that of thofe who live by labour. Temple.-He had been most of his time in good fervice, and had fomething to live on now he was old. Temple. 11. To be in a state of motion or vegetation.In a fpacious cave of living ftone, The tyrant olus, from his airy throne, With pow'r imperial curbs the struggling winds. Dryden. Cool groves and living lakes Give after toilfome days a foft repofe at night. Dryden. Thefe gifts the greedy flames to duft devour, Then on the living coals red wine they pour.

42. To be unextinguished.

Dryden. LIVE-EVER, in botany. See SEDUM, N° 9. * LIVELESS. adj. [from live.] Wanting life; rather lifeless.

Defcription cannot fuit itself in words, To demonftrate the life of fuch a battle, If life fo liveles as it fhews itself.

Shak. * LIVELIHOOD. n.. [It appears to be corrupted from livelode.] Support of life; mainte. Dance; means of living.-

Ah! lucklefs babe! born under cruel ftar, Full little weeneft thou what forrows are Left thee for portion of thy livelihood. Fairy Q. That rebellion drove the lady from thence, to find a livelihood out of her own eftate. Clarendon. He brings difgrace upon his character, to fubmit to the picking up of a livelihood in that strolling way of canting and begging. L'Efirange.-It is their poffeffion and livelihood to get their living by practices, for which they deferve to forfeit their lives. South-They have been as often banifhed out of most other places; which muft very much difperfe a people, and oblige them to feek a livelihood where they can find it. Addifon.Trade employs multitudes of hands, and furnishes the poorest of our fellow-fubjects with the opportunities of gaining an honeft livelihood. Addifon

LIVELILY. See LIVELY, § 2.

* LIVELINESS. n. f. [from lively.] 1. Appearance of life.--That liveliness which the freedom of the pencil makes appear, may feem the living hand of nature. Dryden. 2. Vivacity; fprightless. ---Extravagant young fellows, that have liveliness and spirit, come fometimes to be fet right, and fo make able and great men. Locke.

* LIVELODE. n. f. [live and lode, from lead; the means of leading life.] Maintenance; fupport; livelihood.-

She gave like blessing to each creature,
As well of worldly livelode as of life,
That there might be no difference nor ftrife.

Hubberd. (1.) * LIVELONG. adj. {live and long.] 1. Tedious; long in paffing.-

There have fate
The livelong day, with patient expectation,
To fee great Pompey pafs.

Shak.

The obfcur'd bird clamour'd the livelong

Dulnefs delighted, ey'd the lively dance, Rememb'ring the herself was pertnefs once. Pope.

Form'd by thy converfe, happily to fteer, From grave to gay, from lively to fevere. Pope. 3. Representing life.--Since a true knowledge of nature gives us pleasure, a lively imitation of it in poetry or painting muft produce a much greater. Dryden. 4. Strong; energetick.--His faith muft be not only living, but lively too. South.--The colours of the prifm are manifeftly more full, intenfe, and lively, than thofe of natural bodies. Newton. --Imprint upon their minds, by proper arguments and reflections, a lively persuasion of the certainty of a future ftate. Atterbury.

(2.) * LIVELY. LIVELILY. adv. 1. Brifkly; vigorously.--They brought their men to the flough, who difcharging lively almoft clofe to the face of the enemy, did much amaze them. Hayward. 2. With ftrong refemblance of life.--That part of poetry muft needs be beft, which defcribes moft lively our actions and paffions, our virtues and our vices: Dryden.

LIVENEN, a valley of Switzerland, in the canton of Uri, at the foot of Mount Gothard, 20 miles long, but narrow, containing about 12,000 fouls.

LIVENZA, a river which rises near Polcenigo, runs on the confines of Trevifano and Friuli, joins the Monticano near Motta, and falls into the Adriatic 7 miles E. of Trevifio.

(1.) * LIVER. n. f. [from live.] 1. One who lives.

