introduced into Britain with the firft fettlements of the Romans. The flax was certainly first planted by that nation in the British foil. The plant itself indeed appears to have been originally a native of the eaft. The woollen drapery would naturally be prior in its origin to the linen; and the fibrous plants from which the threads of the latter are produced, feem to have been firft noticed and worked by the inhabitants of Egypt. In Egypt, indeed, the linen manufacture appears to have been very early: for even in Jofeph's time it had risen to a confiderable height. From the Egyptians the knowledge of it proceeded probably to the Greeks, and from them to the Romans. Even at this day the flax is ftill imported from the eastern nations; the western kind being a degenerate fpecies. To fucceed in the linen manufacture, one set of people fhould be confined to ploughing and preparing the foil, fowing and covering the feed, weeding, pulling, rippling, and taking care of the flax till it is lodged at home: (fee FLAX, 3, 8-13.) others fhould be employ. ed in drying, breaking, fcutching, and heckling the flax, to fit it for the fpinners; (fee FLAXDRESSING) and others in fpinning and reeling it, to fit it for the weaver: others fhould be concerned in taking due care of the weaving, bleaching, beetling, and finifhing the cloth for the market. It is reasonable to think, that if these feveral branches of the manufacture were carried on by diftin&t deal. ers in Scotland and Ireland, where our home-made linens are manufactured, the feveral parts would be better executed, and the whole would be afforded cheaper, and with greater profit. (8.) LINEN, STAINING OF. Linen receives a black colour with much more difficulty than woollen or cotton. The black ftruck on linen with common vitriol and galls, or logwood, is very perishable, and foon washes out.-Inftead of the vitriol, a folution of iron in four ftrong beer is to be made ufe of. This is well known to all the printers; and by the ufe of this, which they call their iron liquor, and madder-root, are the backs and purples made which we fee on printed linens. The method of making this iron-liquor is as follows: A quantity of iron is put into the four ftrong beer; and, to promote the diffolution of the metal, the whole is occafionally well ftirred, the liquor drawn off, and the ruft beat from the iron, after which the liquor is poured on again. A length of time is required to make the impregnation perfect; the solution being reckoned unfit for ufe till it has food at leaft a year. This folution ftains the linen of a yellow, and different fhades of buff-colour; and is the only known fubftance by which thefe colours can be fixed on iinen. The cloth, stained deep with the iron liquor, and afterwards boiled with madder, without any other addition, becomes of the dark colour which we fee on printed linens and cottons; which, if not a perfect black, has a very near refemblance to it. Others are ftained paler with the fame liquor diluted with water, and come out purple. Linen may alfo be ftained of a durable purple by folution of gold in aqua regia. The folution for this purpose thould be as fully faturated as poffible; it should be diluted with three times its quantity of water; and if the colour is required deep, the piece, when dry, muft be repeatedly moistened with it. The colour does not take place till a confiderable time, fometimes feveral days, after the liquor has been applied: to haften its appearance, the fubject fhould be exposed to the fun and free air, and occafionally removed to a moist place, or moistened with water. When folution of gold in aqua regia is foaked up in linen cloths, the gold may be recovered by drying and burning them. The ANACARDIUM nut, which comes from the Eaft Indies, is remarkable for its property of ftaining linen of a deep black colour, which cannot be washed out either with foap or alkaline ley. The ftain is at first of a reddifh brown, but afterwards turns to a deep black on exposure to the air. The cafhew nut, called the anacardium of the West Indies, differs from the oriental anacardium in its colouring quality. The juice of this nut is much paler than the other, and ftains linen or cotton only of a brownish colour; which indeed is very durable, but does not at all change to black.