440 lys, and 120 or 130 from E. to W.; but on the S. fide, the extent from E. to W. is not 100 lys. The SE. part of it, where the court refides, is called Cheuoli; and Kint-chin, the capital city, is fituated in it. The king's palace, which is reckoned 12 miles in circumference, is built on a neighbouring mountain. It has 4 gates corref ponding to the 4 cardinal points; and that which fronts the W. forms the grand entry. The view which this palace commands is most extenfive and delightful; it reaches as far as the port of Napakiang, at the diftance of to lys, to the city of Kint-ching, and to a great number of other cities, towns, villages, palaces, temples, monafteries, gardens, and pleasure houses. It ftands in lon. 146° 26' E. and in lat. 26° 2′ N.

*LIER. n.. [from to lie.] One that refts or lies down; or remains concealed.-There were liers in ambush against him behind the city. Jof. viii. 14.

LIERE, a town of France, in the department of Deux Nattes, and late province of Austrian Brabant. On the 28th Nov. 1793, the French were defeated near it, by the British troops under the D. of York. It is feated on the Nethe, 10 miles SE. of Antwerp, and 18 N. of Louvain. LIEREGNO, a town of Germany, in the dio. cefe of Trent, 7 miles E. of Trent.

LIERGANES, a town of Spain, in Biscay. LIERNA, a flourishing town of Italy, in the department of the Lario, and district of Como, feated on the E. bank of lake Como.

is now the established religion. There is in the royal city a magnificent temple, erected in honour of another idol of the Chinese, named Tien-fey, which fignifies celeftial queen. Thefe iflanders do not make promifes, or fwear before their idols; but burn perfumes, prefent fruits, and ftand refpectfully before fome ftone, which they call to witness the folemnity of their engagements. Num bers of ftones are to be feen in the courts of their temples, in moft public places, and upon their mountains, appropriated to this purpofe. They have alfo women confecrated for the worship of fpirits, who are fuppofed to have great influence over these beings. They vifit the fick, diftribute medicines, and pray for their recovery. They refpect the dead as much as the Chinefe, and are no lefs ceremonious in mourning; but their funerals are neither fo pompous, nor attended with fo much expense. (See CHINA, $ 36, and CHINESE, 12.) Their coffins, which are of an hexagonal or octagonal figure, are 3 or 4 feet high. They burn the bodies of their dead, but preferve the bones. They never offer provifions to them, but place lamps round them, and burn perfumes. Families are diftinguished in Lieou-kieou by furnames, but a man and a woman of the fame furname cannot marry. The king is not permitted to marry but in 3 grand families, which always enjoy the higheft offices. There is a 4th of equal diftinction with the 3 former; but neither the king nor the princes contract any alliances with this family; for it is doubtful, whether it be not fprung from the fame ftem as the royal line. A plurality of wives is allowed. Young men and women enjoy the liberty of feeing one another, and of converfing together; and their union is always in confequence of their own choice. The women are very referved; they collect their hair on the top of their heads in the form of a curl, and fix it by long pins made of gold or filver. Befides his vaft domains, the king receives the produce of all the fulphur, copper, and tin mines, and of the falt pits, together with what arifes from taxes. From thefe revenues he pays the falaries of the mandarins and officers of his court. These falaries are estimated at a certain number of facks of rice. There are 9 orders of mandarins, diftinguished by the colours of their caps, or by their girdles and cushions. The greater part of the titles of thefe mandarins are hereditary, but fome are only acquired by merit. In the royal city there are tribunals established for managing the revenue and affairs of all the islands. There are alfo particular tribunals for civil and criminal matters; and for regulating the affairs of religion, the public granaries, revenues, duties, commerce, manufactures, ceremonies, navigation, public edifices, literature, and war. The veffels built in this country are greatly valued by the people of China and Japan. In thefe the natives go to China, Tong-king, Cochin-China, Corea, Nangaza-ki, Satzuma, the neighbouring ifles, and Formofa, where they difpofe of their filk, cotton, paper, arms, copper utenfils, mother of pearl, tortoife and other fhells, coral and whet-ftones, &c. which are in great requeft both in China and Japan.