Be thy affections undisturb'd and clear, Guided to what may great or good appear, And try if life be worth the liver's care. Prior. 2. One who lives in any particular manner with respect to virtue or vice, happiness or misery.— The end of his defcent was to gather a church of holy chriftian livers over the whole world. Hammond.-If any loofe liver have any goods of his own, the sheriff is to feize thereupon. Spenfer.Here are the wants of children, of diftracted per fons, of furdy wandering beggars and loofe diforderly livers, at one view reprefented. Atterburg. 3. [From lifere, Saxon.] One of the entrails.With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles

come;

And let my liver rather heat with wine, Than my heart cool with mortifying groans,

Shak. Reafon and refpect Make livers pale, and luftihood dejected. Shak. (2.) LIVER,

(2.) LIVER, in anatomy. See ANATOMY, Index. Plato, and others of the ancients, fix the principle of love in the liver; whence the Latin proverb, Cogit amare jecur: and in this fenfe Ho race frequently ufes the word, as when he fays, Si tarrere jecur quæris Idoneum. The Greeks, from its concave figure, called it næag, vaulted or suspended ; the Latins, jecur, q. d. juxta cor, as being near the heart. The French call it foye, from foyer, focus, a fire place; agreeable to the doctrine of the ancients, who believed the blood to be boiled and prepared in it.-Erafiftratus, at firft, called it parenchyma, i.e. effufion or mass of blood; and Hippocrates, by way of eminence, frequently calls it the bypochondrium.

(3.) LIVER OF ANTIMONY. See CHEMISTRY, Index.

(4.) LIVER OF ARSENIC, a combination of white arfenic with liquid fixed vegetable alkali, or by the humid way. Arfenic has in general a ftrong difpofition to unite with alkalis. Mr Macquer, in his Memoirs upon Arfenic, mentions a fingular kind of neutral salt, which results from the union of arfenic with the alkaline basis of nitre, when nitre is decompofed, and its acid is difengaged in clofe veffels, by means of arfenic. This falt he named neutral arfenical falt. The liver of arfenic, although compofed, like the neutral arfenical falt, of arfenic and fixed alkali, is very different from that falt. The operation for making liver of arfenic is eafy and fimple. To ftrong cancentrated liquid fixed alkali, previously heated, fine powder of white arfenic must be added. This arfenic eafily disappears and diffolves, and as much of it is to be added till the alkali is faturated, or has loft its alkaline properties, although it is ftill capable of diffolving more arfenic fuperabundantly. While the alkali diffolves the arfenic in its operation, it acquires a brownish colour, and a fingular and disagreeable fmell; which, however, is not the smell of pure arfenic heated and volatilized. This mixture becomes more and more thick, and at length of a gluey confiftence. This matter is not cryftallizable as the neutral arfe nical falt is. It is easily decompofed by the action of fire, which separates the arfenic. This does not happen to the arfenical falt. Any pure acid is capable of feparating arfenic from the liver of arfenic, in the fame manner as they feparate fulphur from liver of fulphur: whereas the neutral arfenical falt cannot be decompofed but by the united affinities of acids and metallic fubftances. Thus arfenic may be combined with fixed alkali in two very different manners. In the new nomenclature, the liver of arfenic is called Arfenical Oxide of Potash; and the neutral arfenical falt, Acidulous Arfeniate of Potash. See CHEMISTRY, Index.

(5.) LIVER OF SULPHUR. See CHEMISTRY, Index.

* LIVERCOLOUR. adj. [liver and colour.] Dark red.-The uppermoft ftratum is of gravel; then clay of various colours, purple, blue, red, livercolour. Woodward.

LIVERDUN, a town of France, in the dep. of Meurthe, and late prov. of Lorrain; on a mountain near the Mofelle, 8 miles NE. of Toul. Lon. 6. 5. E. Lat. 48. 45. N.

* LIVERGROWN. adj. [liver and grown.) Having a great liver.-I enquired what other cafualties was moft like the rickets, and found that livergrown was nearest. Graunt.

LIVERNON, a town of France, in the dep. of Lot, 21 miles ENE. of Cahors.