-There are, however, trees, natives of our own colonies, which appear to contain juices of the fame nature with those of India. Of this kind are several, and perhaps the greater number, of the fpecies of the toxicodendron or poifon tree. (See RHUS, N° 7.) Mr Catesby, in his Hiftory of Carolina,describes one called there the poisonafh, from whofe trunk flowed a liquid as black as ink, and supposed to be poisonous; which reputed poisonous quality has hitherto prevented the inhabitants from collecting or attempting to make any ufe of it. In the Philof. Tranf. for 1755, the abbe Mazeas gives an account of 3 forts of the toxicodendron raised in a botanic garden in France, containing in their leaves a miiky juice, which in drying became quite black, and communicated the fame colour to the linen on which it was dropped. The linen thus ftained was boiled with foap, and came out without the leaft diminution of colour; nor did a ftrong ley of wood-afhes make any change in it. Several of these trees have been planted in the open ground in England, and fome ftill remain in the Bp. of London's garden at Fulham. That species called by Mr Miller the true las tree, was found by Dr Lewis to have properties of a fimilar kind. It contains in its bark, and the pedicles and ribs of the leaves, juice somewhat milky, which foon changed in the air to a reddifh brown, and in 2 or 3 hours to a deep blackish colour: wherever the bark was cut or wounded, the incifion became blackish; and in feveral parts of the leaves the juice had spontaneoufly exfuded, and ftained them of the fame colour. This juice dropped on linen gave at firft little or no colour, looking only like a fpot of oil; but by degrees, the part moistened with it darkened in the fame manner as the juice itfelf. On wafhing and boiting the linen with foap, the ftain not only was not difcharged, but feemed to have its blackness rather improved; as if a brown matter, with which the black was manifeftly debased, had been in part wafhed out, and left the black more pure. As the milky juice of fome of our common plants turn dark-coloured or blackish in drying, the Doctor was induced to try the effects of feveral of them on linen. The juice of wild poppies, garden poppies, dandelion, hawk-weed, and fow-thiftle, Kk 2 gave gave brown or brownish-red ftains, which were difcharged by wafhing with foap; thofe of the figtree, lettuces, and different kinds of fpurges, gave no colour at all. The colourlefs juice which iffues from hop-ftalks when cut, ftains linen of a pale reddish, or brownish red, extremely durable; the colour was deepened by repeated applications of the juice, but it never made any approach to blacknefs. The juice of floes gave likewife a pale brownish ftain, which, by repeated washings with foap, and being wetted with strong solutions of alkaline falt, was darkened to a deeper brown: on baking the floes, their juice turns red; and the red ftain which it then imparts to linen is, on washing with foap, changed to a pale bluish, which alfo proves durable. Thefe colours could not be deepened by repeated applications of the juice. The floes were tried in different ftates of maturity, from the beginning of September to the middle of December, and the event was always nearly the fame. In Vol. V. of Linnæus's Aminitates Academica, mention is made of a black colour obtained from two plants which grow fpontaneously in Britain; viz. the a&ea fpicata, herbchriftopher, or baneberries; and the erica baccifera nigra, black-berried heath, or crow-berries. juice of the former, boiled with alum, is faid to yield a black ink; and the latter, boiled alfo with alum, to die linen of a purplish black. The *LINENDRAPER. n. f. [linen and draper.] He who deals in linen. LINER, a river of England, in Cornwall. men. (1.) LING. n. f. [ling, Inlandick.] 1. Heath. This fenfe is retained in the northern counties; yet Bacon feems to diftinguish them.-Heath, and ling, and fedges. Bacon. 