(2.) LIBOU KIEOU, the principal and largeft of the above iflands, extends from N. to S. almoft

LIERNAIS, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, 10 miles NW. of Arnais. LIES, a fmall town of Cumberland. LIESHORN, a town of Weftphalia.

LIESSE, a town of France, in the department of Aifne, and late province of Picardy, 74 miles ENE. of Laon, and 4 NW. of Siffonne. Lon. 3.51. E. Lat. 49. 35. N.

LIESSER, a town of France, in the department of the Doubs, 4 miles S. of Ornans, and‍73 NW. of Salins.

LIETTRE, a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais; 3 miles S. of Aire. (1.)* LIEU. n.f. [French.] Place; room; it is only used with in; in lieu, inftead. God, of his great liberality, hath determined, in lieu of man's endeavours, to beftow the fame by the rule of that juftice which beft befeemeth him. HookerIn lieu of fuch an increafe of dominion, it is our bufinefs to extend our trade. Addifon.

(2.) LIEU, or in geography, a river of France, LIEVE, in the department of the Scheldt, and late province of Auftrian Flanders, running from Damme into the Scheldt at Ghent.

*LIEVE. adv. [See LIEF.] Willingly.-If you mouth it, as many of our players do, I had as lieve the town-crier had spoken my lines. Shak.— Action is death to fome fort of people, and they fhould as lieve hang as work. L'Efrange.

LIEVENS, John, a celebrated painter, born at Leyden in 1607. He was the difciple of Joris Van Schooten, and afterwards of Peter Laftman, He excelled principally in portraits; but he also executed feveral hiftorical pieces with great fuccefs. He refided 3 years in England, and painted the portraits of Charles I. the queen, the prince, and feveral of the nobility; after which he returned

to

to Antwerp, where he met with full employment. There are several of his etchings extant, perform ed in a flight, but masterly manner. The chiaro fcuro is very skilfully managed in them, fo as to produce a moft powerful effect. His ftyle of etching resembles that of Rembrandt; but is coarser and lefs finished.

LIEUTAUD, Jofeph, M. D. counsellor of ftate and firft phyfician at the court of France, was born at Aix in Provence, and refided principally there till he took his degree. After this he ftudied for fome years at Montpelier. He returned to Aix, where he foon acquired extenfive practice, and became eminent for his literary abilities. He refided there till 1750, when he was invited to act as phyfician to the royal infirmary at Verfailles. There he practifed with fuch reputation and fuccefs, that he foon arrived at the head of his profeffion; and in 1774, upon the death of M. Senac, he was appointed archiater. He published many valuable works; particularly, 1. Elementa Philologia. 2. Precis de la Medicine. 3. Pratique Precis de Matiere Medicale. 4. Effais Anatomiques. 5. Synopfis Univerfa Praxeos Medicina. 6. Hiftoria Anatomico-Medica. He died at Verfailles in 1780, aged 78.

LIEUTENANCY. n. f. [lieutenance, French; from lieutenant.] 1. The office of a lieutenant. If fuch tricks as these strip you out of your lieutenancy, it had been better you had not kiffed your three fingers so oft. Shak. 2. The body of lieutenants. The lift of undifputed mafters, is hardly fo long as the lift of the lieutenancy of our metropolis. Felton.

(1.) * LIEUTENANT. n. f. [lieutenant, Fr.] 1. A deputy; one who acts by vicarious authority.Here the lieutenant comes. Shak. -I must put you in mind of the lords lieutenants, and deputy lieutenants, of the counties; their proper ufe is for ordering the military affairs, in order to oppose an invafion from abroad, or a rebellion or a fedition at home. Bacon.-Killing, as it is confidered in itself, without all undue circumftances, was never prohibited to the lawful magiftrate, who is the vicegerent or lieutenant of God, from whom he derives his power of life and death. Bramhall against Hobbes.—

Sent by our new lieutenant, who in Rome, And fince from me, has heard of your renown: I come to offer peace. Phillips. 2. In war, one who holds the next rank to a fuperior of any denomination; as, a general has his lieutenant generals, as a colonel his lieutenant colonel, and a captain fimply his lieutenant.-It were meet that fuch captains only were employed as have formerly ferved in that country, and been at leaft lieutenants there. Spenfer.-According to military cuftom, the place was good, and the lieutenant of the colonel's company might well pretend to the next vacant captainship. Wotton.-The earl of Effex was made lieutenant general of the army. Clarendon.-His lieutenant, engaging against his pofitive orders, being beaten by Lyfander, Alcibiades was again banished. Swift.

