniated leaves, green above, and hoary beneath. plant affumes a very different afpect, according to the age, fituation, and other accidents of its growth; but may be in general readily diftinguished by its fructifications, which are fungous tubercles of a fine fcarlet colour, placed on the rim of the cup, or on the top of the ftalk. These tubercles, fteeped in an alkaline lixivium, are faid to dye a fine durable red colour.

8. LICHEN GEOGRAPHICUS, is frequent in rocks, and may be readily distinguished at a distance. The cruft or ground is of a bright greenish yellow colour, fprinkled over with numerous plain black tubercles; which frequently run into one another, and form lines refembling the rivers in a map, from which circumftance it has its trivial name.

9. LICHEN ISLANDICUS, the eatable Iceland lichen, or rock grafs, grows on many mountains both of the Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland. It confifts of nearly erect leaves about two inches high, of a stiff fubftance when dry, but soft and pliant when moist, variously divided without order into broad distant segments, bifid or trifid at the extremities. The upper or interior surface of ` the leaves is concave, chefnut colour, smooth, and fhining, but red at the bafe; the under or exterior furface is smooth and whitish, a little pitted, and sprinkled with very minute black warts. The margins of the leaves, and all the fegments from

bottom

bottom to top, are ciliated with small, fhort, stiff, hair-like fpinules, of a dark chefnut colour, turning towards the upper fide. The fhields are very rarely produced. The Icelanders ufe it as an efculent herb. See ICELAND, 10. Made into broth or gruel, it is faid to be very useful in coughs and confumptions; and, according to Haller and Scopoli, is much used in thefe complaints at Vienna.

10. LICHEN JUNIPERINUS, the common yellow tree lichen, is common upon the trunks and branches of elms and many other trees. Linnæus fays it is very common upon the juniper. The Gothland Swedes dye their yarn of a yellow colour with it, and give it as a fpecific in the jaundice.

II. LICHEN OMPHALOIDES, the dark-coloured dyer's lichen, is frequent upon rocks. It forms a thick widely expanded cruft of no regular figure, compofed of numerous imbricated leaves of a brown or dark purple colour, divided into small fegments. The margins of the fhields are a little crifped and turned inwards, and their outfides afh-coloured. The lichen is much used by the Highlanders in dyeing a reddish brown colour. They fteep it in urine for a confiderable time, till it becomes foft and like a pafte: then, forming the paste into cakes, they dry them in the fun, and preferve them for ufe as they do the TARTARIUS. See N° 19.

12. LICHEN PARELLUS, the crawfish-eye lichen, grows upon walls and rocks, but is not very common. The crufts spread closely upon the place where they grow, and cover them to a confiderable extent. They are rough, tartareous, and afh-coloured, of a tough coriaceous fubftance. The fhields are numerous and crowded, having white or ash-coloured, fhallow, plain difcs, with obtufe margins. This is ufed by the French for dyeing a red colour.

13. LICHEN PARIETINUS, the common yellow wall lichen, is very common upon walls, rocks, tiles of houses, and trunks of trees. It generally fpreads in circles of 2 or 3 inches diameter, and is faid to dye a good yellow or orange colour with alum.

14. LICHEN PLICATUS, the officinal firingy lichen, grows on the branches of old trees, but is not very common. The ftalks are a foot or more in length, cylindrical, rigid, and ftring-shaped, very irregularly branched, the branches entangled together, of a cinereous or afh-colour, brittle and ftringy, if doubled short, otherwife tough and pliant, and hang pendent from the trees on which they grow. The thields grow generally at the extremities of the branches, are nearly flat, or flightly concave, thin, afh-coloured above, pale brown underneath, and radiated with fine rigid fibres. As the plant grows old, the branches become covered with a white, rough, warty cruft; but the young ones are deftitute of it. It was formerly used in the shops as an astringent to stop hæmorrhagies, and to cure ruptures; but is out of the modern practice. Linnæus fays, the Laplanders apply it to their feet to relieve the excoriations occafioned by much walking.

15. LICHEN PRUNASTRI, the common ragged hoary lichen, grows upon all forts of trees, but is generally most white and hoary on the floe and

old palm trees, or upon old pales. This is the moft variable of the whole genus, appearing different in figure, magnitude, and colour, according to its age, place of growth, and sex. The young plants are of a glaucous colour, flightly divided into small acute crefted fegments. As they grow older, they are divided, like a ftag's horn, into more and deeper fegments, fomewhat broad, flat, foft, and pitted on both fides, the upper furface of a glaucous colour, the under one white and hoary.-The male plants are short, feldom more than an inch high, not hoary on the under fide; and have pale glaucous fhields fituated at the extremities of the fegments, ftanding on fhort peduncles, which are only small ftiff portions of the leaf produced.-The females have numerous farinaceous tubercles both on the edges of their leaves, and the wrinkles of their furface. The pulverifed leaves have been used as a powder for the hair, and alfo in dyeing yarn of a red colour.