2. [Linghe, Dutch.] A kind of fea fith. When harveft is ended, take fhipping, or ride, Ling, falt fish, and herring, for Lent to provide. Tuffer. -Our English bring from thence good ftore of fish, but especially our deepeft and thickeft ling, which are therefore called ifland lings. Abbot. (2.) LING, in ichthyology. See GADUS, N° 8. (3.)*LING. The termination notes commonly diminution; as kitling, and is derived from klein, German, little; fometimes quality; as, firfling, in which fenfe Skinner deduces it from langen, old Teutonick, to belong. (4.) LING, a town of China, in Chen-fi. LINGAY, one of the Hebrides, near N. Uift. LINGE, or LINGHE, a river of the Batavian republic, running into the Waal at Gorcum. LINGELBACH, or John, an excellent paintLINGELBACK, Ser, born at Franckfort on the Maine, in 1625. He learned the art in HolJand, but perfected himself at Rome; where he udied till 1650, when he fettled at Amfterdam. His ufual fubjects are fairs, mountebanks, feapieces, and landscapes, which he executed well, and enriched with antiquities. His fea-fights are full of expreffion, exciting pity and terror. He had an uncommon readiness in painting figures and animals, and was employed by other artifts to adorn their landfcapes with fuch objects. He died in 1687. (1.) LINGEN, a county of Germany, in Weftphalia, belonging to Pruffia; bounded on the N. by Munfter; E. by Ofnaburgh; S. by Tecklinburg, and W. by Bentheim. (2.) LINGEN, the capital of the above county, is feated on the Embs, 27 miles ESE. of Coverden. Lon. 7. 30. E. Lat. 52. 34. N. (3.) LINGEN, an ifle on the coast of Malacca. (1.)* To LINGER. v. n. [from leng, Sax. long,] 1. To remain long in languor and pain. 2. 3. Like wretches, that have linger'd long, Perhaps thou lingʼreft, in deep thought detain'd Shak. And let this world no longer be a stage Wishing on earth to linger, and to fave And if my eyes have pow'r, he should not fue In vain, nor linger with a long delay. Dryden. 6. To be long in producing effect.-She doth think, fhe has ftrange ling'ring poifons. Shak. (2.) To LINGER. v. a. To protract; to draw out to length. Out of ufe.-I can get no remedy against this confumption of the purfe. Borrowing only lingers and lingers it out, but the disease is incurable. Shak. She lingers my defires. Shak. Let your brief plagues be mercy, And linger not our fure deftructions on. Shak. * LINGERER. n. J. [from linger.] lingers. One who *LINGERINGLY.adv. [from lingering.] With delay; tedioufly.-Of poifons, fome kill more gently and lingeringly; others more violently and speedily, yet both kill. Hale. (1.) * LINGET. n. f. [from languet ; lingot, Fr.] A fmall mafs of metal.-Other matter hath been ufed for money, as among the Lacedemonians, iron lingets quenched with vinegar, that they may ferve to other use. Camden. (2.) LINGET. See INGOT, § 2; and LIGNET. LING-NAN, a city of China of the first rank, in the prov. of Yun-nan; 1217 miles SSW. of Peking. Lon. 120. 28. E. of Ferro. Lat. 23. 28. N. *LINGO. n. f. [Portuguese.] Language; tongue; fpeech. A low cant word.-I have thoughts to learn fomewhat of your lingo before I cross the feas. Congreve, LINGONES, an ancient people of Gallia Bel gica, who inhabited the country lately called BAS. SIGNY, in Champagne, now in the dept of the Upper Marne. Langres, or a town on the fite of that city, was their capital. See LANGRES. They were conquered by Julius Cæfar, and made tributaries to Rome. They afterwards emigrated into Italy, and fettled on the Adriatic, near the Alps. Caf. Tacit. LINGONUM CIVITAS. See ANDOMADUNUM. LING-TAO, a city of China of the first rank, in the province of Chen-fi, in a fertile territory, abounding with gold, corn, fruits, cattle, tigers, wild bulls, &c.: 672 miles WSW. of Peking. Lon. 121. 20. E. of Ferro. Lat. 35. 22. N. * LINGUACIOUS. adj. [linguax, Latin.] Full of tongue; loquacious; talkative. * LINGUADENTAL. adj. [lingua and dens, Lat.] Uttered by the joint action of the tongue and teeth. The linguadentals, f, v, as alfo the linguadentals, th, dh, he will foon learn. Holder. LINGUETTA, a cape of Epirus. * LINGUIST. n. f. [from lingua.] A man skilful in languages.