Can't thou so many gallant foldiers fee, And captains and lieutenants flight for me? Gay. (2.) A LIEUTENANT is an officer who fupplies VOL. XIII. PART I.

the place, and difcharges the offices of a fuperior in his abfence. Of thefe, fome are civil, as the lords lieutenants of kingdoms and counties; others military, as the lieutenant general, lieute nant colonel, &c.

(3.) LIEUTENANT, in the land fervice, is the fe cond commiffioned officer in every company of both foot and horse, next to the captain, and takes the command upon the death or abfence of the captain.

(4) LIEUTENANT COLONEL, the 2d officer of a regiment, who commands in the absence of the colonel. See COLONEL, § 2.

(5.) LIEUTENANT GENERAL is the next in command after the general; and provided he fhould die or be killed, the order is, that the oldeft lieutenant general fhall take the command. This office is the firft military dignity after that of a general. One part of their function is, to affift the general with their counsel; they ought therefore, if poffible, to poffefs the fame qualities with the general himself; and the more, as they often command armies in chief. Lieutenant ge nerals have been multiplied of late in Europe, in proportion as the armies have become numerous. They serve either in field or in the fieges, according to the dates of their commiffions. In battle, the oldeft commands the right wing of the army, the 2d the left wing, the 3d the centre, the 4th the right wing of the fecond line, the 5th the left wing, the 6th the centre; and so on. In fieges the lieutenant generals always command the right of the principal attack, and order what they judge proper for the advancement of the fiege during the 24 hours they are in the trenches: except the attacks, which they are not to make without an order from the general in chief.

(6.) The LIEUTENANT GENERAL OF ARTIL LERY ought to be a very good mathematician, and an able engineer; to know all the powers of artillery; to understand the attack and defence of fortified places, in all its different branches; how to difpofe of the artillery in the day of battle to the beft advantage; to conduct its march and retreat; as alfo to be well acquainted with all the numerous apparatus belonging to the train, and to the laboratory, &c.

(7.) LIEUTENANT GENERAL OF THE ORDNANCE. See ORDNANCE..

(8.) LIEUTENANT, Lord, of IRELAND, before the Union, was properly a viceroy; and had all the ftate and grandeur of a king of England, except being ferved upon the knee. He had the power of making war and peace, of beftowing all the offices under the government, of dubbing knights, and of pardoning all crimes except high treafon; he alfo called and prorogued the parliament, but no bill could pafs without the royal affent. He was affifted in his government by a privy council; and on his leaving the kingdom, he appointed the lords of the regency, who governed in his abfence.

(9.) LIEUTENANT OF ARTILLERY. Each company of artillery hath four; one firft and 3 fecond lieutenants. The firft lieutenant hath the fame detail of duty with the captain; because in his abfence he commands the company: he is to fee

Сс

that

that the foldiers are clean and neat; that their clothes, arms, and accoutrements, are in good and ferviceable order; and to watch over every thing else which may contribute to their health. He must attend to their being taught the exercise, fee them punctually paid, their meffes regularly kept, and vifit them in the hofpitals when fick. He muft affift at all parades, &c. He ought to understand the doctrine of projectiles, and the fcience of artillery, with the various effects of gun powder, however managed or directed; to enable him to conftruct and dispose his batteries to the beft advantage; to plant his cannon, mortars, and howitzers, fo as to produce the greatest annoyance to an enemy. He is to be well skilled in the attack and defence of fortified places; and to be converfant in arithmetic, mathematics, mechanics, &c.