16. LICHEN PULMONARIUS, the lung-wort lichen, grows in fhady woods upon the trunks of old trees. The leaves are as broad as a man's hand, of a kind of leather-like fubstance, hanging loofe from the trunk on which it grows, and laciniated into wide angular fegments. Their natural colour, when fresh, is green; but in drying, they turn first to a glaucous, and afterwards to a fuf. cous colour. It has an aftringent, bitter tafte; and, according to Gmelin, is boiled in ale in Siberia, inftead of hops. The ancients ufed it in coughs and afthmas, &c. but it is not used in modern practice.

17. LICHEN RANGIFERINUS, the rein-deer lichen, is common in woods, heaths, and mountainous places. Its general height, when full grown, is about two inches. The ftalk is hollow, and very much branched from bottom to top: the branches are divided and subdivided, and at laft terminated by 2, 3, 4, or 5, very fine, fhort, nodding horns. The axilla of the branches are often perforated. The whole plant is of a hoary white or gray colour, covered with white farinaceous particles, light and brittle when dry, soft and elastic when moift. The fructifications are very minute, round, fuscous, or reddish-brown tubercles, which grow on the very extremities of the finest branches; but thefe tubercles are very feldom found. The plant feems to have no foliaceous ground for the bafe, nor fcarcely any vifible roots. Linnæus fays, that in Lapland this mofs grows fo luxuriant that it is fometimes found a foot high. There are many varieties of this fpecies, of which the principal is the fylvaticus, or brown-tipt rein-deer lichen. The moft remarkable difference between them is, that the fylvaticus turns fufcous by age, while the other always continues white. For the ufes of this fpecies, fee LAPLAND, § 11 and 13.

18. LICHEN SAXATILIS, the grey-blue pitted lichen, is very common upon trunks of trees, rocks, tiles, and old wood. It forms a circle 2 or 3 inches diameter. The upper furface is of a bluegrey, and sometimes of a whitish ash colour, uneven, and full of numerous small pits or cavities; the under fide is black, and covered all over, even to the edges, with fhort fimple hairs or radicles. A variety sometimes occurs, with leaves tinged of a red or purple colour. This is used by finches

and

and other small birds, in conftructing the outfide of their curiously formed nefts.

19. LICHEN TARTARIUS, the large yellowfaucered dyer's lichen, is frequent on rocks, both in the Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland. The cruft is thick and tough, either white or greenish white, and has a rough warted furface. The fhields are yellow or buff-coloured, of various fizes, from that of a pin's head to the diameter of a filver penny. Their margins are of the fame colour as the cruft. This lichen is much used by the Highlanders for dyeing a fine claret or pompadour colour. See CROTTEL, and CUDBEAR.

20. LICHEN VENTOSUS, the red Spangled tartareous lichen, hath a hard tartareous cruft, cracked and teffelated on the furface, of a pale yellow colour when fresh, and a light olive when dry. The tubercles are of a blood-red colour at top, their margin and bafe of the fame colour as the cruft. The texture and appearance of this (fays Lightfoot) indicate that it would answer the purposes of dyeing as well as fome others of this tribe, if proper experiments were made.

21. LICHEN VULPINUS, the gold-wiry lichen, grows upon the trunks of old trees, but is not very common. It is produced in erect tufts, from half an inch to two inches in height, of a fine yellow or lemon colour, which readily discovers it. The filaments which compofe it are not cylindrical, but a little compressed and uneven in the furface, variously branched, the angles obtufe, and the branches ftraggling and entangled one with another. Linnæus informs us, that the inhabitants of Smaland in Sweden dye their yarn of a yellow colour with this lichen; and that the Norwegians deftroy wolves by ftuffing dead carcafes with this mofs reduced to powder, and mixed with pounded glass, and fo expofing them in the winter feafon to be devoured by those animals.

LICHFIELD. See LITCHFIELD.