-Though a linguift should pride himself to have all the tongues that Babel cleft the world into, yet, if he had not ftudied the folid things in them, as well as the words and lexicons, he were nothing fo much to be efteemed a learned man as any yeoman or tradefman competently wife in his mother dialect only. Milton. Our linguift received extraordinary rudiments towards a good education. Addifon. *LINGWORT. n.. An herb. LINIACUS. See LEGNAGO. LINIERES, a town of France, in the dept. of Charente 15 miles SW. of Angouleme. (1.) * LINIMENT. n. f. [liniment, Fr. linimen tum, Latin.] Ointment; balfam; unguent.-The noftrils, and the jugular arteries, ought to be anointed every morning with this liniment or balfam. Harvey.-The wife author of nature hath provided on the rump two glandules, which the bird catches hold upon with her bill, and fqueezes out an oily pap or liniment, fit for the inunction of the feathers. Ray. (2.) A LINIMENT, in pharmacy, is fomewhat thinner than an unguent, and thicker than an oil, ufed for anointing different parts of the body. The materials proper for compofing liniments are, fats, oil, balsams, and whatever enters the compofition of unguents and plafters. * LINING. n. f. [from line.] 1. The inner covering of any thing; the inner double of a garment. Was I deceived, or did a fable cloud Turn forth her filver lining on the night. Milt. -The folds in the griftle of the nofe is covered with a lining, which differs from the facing of the tongue. Grew. The gown with ftiff embroid❜ry fhining, Looks charming with a flighter lining. Prior. The lining of his coffers fhall make coats To deck our foldiers for thefe Irish wars. Shak. * LINK. n. f. [gelencke, German.] 1. A fingle ring of a chain. The Roman ftate, whofe course will yet go on The way it takes, cracking ten thousand curbs Of more ftrong links afunder, than can ever Appear in your impediment. Shak. The moral of that poetical fiction, that the uppermoft link of all the feries of fubordinate caufes is faftened to Jupiter's chair, fignifes an useful truth. Hale.-Truths hang together in a chain of mutual dependence; you cannot draw one link without attracting others. Glanv. While fhe does her upward flight sustain, Touching each link of the continued chain, At length fhe is oblig'd, and forc'd to fee A firft, a fource, a life, a deity. Prior. 2. Any thing doubled and clofed together.-Make a link of horfe-hair very strong, and faften it to the end of the stick that springs. Mortimer.— 3. A chain; any thing connecting. Nor artlefs dungeon, nor ftrong links of iron, Can be retentive to the strength of spirit. Shak. I feel The link of nature draw me; flesh of flesh, Milt. Fire, flood, and earth, and air, by this were bound, crown'd. And love, the common link, the new creation Dryden. 4. Any fingle part of a series or chain of confequences; a gradation in ratiocination; a propofition joined to a foregoing and following a propofition. The thread and train of confequences in intellective ratiocination is often long, and chained together by divers links, which cannot be done in the imaginative ratiocination by fome attributed to brutes. Hale. 5. A feries; this sense is improper. Addifon has ufed link for chain.Though I have here only chofen this fingle link of martyrs, I might find out others among thofe names which are still extant, that delivered down this account of our Saviour in a fucceffive tradition. Addison. 6. [From Auxos.] A torch made of pitch and hards.-O, thou art an everlasting bonefire light; thou haft faved me a thousand marks in links and torches, walking with thee in the night betwixt tavern and tavern. Shak.Whereas hiftory fhould be the torch of truth, he makes her in divers places a fuliginous link of lies. Howel. Round as a globe, and liquor'd every chink, Goodly and great he fails behind his link. Dryd. One that bore a link, On fudden, clapp'd his flaming cudgel, Like linftock, to the horse's touch-hole. Hudib. 7. Perhaps in the following paffage it may mean lamp-black. There was no link to colour Peter's hat. Shak. *To LINK. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To complicate; as the links of a chain. With linked thunderbolts Transfix us to the bottom of this gulph. Milt, Notes, with many a winding bought Of linked sweetness long drawn out. Milton. -- 4. To join by confederacy or contract. They make an offer of themfelves into the fervice of that enemy, with whofe fervants they link themfelves in fo near a bond. Hooker. Be advised for the beft, Ere thou thy daughter link in holy band Of wedlock, to that new unknown guest. F. Queen. Blood in princes link'd not in fuch fort, As that it is of any power to ties 5. To connect, as concomitant. New hope to spring Daniel. Out of despair; joy, but with fear yet link'd. Milton. -God has linkt our hopes and our duty toge. ther. Decay of Piety.—So gracious hath God been to us, as to link together our duty and our intereft. Tillotson. 6. To concatenate in a regular series of confequences.-These things are linked, and, as it were, chained one to another: we labour to eat, and we eat to live, and we live to do good; and the good which we do is as feed fown, with reference unto a future harvest. Hooker.— There I'll link th' effect; A chain, which fools to catch themselves project? Dryden. -By which chain of ideas thus vifibly linked together in train, i. e. each intermediate idea agree. ing on each fide with those two it is immediately placed between, the ideas of men and felf-determination appear to be connected. Locke. * LINKBOY. LINKMAN. n. f. [link and boy.] A boy that carries a torch to accommodate paffengers with light. What a ridiculous thing it was, that the continued shadow of the earth should be broken by sudden miraculous difclufions of light, to prevent the officiousness of the linkboy! More. Though thou art tempted by the linkman's call, Ye truft him not along the lonely wall. Gay. In the black form of cinder-wench fhe came, O may no linkboy interrupt their love! Gay. LINKE. See LINCHE. LIN-KIANG, a city of China, of the firft rank, in the province of Kiang-fi, on the Yu-ho; 737 miles S. of Peking. (1.) LINKIOPING, or LINDKOPING, a town of Sweden, capital of Weft Gothland, with a bishop's fee; feated on the lake Wenner; 12 miles NW. of Skar, and 178 SW. of Stockholm. Brookes. Lon. 13. 5. E. Lat. 58. 85. N. (2.) LINKIOPING, a town of Sweden, in East Gothland, on the Stong, near lake Roxen; with a bishop's fee, 3 churches, and a caftle; 96 miles SW. of Stockholm. Cruttwell. Lon. 15. 28. E. Lat. 58. 24. N.-If there are not two towns of this name, as above ftated, in E. and W. Gothland, either Dr Brookes or Mr Cruttwell is in a mistake. * LINKMAN. See LINKBOY. LINKNESS, a cape of Scotland, on the NW. coaft of the ifle of Stronfay. (1.) LINLITHGOW, a parish of Scotland, in W. Lothian, or Linlithgowfhire, 5 miles long from E. to W. and 3 broad; containing 7600 Scots acres; bounded on the W. by the Avon, which feparates the county from Stirlingshire. The furface rifes in a gradual afcent to 500 feet above the fea-level. The foil is various, but the ground in general is well cultivated, and almoft entirely inclofed with plantations. All the ufual crops are raised, but very little flax. There is one lint and 4 corn mills. The population, in 1793, was 3221; and had decreafed 75 fince 1755. There is a filver mine in the S. extremity of the parish, formerly very productive. There are alfo a bleachfield, printfield, and feveral diftilleries. (2.) LINLITHGow, [from Lin, Gael. i. e. a lake, lith, a twig, and gow, a dog;] a royal borough in the above parish, capital of the county. The name is faid to allude to a black bitch, which, according to tradition, was found tied to a tree in a small ifland, on the E. fide of the lake, near which the town ftands. This etymology feems confirmed from the figure of the black bitch making part of the town's armorial bearing, on its public feal. Others, however, derive the name from Lin, a lake, lith, fnug or close, and gow, a vale, which feems confirmed from its fituation. Linlithgow is fuppofed to be the ancient LINDUM of Ptolemy. It was a royal borough in the time of David I. On the acceffion of the house of Stuart, it became a royal refidence. James IV. was much attached to it, and built the E. part of the palace, which has been peculiarly magnificent. Several queens of Scotland