(10.) LIEUTENANT OF ARTILLERY, SECOND, is the fame as an enfign in an infantry regiment, being the youngest commiffioned officer in the company, and muft affift the firft lieutenant in the detail of the company's duty. His other qualifications fhould be equal with thofe of the first lieutenant.

(11.) LIEUTENANT OF A SHIP OF WAR, the officer next in rank and power to the captain, in whofe abfence he is charged with the command of the fhip, and the execution of whatever orders he may have received from the commander relating to the king's fervice. The lieutenant who commands the watch at fea keeps a lift of all the officers and men thereto belonging, in order to mufter them when he judges it expedient, and report to the captain the names of thofe who are abfent from their duty. During the night-watch, he occafionally vifits the lower decks, or fends thither a careful officer, to fee that the proper centinels are at their duty, and that there is no diforder amongst the men; no tobacco fmoked between decks, nor any fire or candles burning there, except the lights which are in lanthorns, under the care of a proper watch, on particular occafions. He is expected to be always upon deck in his watch, as well to give the neceffary orders with regard to trimming the fails and fuperintending the navigation, as to prevent any noife or confufion; but he is never to change the fhip's course without the captain's directions, unless to avoid an immediate danger. The lieutenant, in time of battle, muft particularly take care that all the men are prefent at their quarters, where they have been previously ftationed according to the regu lations made by the captain. He should exhort them every where to perform their duty; and acquaint the captain at all times of the mifbehaviour of any perfon in the fhip, and of whatever eife concerns the fervice. The youngest lieutenant in the ship, who is also ftyled lieutenant at arms, befides his common duty, is particularly ordered, by his instructions, to train the feamen to the use of small arms, and frequently to exercise and difcipline them therein. His office in time of battle is chiefly to direct and attend them; and at all other times to have a due regard to the prefervation of the small arms, that they be not foft or embezzled, and that they be kept in good condition for service.

(12.) LIEUTENANT, REFORMED, he whofe company or troop is broke or disbanded, but himself continued in whole or half pay, ftill preferving his right of feniority and rank in the army.

(13) LIEUTENANTS, LORDS, OF COUNTIES, are officers, who, upon any invasion or rebellion, have power to raife the militia, and to give commiflions to colonels and other officers, to arm and form them into regiments, troops, and companies. Under the lords lieutenants are deputy lieute nants, who have the fame power; thefe are chc. fen by the lords lieutenants out of the principal gentlemen of each county, and prefented to the king for his approbation.

* LIEUTENANTSHIP. n. f. [from lieutenant.] The rank or office of lieutenant.

LIEUVILLER, a town of France, in the dep. of Oife, 74 miles NNE. of Clermont.

(1.) LIFE. n.. plural lives. [lifian, to live, Sax] 1. Union and co-operation of foul with body; vitality; animation, opposed to an inanimate slate.— On thy life no more.

-My life I never held but as a pawn
To wage against thy foes. Shak. K. Lear.

She fhews a body rather than a life, A ftatue than a breather. Shakesp -Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life. Gen. i. 20.-The identity of the fame man confifts in nothing but a par. ticipation of the fame continued life, by conftantly fleeting particles of matter, in fucceffion, vitally united to the fame organized body. Locke. 2. Prefent ftate; as diftinct from other parts of human exiftence.

O life, thou nothing's younger brother! So like, that we may take the one for t'other! Cowley.

When I confider life, 'tis all a cheat,
Yet fool'd by hope men favour the deceit,
Live on, and think to-morrow will repay;
To-morrow's falfer than the former day;
Lies more; and when it says we shall be bleft
With fome new joy, takes off what we poffeft.
Strange coz'nage! none would live past years
again,

Yet all hope pleasure in what yet remain;
And from the dregs of life think to receive
What the first sprightly running could not give:
I'm tir'd of writing for this chemick gold,
Which fools us young, and beggars us when

old.
Howe'er 'tis well that while mankind
Through life's perverse meanders errs,
He can imagin'd pleasures find,
To combat against real cares.

Dryden

Prior.