(1.) LIVERPOOL, a large, flourishing, and populous town of England, in Lancashire, fituated at the mouth of the Merfey. This town has fo much increased in trade fince the commencement of the last century, that it is now the greatest fea port in England, except London. The merchants trade to all parts of the world except Turkey and the Eaft Indies; but their chief trade is to Guinea and the Weft Indies for flaves, by which many of them have acquired very large fortunes. On this fubject Mr Walker fays, "The merchants of Liverpool have difgraced themselves more than any other people in Europe, by their inquitous exertions in the Man-trade." (Univ. Gazet.) Li verpool carries on more foreign trade than any town in England. About 3000 veffels are annually cleared from that port to different parts of the world. There are feveral manufactories of China ware; befides falt works, glafs houses, and upwards of 50 breweries, from fome of which large quantities of malt liquor are exported. Many of the buildings are formed in the most elegant manner, but the old streets are narrow. This defect, however, will foon be removed, the prin cipal ftreets being lately rebuilt. Liverpool contains 10 churches, befides meeting houses for prefbyterians, independents, anabaptifts, quakers, methodifts, &c. The exchange is a noble ftructure, built of white ftone in the form of a fquare, with piazzas where the merchants affemble to tranfact bafinefs. Above it are the mayor's offices, the, feffions-hall, the council-chamber, and two elegant ball-rooms. The expense of erecting this building amounted to 30,000l. The custom-houfe is fituated at the head of the old dock, and is a handfome and convenient structure. There are many charitable foundations, among which is an excellent grammar-fchool well endowed. The infirmary is a large edifice of brick and store, fituated on a hill in a pleasant airy fituation, at one end of the town. In the town is a charity school, wherein 50 boys and 12 girls are clothed, edu cated, maintained, and lodged: feveral alms houfes for the widows of feamen; and an excellent poor houfe, where upwards of 800 men, women, and children, are fupported, and many of them employed in fpinning cotton and wool. There are five large wet docks, three dry docks, and graving decks for repairing veffels. The quays which bound thefe docks are covered with warehoufes; which enable the nierchants to discharge their fhips at a fmall expenfe. The new prifon is a noble edifice, built on Mr Howard's plan for folitary confinement; and is esteemed the moft convenient, airy, magnificent building of the kind in Europe. Liverpool received its charter from king John, and is governed by a mayor, recorder, an unlimited number of aldermen, two bailiffs, and a commoncouncil of 40 of the principal inhabitants. It has a market on Saturday, and is diftant from London 204 miles. The MERSEY, by which it has a very extenfive inland navigation, fupplies it with Q02

falmon

wont to make a small reckoning. Spenfer on Ire land. 5. The cloaths given to fervants. My mind for weeds your virtue's livery wears. Sidney.-Perhaps they are by fo much the more loth to for fake this argument, for that it hath, though nothing elfe, yet the name of fcripture, to give it fome kind of countenance more than the pretext of livery coats affordeth. Hooker.I think, it is our way,

falmon, cod, flounders, turbot, plaife, and fmelts; and at full fea it is above two miles over. In the neighbourhood are frequent horfe races on a five mile courfe, the finest for the length in England. The foil near the town is dry and fandy, and particularly favourable to potatoes, on which the farmers often depend more than on wheat or corn. Fref water is brought into the town by pipes, from fome fprings 4 miles off. Liverpool fends two members to parliament.; Lon. 2. 54. W. Lat. 53. 23. N.

(2.) LIVERPOOL, a town of Nova Scotia, on the S. coaft, 20 miles NE. of Shelburn, and 45 SE. of Halifax.

LIVER STONE, lapis hepaticus; a genus of inflammable fubftances, containing argillaceous, ponderous, and filiceous earth, united with vitriolic acid. See EARTHS, VI. N° 4. Mr Kirwan quotes an analysis of Sir T. Bergman, where it is faid that 100 parts of it contain 33 of barofelenite, 38 of filiceous earth, 22 of alum, 7 of gypfum, and 5 of mineral oil.

(1.)* LIVERWORT. n.f. [liver and wort; lichen. A plant. That fort of liverwort which is ufed to cure the bite of mad dogs, grows on commons, and open heaths, where the grafs is fhort, on declivities, and on the fides of pits. This fpreads on the furface of the ground, and, when in perfection, is of an afh colour; but, as it grows old, it alters, and becomes of a dark colour. Miller.

(2.) LIVER WORT, in botany. See LICHEN and MARCHANTIA.

(3.) LIVER-WORT, MARSH. See RICCIA. (4.) LIVER-WORT, NOBLE. See ANEMONE. (1.) LIVERY. n. f. [livrer, French.] 1. The act of giving or taking poffeffion.

You do wrongfully seize Hereford's right, Call in his letters patents that he hath By his attorneys general to fue His livery, and deny his offered homage. Shak. 2. Releafe from wardship.-Had the two houfes firft fued out their livery, and once effectually redeemed themselves from the wardship of the tumults, I fhould then fufpect my own judgment. K. Charles. 3. The writ by which poffeffion is obtained. 4. The ftate of being kept at a certain rate. What livery is, we by common ufe in England know well enough, namely, that it is an allowance of horfe meat; as they commonly ufe the word fabling, as to keep horfes at livery; the which word, I guefs, is derived of livering or delivering forth their nightly food, fo as in great houfes the livery is faid to be ferved up for all night, that is, their evening allowance for drink; and livery is alfo called the upper weed which a ferring man wears; fo called, I fuppofe, for that it was delivered and taken from him at pleasure: fo it is apparent, that, by the word livery, is there meant horfe meat, like as by the coigny is underftood min's meat. Some lay it is derived of coin, for that they ufed in their coignies not only to take meat but money; but I rather think it is derived of the Irish, the which is a common ufe amongst landlords of the Irish to have a common fpending upon their tenants, who being common ly but tenants at will, they ufed to take of them ht victuals they lift; for of victuals they were

