inftead of granting it, diffolved the parliament. a manner as fhould be confiftent with them;" From this time it was determined to feize the concluding thus: "That you may fee the king is city's charter; and fresh provocations having been in earneft, and the matter is not capable of delay, given about the election of theriffs, a quo warranto I am commanded to let you know, he hath given was produced by the attorney general, to over- orders to his attorney general, to enter upon judg throw their charter, and thereby to deprive the ment on Saturday next; unless you prevent it by citizens of the power to choose theriffs. Though your compliance in all thefe particulars." A comnothing could be more unjult than this profecu- mon council was fummoned, when the friends of tion, the miniftry were determined at all events liberty treated thefe flavifh conditions as they deto crush the Londoners; rightly judging, that it ferved,; and declared, that they were ready to fa would be eafy to make all other corporations fur- crifice all that was near or dear to them, rather render their charters. Accordingly they difplaced than fubmit to fuch arbitrary impofitions: but fuch judges as would not approve of their pro- when it was put to the vote, their appeared a ceedings; and, on the 12th June 1683, Juice majority of 18 for fubmiffion. Thus the king got Jones pronounced the following fentence: "That the government of the city into his own hands, a city might forfeit its charter; that the malver- though he and his brother entirely loft the affecfations of the common council were acts of the tions of the Londoners. But, not content with whole city; and that the points fet forth in the their fubmiffion, he departed from his promife; pleadings were juft grounds for the forfeiting of a commanded the judgment upon the quo warrants charter. But notwithstanding this fentence, the to be entered; and commiffioned Sir William attorney general was directed to move that the Pritchard, the lord mayor, to hold the fame office judgment might not be recorded; being afraid during his pleafure. He alfo appointed or displa of the confequences. Yet it was judged that ced the other magiftrates as he thought proper; the king might feize the liberties of the city, after which the miniftry, having nothing to fear, A common council was immediately fummoned, proceeded in the most arbitrary manner. In this The country party moved to have the judgment fubjection to the will of the court, the city conentered; but the court party infifted upon an ab, tinued till the Revolution. folute fubmiffion to the king before judgment was entered; and though this was in effect a voluntary furrender of the city liberties, the act of fubmiffion was carried by a great majority; and in a petition from the lord mayor, aldermen, and common council, they" acknowledged their can if government, and his majefly's lenity; begged his majesty's pardon; promifed conftant loyalty and obedience; and humbly begged his majefty's com. mands and directions." To this the king anfwered, that he would not reject their fuit, if they would agree upon the following particulars: "1. That no ford mayor, fheriff, recorder, commonfejeant, town-clerk, or coroner, of the city of London, or fteward of the borough of Southwark, fhall be capable of, or admitted to, the exercife of their refpective offices, before bis majefty fhall have approved of them under his fign manual. 2. That if his majefty ball difapprove the choice of any perfon to be ford mayor, and fignify the fame under his fign manual to the lord mayor, &c. the citizens fhall, within one week, proceed to a new choice, and if his majefty fhall difapprove the 2d choice, he may nominate a perfon to be lord mayor for the year enfuing. 3. If his majef ty thall difapprove the perfone chofen to be the riffs, he may appoint sherifs for the year enfuing, 4. That the lord mayor and, court of aldermen may, with the leave of his majefty, difplace any alderman, recorder, &c. 5. Upon the election of an alderman, if the court of aldermen fhall judge the perfon to be unfit, the ward fhall choose again; and upon a difapproval of a 2d choice, the count may appoint another. 6. That the juftices of the peace fhould be by the king's commiffion; and the fettling of thofe matters to be left to his majefty's attorney general, and counfel learned in the law." To thefe the lord keeper added, in the king's name, "That these regulations being made, his majefty would not only pardon this profecution, but would confirm their charter in fuch