had it as their jointure house. It is all of polifhed stone, and covers an acre of ground. It was originally built, as Sibbald fuppofed, on the fite of a Roman ftation. It forms à square with towers at the corners, and stands on a gentle eminence, with the lake behind it on the W. It was greatly ornamented by James V. and VI. Within it is a handsome square; one fide of which was built by James VI. and kept in good repair till 1746, when it was accidentally damaged by the king's troops making fires on the hearths, by which the joifts were burnt. A ftone ornamented fountain in the middle of the court was deftroyed at the fame time. The other fides of the fquare are more ancient. In one is a room 95 feet long, 30 feet 6 inches wide, and 33 high. At one end is a gallery with 3 arches. Narrow galleries run quite round the old part, to preferve communications with the rooms; in one of which the unfortunate Q. Mary was born. The town confifts of one open street of ftone houses, of a mile long, with lanes on each fide, and gardens on the N. and on the S. On the N. fide of the high ftreet, on an eminence E. of the palace, ftands St Michael's church. In the market place is another fountain of two ftories with 8 fpouts, and furmounted like the former with an imperial crown. The gallery, whence the regent Murray was shot, is ftill to be feen. The houfe of Car. melites, founded in 1290, was deftroyed by the reformers in 1559. This borough is governed by a provoft, 4 bailies, dean of guild, treasurer, 12 merchant councillors, and 8 deacons of incorporations. The population, in 1793, was 2282. The market is on Friday, and there are 6 fairs. A confiderable trade is carried on in leather, flax, wool, ftockings, linen, porter, ale, &c. The tan ning and drefling of leather employs 48 perfons; the shoe-making 100, who make about 24,000 pairs annually; the print field, in 1792, employed 200 people. Linlithgow is 2 miles S. of Borrowftown nefe, nefs, its port, and 16 W. of Edinburgh, Lon. 3. den, at the inftance of profeffors Celfius and Rud-.. 34. W. Lat. 56. o. N. (3.)LINLITHGOW, or LINLITHGOWSHIRE, S See LOTHIAN, WEST. LINN, a town of Pennsylvania, in Northamp ton county. LINNAEUS, Sir Charles, the juftly celebrated reformer of botany and natural history, was born on May 24, 1707, in a village called Roefhult in Smaland, where his father, Nicolas Linnæus, was then vicar. We are told, that on the farm where Linnæus was born, there yet ftands a large limetree, from the botanical names of which, TILIA and LINDEN, his ancestors took the furnames of Tiliander, Lindelius, and Linnæus; and that this origin of furnames, from natural objects, 'is frequent in Sweden. But the fact is, that the name affumed by this great man, even in his Latin works, is neither Tiliander, Lindelius, nor even Linnaus, but LINNE, which feems to be the real Swedith name of the family. In his Latin works, printed in Sweden, he ftyles himfelf Carolus a Linné. How he came to be ftyled Linnæus by foreigners, is therefore not eafily accounted for. This eminent man, whose talents enabled him to reform the whole fcience of natural hiftory, ac cumulated, very early in life, fome of the higheft honours in medical fcience. He was made profeffor of phyfic and botany in the univerfity of Upfal, at the age of 34; and at 40, phyfician to king Adolphus-Frederick. Linnæus's tafte for botany feems to have been imbibed from, his father; who cultivated a garden plentifully ftored with plants, by way of amufement. Young Linnæus foon became acquainted with thefe, as well as with the indigenous ones in his neighbourhood. Yet from the narrowness of his father's income, Charles was on the point of being deftined to a mechanical employment, though for tunately the defign was over-ruled. In 1717, he was fent to school at Wexio; where, as his opportunities were enlarged, his progrefs in all his favourite pursuits was proportionably extended; and even at this early period he began to ftudy the natural history of infects. Profeffor Stobæus, under whom he received the first part of his academical education at Lund, in Scania, favoured his inclination to natural hiftory. He