So peaceful fhalt thou end thy blifsful days, And steal thyself from life by flow decays. Pope. 3. Enjoyment or poffeffion of existence, as oppofed to death.

Then av'rice 'gan thro' his veins to infpire His greedy flames, and kindle life-devouring fire. Fairy Queen Their complot is to have my life. Shak. Norlovethy life, nor hate; but what thou liv'ft Live well, how long or short permit to Heav'n. Milton.

-He entreated me not to take his life, but exa&t

Such was the life the frugal Sabines led; So Remus and his brother god were bred. Dryd. 7. Continuance of our present state: as, half life was spent in ftudy. Some have not any clear ideas all their lives. Locke.

Untam'd and fierce the tyger ftill remains, And tires his life with biting on his chains. Prior. -The adminiftration of this bank is for life, and partly in the hands of the chief citizens. Addifon. 8. The living form: opposed to copies.-That is the best part of beauty which a picture cannot exprefs, no, nor the first fight of the life. Bacon.Let him vifit eminent perfons of great name abroad, that he may tell how the life agreeth with the fame. Bacon. He that would be a mafter, muft draw by the life as well as copy from originals, and join theory and experience together. Collier. 9. Exact refemblance: with to before it. -I believe no character of any perfon was ever better drawn to the life than this. Denhamn.. Ev'ry figure to the life exprefs'd The godhead's pow'r.

Dryden.

He faw, in order painted on the wall, The wars that fame around the world had blown, All to the life, and every leader known. Dryd. 10. General ftate of man.

Not with half the fire and life,

With which he kiss'd Amphytrion's wife. Prior. 15. Animal, animated existence; animal being.— Full nature fwarms with life. Thomfon. 16. Syftem of animal nature.Lives through all life.

Pope.

17. Life is also used of vegetables, and whatever grows and decays.

(2.) LIFE, in the new system of medicine, is defined to be a forced ftate. See BRUNONIAN SYSTEM, § 4. The author of that doctrine, after defining and illuftrating EXCITABILITY, the EXCITING POWERS, and their effects in producing EXCITEMENT, &c. concludes thus, "From all that has hitherto been said, it is certain, that LIFE is not a natural, but a forced state; that the tendency of animals every moment is to diffolution; that they are kept from it, not by any powers in themfelves, but by foreign powers, and even by these with difficulty, and only for a time; and then, from the neceffity of their fate, they yield to death." (Brown's Elem. of Med. § 1xxii.) In his lectures he sometimes enforced this doctrine, by quoting the original sentence pronounced on our common progenitor. (See Gen. iii. 19.) The celebrated Dr Harvey, and the late J. Hunter, were of opinion, that the principle of animal life is in the blood. See ANATOMY, Index; and BLOOD, $12, 13.

(3.) LIFE ANNUITIES. See Annuities, and SURVIVORSHIP.

(4.) Life, proLONGATION OF. Lord Bacon obferves, that the prolongation of life is to be expected, rather from stated diets, than either from any ordinary regimen, or any extraordinary medicines. See LONGEVITY. (5.) LIFE, TREE OF.

See THUJA.

(6.) LIFE, VEGETABLE. See PLANTS. (7.) LIFE, WOOD OF. See GUAIACUM, N° II. *LIFEBLOOD. n. J. [life and blood.] The blood neceffary to life; the vital blood.

This fickness doth infect

The very lifeblood of our enterprise.

Shak.

They loved with that calm and noble value which dwells in the heart, with a warmth like that of lifeblood. Spectator.

Money, the lifeblood of the nation, Corrupts and ftagnates in the veins, Unless a proper circulation,

Savift. Anfew.

Its motion and its head maintains. (1.) LIFE-EVERLASTING. An herb. (2.) LIFE-EVERLASTING. See GNAPHALIUM. LIFE GIVING. n. f. [life and giving.] Having

the power to give life.

His own heat,

To them who live; nor on the virtue thought Of that life-giving plant. 'Milton.

LIFEGUARD. n. f. [life and guard.] The guard of a king's perfon.

LIFE