(14.) LONDON, HISTORY OF, FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE PRESENT PERIOD. In 1689, the immediate reftoration of the Londoners to their franchises was ordered; and in fuch a manner and form, as to put it entirely out of the power of an arbitrary miniftry, and a corrupt judge and jury, to deprive them of their chartered liberties for the time to come. Accordingly a bill was brought into parliament, and paffed, for reverfing the judgment of the quo warranto against the city of London, and for reftoring the fame to its ancient rights and privileges. From that period to the prefent (1802) London bath enjoyed tranquillity, with little interruption, except in a few inftances; fuch as, the riots that took place in Q. Anne's reign, in 1709, by the difputes between the high and low church parties, refpecting Dr Sacheverel : (See SACHEVEREL ;) thofe that occurred in his prefent majefty's reign, refpecting the Middlefex election; (See ENGLAND, 84-90; and WILKES, N° 1.) and, above all, thofe alarming riots that happened in 1780, respecting the Popish Bill, which at one period threatened the total deftruction of London. (See ENGLAND, § 101, 102; and GORDON, N° 2.) We cannot conclude our hiftory of this metroplis,, without mentioning, that about 1790, a political affociation was formed in it, under the name of the London Correfponding Society, whofe profeffed object was to procure a parliamentary reform, by the eftablishment of annual parliaments and univerfal fuffrage; but whofe real intention was fufpected to be a total overthrow of the British conftitution, and the eftablifhment of a republic, fimilar to that which was erected in France in 1792; though doubtless ma ny joined it who wifhed only for a reform in parliament. This fociety having increased in 1792 to the number of about 50,000 members, and having, in 1793, circulated a vaft number of political pamphlets throughout the kingdom, miniftry became alarmed; and in 1794, 12 of the leading members

were

were apprehended and indicted for high treafon. Of thefe, however, only three were brought to trial; viz. Thomas Hardy, John Horne-Tooks, Efq. and John Thelwall, who being acquitted, the other nine were difmiffed without a trial, and though thefe acquittals were attended with much popular exultation, no riots, whatever occurred, It may also be mentioned bere, that fome rioting took place in the present year (1810), when the refolution of the Houfe of Commons, committing Sir Francis Burdett to the Tower, was executed. The appearance was at one time alarming but it foon fubfided, though every effort was made to roule and keep up the fpirit, of difaffection.

Hofpital, founded in 1674 by the lord-mayor and citizens of London for the reception and cure of poor lunatics. It is a noble edifice, built with brick and ftone, and adorned with pilafters, entablatures, and feulptures; particularly with the figures of two lunatics over the grand gate, which are well executed This building is 540 feet long and 40 broad, exclufive of two wings of a later erections for lunatics deemed incurable. This hospital con. tains a great number of convenient apartmentes where the patients are maintained, and receive all medical affiftance, without any expenfe to their friends, except bedding. The structure is divided into two stories, through each of which runs a long gallery from the one end to the other. On the S. fide are the cells, and on the N the windows that give light to the galleries, divided in the middle by handfome iron grates, to keep the men and women feparate. This hospital being united to that of Bridewell, both are managed by the fame prefident, governors, treasurer, clerks phyfician, furgeon, and apothecary; but each has a steward and inferior officers of its own. Oppo fite to Bethlehem hofpital food that of St Luke, a long plain building, appropriated to the fame purpoles, but wholly independent of the former. Of late the patients were removed from this hospital (fince pulled down) to a new one erected under the fame name in Old-street, on the fame plan, extending in front 393 feet.