removed in 1728 to Upfal, where he contracted a close friendfhip with Artedi, a native of Angermania, who had been 4 years a student in that univerfity, and had a strong bent to natural hiftory, particularly ichthyology. Soon after his refidence at Upfal, he obtained the favour of feveral gentlemen of eftablished character in literature. He was particularly encouraged in the pursuit of his ftudies by Dr Olaus Celfius, then profeffor of divinity, and the restorer of natural hiftory, in Sweden; who, being ftruck with the accuracy of Linnæus in defcribing the plants of the garden at Upfal, not only patronised him, but admitted him to his houfe, his table, and his library. Under his encouragement, Linnæus made fuch a rapid progrefs, that in two years he was thought quali fied to give lectures occafionally from the botanic chair, in the room of profeffor Rudbeck. In 1731, the Royal Academy of Sciences at Upfal, with a view to improve the natural history of Swe beck, deputed Linnæus to make the tour of Lapland, and explore the natural hiftory of that arctic region. He left Upsal the 13th of May, and took his route to Gevalia, the capital of Geftricia, 45 miles from Upfal; travelled through Hellingland into Medalpadia, where he afcended a remarkable mountain, before he reached Hudwickfwald, the capital of Helfingland. Thence he went through Angermanland to Hernofand, a feaport on the Bothnic gulf, 70 miles from Hudwickf wald; where he visited the remarkable caverns on the fummit of mount Skula, at the hazard of his life. Arriving at Uma, in Weft Bothnia, he quitted the public road, and took his courfe through the woods weftward, to traverse the most fouthern parts of Lapland. Though a ftranger to the language and manners of the people, and without any affociate, he trusted to the hofpitality of the inhabitants, and experienced it fully. He mentions, with peculiar fatisfaction, the innocence and fimplicity of their lives. He reached the mountains towards Norway, and, after encountering great hardships, returned to W. Bothnia; vifited Pitha and Lula, on the gulf of Bothnia; from which laft place he took a western route, proceeding up the river Lula, and vifited the ruins of the temple of Jockmock in Lappmark: thence he traversed the Lapland Defert, deftitute of all villages, cultivation, roads, or any conve niences; inhabited only by a few ftraggling people, originally defcended from the Finlanders, and who fettled in this country in remote ages, being entirely a diftinct people from the Laplanders. In this diftrict he afcended a mountain called Wallevari, where he found a fingular and beautiful new plant (ANDROMEDA tetragona) when travelling within the arctic circle, with the fun in his view at midnight, in search of a Lapland hut. Thence he croffed the Lapland Alps into Finmark, and traversed the shores of the north sea as far as Sallero. These journeys were made on foot, attended by two Laplanders, as his interpreter and guide. In defcending a river, he narrowly efcaped perifhing by the overfetting of the boat, and loft many of the natural productions he had collected. Linnæus fpent the greater part of the fummer in examining this arctic region, and those mountains on which, four years afterwards, the French philofophers fecured immortal fame to Sir Ifaac Newton. At length, after having fuffered incredible fatigues and hardships, in climbing precipices, paffing rivers in miferable boats, under the viciffitudes of extreme heat and cold, and often of hunger and thirst, he returned to Tornoa in September. Having refolved to vifit and examine the country on the E. fide of the gulf, his firft ftage was to Ula in E. Bothnia; thence to Old and New Carleby, 84 miles S. of Ula. He continued his route through Wafa, Christianstadt, and Biorneburgh, to Abo, a small univerfity in Finland. As winter was now fetting in apace, he croffed the gulf by the island of Aland, and arrived at Upfal in November, after having performed, mostly on foot, a journey of ten degrees of latitude in extent, exclufively of numberless deviations. In 1733, he vifited and examined the mines in Sweden; and made himself fo well ac quainted |