(1.) * LICHOWL. n.. [lich and owl.] A fort of owl, by the vulgar fuppofed to foretel death. (2.) LICH-OWL. See STRIX, No 7. LICHSTALL See LICHTSTALL. LICHTEMBERG. See LICHTENBERG. LICHTENAU, the name of fix towns of Germany: viz. 1. in Austria, 6 miles SE. of Algen: 2. in ditto, 12 miles W. of Krems: 3. in Franconia, with a fort, 22 miles SW. of Nuremberg: 4. in Hanau, 12 miles NE. of Strafburg: 5. in HeffeCaffel, 13 m. SE. of Caffel: and 6. in the bishopric of Paderborn, 9 miles SSE. of Paderborn.

(1.) LICHTENBERG, a town and castle of France, in the dep. of the Lower Rhine, and late prov. of Alface; feated on a rock, near the Vof-, ges, and confidered as impregnable. It is 12 miles NNW. of Haguenau. Lon. 7. 35. E. Lat. 48.55. N. (2.) LICHTENBERG, a town of France, in the dep. of Mont Tonnere, and ci-devant duchy of Deux Ponts.

(3.) LICHTENBERG, a town of Silefia.

(4.) LICHTENBERG, a town of Upper Saxony. LICHTENBURG, a town of Franconia, in the margravate of Cullembach. Lon, 12. o. E. Lat. 50. 26. N.

(1.) LICHTENFELS, a town of Auftria, on the Kamp, 7 miles E. of Zwetl.

(2.) LICHTENFELS, a town of Franconia, in the

bishopric of Bamberg, on the Mayne. Lon. Ir. 10. E. Lat. 50. 20. N.

LICHTENHAIN, and two towns of Upper
LICHTENHANNA, Saxony.

(1.) LICHTENSTEIN, a principality of Germany, in Suabia, near lake Constance.

(2.) LICHTENSTEIN, a town and fort in Auftria. (3.) LICHTENSTEIN, a town of Switzerland, in Tockerberg, feated on the Thour. Lon. 2. 15. E. Lat. 47. 25. N.

LICHTENVORD, a town of Holland, in the dep. of the Rhine, and late county of Zutphen, 6 miles SSW. of Groll.

LICHSTALL, a handfome town of Switzerland, in Bafle; feated on the Ergetz. Lon. 7. 57. E. Lat. 47. 40. N:

LICHWAKE. See LICH, N°2; and the Note. (1.) LICINIUS STOLO, Caius, a famous Roman tribune, ftyled Stolo, on account of a law he made, that no Roman citizen fhould poffefs more than 500 acres of land; alleging, that when they occupied more, they could not cultivate it with care, nor pull up the ufelefs fhoots (tolones) that grow from the roots of trees. He is memorable alfo for enacting, that one of the confuls fhould always be of a plebeian family. He lived about A. A. C. 362.

(2.) LICINIUS TEGULA, a Latin comic poet, who flourished about AA. C. 200. His Fragments were published by H. Stephens, and Mattaire.

* LICK. n.. [from the verb.] A blow; rough ufage: a low word.-He turned upon me as round as a chafed boar, and gave me a lick across the face. Dryden.

*To LICK. v. a. [licean, Saxon; lecken, Dutch.] 1. To pafs over with the tongue.-fculapius went about with a dog and a fhe-goat, both which he used much in his cures; the first for licking all ulcerated wounds, and the goat's milk for the dif eases of the ftomach and lungs. Temple.

A bear's a favage beaft;

Whelp'd without form, until the dam
Has lick'd it into shape and frame. Hudibras.
He with his tepid rays the rose renews,
And licks the drooping leaves, and dries the
dews.
Dryden.

I have seen an antiquary lick an old coin, among other trials, to diftinguifh the age of it by its taste. Addifon. 2. To lap; to take in by the tongue.— At once pluck out

The multitudinous tongue; let them not lick The sweet which is their poifon. Shak. Cor. 3. To LICK up. To devour.-Now fhall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass. Numb. xxii. 4.—

When luxury has lick'd up all thy pelf, Curs'd by thy neighbours, thy truftees, thyself: Think how pofterity will treat thy name. Pope. * LICKERISH. LICKEROUS. adj. [licera, a glutton, Saxon. This feems to be the proper way of fpelling the word, which has no affinity with liquor, but with like.] 1. Nice in the choice of food.--Voluptuous men facrifice all fubftantial fatisfactions to a liquorih palate. L'Eftr. 2. Eager; greedy to fwallow; eager not with hunger but guft. It is never tongue-tied, where fit commendation, whereof womankind is so lickerish, is offered unto it. Sidney.

Strephon, fond boy, delighted, did not know
That