If we will keep in favour with the king,
To be her men, and wear her livery.
Yet do our hearts wear Timon's livery,
That fee I by our faces.

Shak.

Shak.

Ev'ry lady cloath'd in white, And crown'd with oak and laurel ev'ry knight, Are fervants to the leaf, by liveries known Of innocence.

Dryden. On others int'reft her gay liv'ry flings, Int'reft that waves on party-colour'd wings. Dunciad. -If your dinner mifcarries, you were teazed by the footmen coming into the kitchen; and to prove it true, throw a ladleful of broth on one or two of their liveries. Swift. 6. A particular drefs; a gaib worn as a token or confequence of any thing.

Sidney.

Of fair Urania, fairer than a green, Proudly bedeck'd in April's livery. Miftake me not for any complexion, The fhadow'd livery of the burning fun, To whom I am a neighbour, and near bred. Shak. At once came forth whatever creeps the ground, Infect, or worm; thofe wav'd their limber faus For wings, and fmaileft lineaments exact, In all the liveries deck'd of summer's pride, With spots of gold and purple. Milton.

Now came ftill evening on, and twilight grey Had in her fober livery all things clad. Milt. (2.) LIVERY,($1, def. 5.) in drefs and equipage, a certain colour and form of drefs, by which noblemen and gentlemen diftinguish their fervants. Liveries are usually taken from fancy, and continued in families by fucceffion. The ancient cava liers, at their tournaments, diftinguished themfelves by wearing the liveries of their miftreffes: thus people of quality make their domeftics wear their livery. The Romish church has also her feveral colours and liveries; white, for confeffors and virgins, and in times of rejoicing; black, for the dead; red, for the apoftles and martyrs; blue or violet, for penitents; and green, in times of hope. Liveries were abolished in France, by the Conftituent National Affembly, as badges of fervitude, inconfiftent with their fyftem of equality.

(3.) LIVERY OF SEISIN, in law, (§ 1, def. 3.) fignifies delivering the poffeffion of lands, &c. to him who has a right to them. See LAW, Part I:I. Chap. II. Se&t. III.

(i.)* LIVERYMAN. n. f. [livery and man.] I. One who wears a livery; a fervant of an inferior kind. The witneffes made oath, that they had heard fome of the liverymen frequently railing at their miftrefs. Arbuthnot. 2. [In London.] A freeman of fome standing in a company.

(2.) The LIVERYMEN OF LONDON, (§ 1, def. 2.) are a number of men chofen from among the freemen of each company. Out of this body the common-council, theriff, and other fuperior offi

cers

cers for the government of the city are elected; and they alone have the privilege of giving their votes for members of parliament, from which the reft of the citizens are excluded.

* LIVES. n. f. [the plural of life.]
So fhort is life, that every peasant strives,
In a farm houfe or field, to have three lives.

Donne. 'LIVESA, a town of France, in the dep. of the Eaftern Pyrenees; 4 miles NE. of Puycerda. LIVIA, the ad wife of the emp. Auguftus and mother of Tiberius, a woman of great beauty and ability, but monftrous depravity. She was the daughter of L. Drufus Calidianus, and the wife of Tib. Claudius Nero, one of Antony's adherents; to whom he was pregnant, when Auguftus faw her, as she fled from danger, and married her; for which purpose he divorced his wife Scribonia. To enfure the fucceffion to her fon, fhe fecretly procured the death of Auguftus's grand-children and nearest relations, and at laft ungratefully made away with the doting emperor himself; for which fhe met with a return of equal ingratitude from her worthless fon. (See ROME.) She died A. D. 29, aged 86.

* LIVID. adj. [lividus, Lat. livide, Fr.] Difcoloured, as with a blow; black and blue. It was a peftilent fever, not feated in the veins or humours, for that there followed no carbuncles, no purple or livid fspots, the mass of the blood not being tainted. Bacox.—

Upon my livid lips bestow a kifs. Dryden. They beat their breasts with many a bruifing blow,

Till they turn❜d livid, and corrupt the fnow. Dryden. * LIVIDITY. 1. f. [lividité, Fr. from livid.] Discolouration, as by a blow.-The figns of a tendency to fuch a state, are darkness or lividity of the countenance. Arbuthnot.

LIVIGNAC, a town of France, in the dep. of Aveiron; 44 miles N. of Albin, and 9 E. of Figeac. LIVINEUS, John, a learned writer of the 16th century, born at Dendermond. He was deeply fkilled in the Greek language, and tranflated feveral of the Greek fathers into Latin. He died at Antwerp in 1599.

(1.) LIVING. part. adj. 1. Vigorous; active: as, a living faith. 2. Being in motion; having fome natural energy, or principle of action; as, the living green, the living fprings.

(2.)* LIVING. n. f. [from live.] 1. Support; maintenance; fortune on which one lives.-The Arcadians fought as in an unknown place, having no fuccour but in their hands; the Helots, as in their own place, fighting for their livings, wives, and children. Sidney.-All they did caft in of their abundance; but the of her want did caft in all that she had, even all her living. Mark. 2. Power of continuing life.-There is no living without trufting fome body or other, in some cases. L'Eftir. 3. Livelihood.

For ourselves we may a living make. Hubberd. -Then may I fet the world on wheels, when the can fpin for her living. Shak.

Ifaac and his wife, now dig for your life, Or fhortly you'll dig for your living. Denham. -Actors must reprefent fuch things as they are

capable to perform, and by which both they and the fcribbler may get their living. Dryden 4. Benefice of a clergyman.-Some of our minifters having the livings of the country offered unto them, without pains, will, neither for any love of God, nor for all the good they may do, by winning fouls to God, be drawn forth from their warm nefts. Spenfer.-The parfon of the parish preaching against adultery, Mrs Bull told her hufband, that they would join to have him turned out of his living for using perfonal reflections. Arbuthnot.

* LIVINGLY. adv. [from living.] In the living ftate.-In vain do they scruple to approach the dead, who livingly are cadaverous. Brown's V. E. (1.) LIVINGSTONE, John, a Scottish presbyterian divine, born in 1603, and educated at Glafgow, where he took the degree of M. A. He was banished in 1663 for his adherence to Prefbyterian principles; and went to Holland, where he died in 1672. He wrote feveral works on theology, which were popular when published.

(2.) LIVINGSTONE, a parifh of Scotland, in Linlithgowfhire, 44 miles long, and from to 14 broad, containing near 4000 acres, all arable ground, and moftly inclofed. The climate, though moift, is falubrious, and "extreme longevity" is frequent. The foil is various, and husbandry is much improved, by draining, &c. introduced by Sir W. Cunynghame. The population, in 1798, was 420; the decreafe 178, fince 1755.

(3.) LIVINGSTONE, or Kirktown of Livingstone, a village in the above parish, containing about 40 inhabitants, in 1798.

LIVINIERE, a town of France, in the dep. of the Herault, 24 miles W. of Beziers.

(1.) LIVIUS, Titus, the beft of the Roman hiftorians, was born at Patavium. Few particulars of his life have been handed down to us. Coming to Rome, he acquired the notice and favour of Auguftus, and long refided there. He had previoufly written Dialogues, hiftorical and philofophical, and fome books on philofophy. It is probable that he began his Hiftory as foon as he was fettled at Rome; and he feems to have devoted himself fo entirely to that great work, as to be perfectly regardless of his advancement. The distractions of Rome frequently obliged him to retire to Naples. He ufed to read parts of his hiftory, while he was compofing it, to Mæcenas and Augustus; and the latter conceived fo high an opinion of him, that he appointed him to fuperintend the education of his grandfon Claudius, afterwards emperor. After the death of Auguftus, Livy returned to the place of his birth, where he was received with all imaginable honour and refpect; and where he died, in the 4th year of Tiberius's reign, aged above 70. Some say, he died on the fame day with Ovid; it is certain he died the fame year. Scarce any man was ever more honoured, in life or after his death, than this hiftorian. Pliny relates, that a gentleman travelled from Gades, in Spain, merely to fee Livy. A monument was erected to Livy in the temple of Juno, where was afterwards founded the monaftery of St Juftina; and where, in 1413, was discovered the following epitaph; Offa Titi Livii Patavini, &c. i.e. “The bones of Titus Livius of Patavium, a man worthy to be ap

proved