(15.) LONDON, HOSPITALS IN. There are in or near this city about 20 hofpitals and infirmaries, and 100 almfhouses. Of these we shall here only mention three. Adjoining to Chrift-church in Newgate-ftreet is Christ's Hofpital, which, before the diffolution of monafteries, was a house of grey-friars. The hofpital was founded by Edward VI. for the fatherless children of poor free men in this city; of whom 1000 of both fexes are generally maintained in the houfe or out at nurfe, and are likewife cloathed and educated. In 1673, a mathematical fchool was founded bere by Charles II, endowed with L.320 a-year; and a writing fchool was added in 1694 by Sir John Moor, an alderman of the city. After the boys have been or 8 years on the foundation, fome are fent to the univerfity and others to fea; while the reft, at a (16.) LONDON, INNS OF COURT IN. There are proper age, are put apprentices to trades at the is inns of court and chancery. In Farringdon charge of the hofpital. At first their habit was a Ward Without are the Inner and Middle Temple, ruffet cotton, but was foon after changed for blue, Serjeant's Inn, Clifford's Inn, Barnard'sinn, Staple's which has ever fince continued to be their colour; Inn, and Furnival's Jun, The Temple was originally and on this account the foundation is frequently founded by the Knights Templars, who fettled here called the blue coat bospital. The affairs of this in 1185. It was divided into 3 parts; the Inner, charity are managed by a prefident and about 300 Middle, and Outer Temple; fo called from their governors, befides the lord mayor and aldermen. fituations refpecting the Bar. On the diffolution The fabric, which is partly Gothic and partly mo- of the order of Knights Templars, it devolved to dern, was much damaged by the fire of 1666, but the Knights Hofpitallers of St John of Jerufalem, was foon repaired, and has been fince increased who granted a leafe of it to the ftudents of the with feveral additions. The principal buildings, common law, and converted the Inner and Mid. which form the 4 fides of an area, have a piazza dle Temple into two inns of court for the ftu round them with Gothic arches, and the walls are dy and practice of the common law. The Outer fupported by abutments. The front has Doric Temple became a houfe for the E. of Effex. The pilafters fupported on pedestals. Contiguous to buildings of the Temple escaped the fire in 1666, Chrift's hofpital, is St Bartholomew's Hospital. It but were most of them deftroyed by fubfequent was originally founded foon after the acceffion of fires, and have been fince rebuilt. The two Tem. Henry I. by Rahere the king's jefter, as an infir- ples are each divided into feveral courts, and have mary for the priory of St Bartholomew the Great, pleasant gardens on the banks of the Thames which then flood near the fpot, But upon the They are appropriated to distinct focieties, and diffolution of religious houfes, Henry VIII. re- have separate halls. The Inner Temple hall is faid founded it, and endowed it with 500 merks to have been built in the reign of Edw. III. and the a-year, on condition that the citizens fhould pay Middle Temple hai:, which is a magnificent edithe fame fum annually for the relief of 100 infirm fice, was rebuilt in 1572 in form of a college hall. patients. The endowments have been fince fo much The Middle Temple gate was erected by Sir Amienlarged, that it now receives the diftreffed of all as Powlet, on a fingular occafion. Sir Amias, about denominations. In 1702, a beautiful frontispiece 1501, put Cardinal Wolfey, then parfon of Lywas erected towards Smithfield, adorned with pi-mington, into the stocks. In 1515 he was fent for lafters, entablature, and a pediment of the Ionic order, with a statue of Henry VIII. in a niche, in full proportion, and thofe of two cripples on the top of the pediment over it. In 1729, a plan was formed for rebuilding the reft of this hofpital, in confequence of which a magnificient edifice has been erected. In Colman-ftreet ward, on the S. fide of a large square called Moorfields, ftands Bethlehem

to London by the cardinal on account of that ancient grudge, and commanded not to quit town till farther orders. In confequence, he lodged 5 or 6 years in this gateway, which he rebuilt; and to pacify his eminence, adorned the front with the cardinal's cap, badges, cognifance, and other devices of this butcher's fon: fo low were the great men obliged to ftoop to that meteor of the

times!

Fach temple has a good library, adorned ntings and well furnished with books. py, called a parliament, in which the af for fociety of the Inner Temple are maheld there every term. Both Temples brenne church, founded in 1185 by the Knights Templars; but the prefent edifice is fuppofed to have been built in 1420. It is fupported by neat flender pillars of Suffex marble, and is one of the moft beautiful Gothic ftructures in England. In this church are many monuments, particularly of Knights Templars cut in marble, in full proportion, fome of them 71 feet long; 6 are cross-legged, and therefore fuppofed to have been crufaders. The minifter, who is called the mafter of the Tem ple, is appointed by the senior members of both Tocieties, and prefented by a patent from the crown. Serjeant's Inn is a fmall inn in Chancery lane, where the judges and ferjeants have chambers, but not houfes. In each of them there is a hall and a chapel. Clifford's Inn is an inn of chancery belonging to the Inner Temple. It was originally a houfe granted by Edward II. to the family of the Cliffords; but was afterwards let upon leafe to the ftudents of the law, and in the reign of Edward III. fold to the members of this fociety. Bernard's Inn is an inn of Chancery belonging to Gray's Inn, and is fituated in Holborn. John Mackworth, dean of Lincoln, gave it to profeffors of the law. Staple's Inn belongs alfo to Gray's Inn, and is fituated in Holborn. It was once a hall for the merchants of the ftaple for wool, whence its name; but was purchased by the benchers of Gray's Inn, and has been an inn of chancery fince 1415. Furnival's Inn is an inn of Chancery belonging to Lincoln's Inn, and was once the houfe of the family of the Furnivals, by whom it was let out to the profeffors of the law. It is a large old building, with a hall and a pleasant garden. Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn are two of the principal inns of court, but both are without the liberties of the city, though the former is fituated within the parish of St Andrew Holborn. See WESTMINSTER.

tiful and magnificent fluted column of the Doric or der, built with Portland ftone, and erected in memory of the conflagration in 1666. It was begun by Sir Chriftopher Wren in 1671, and finished by him in 1677 Its height from the pavement is 202 feet; the diameter of the fhaft, or body of the column, is 15 feet; the ground plinth, or loweft part of the pedeftal, is 28 feet fquare; and the pedeftal is 40 feet high. Over the capital is an iron balcony encompaffing a cone 32 feet high, which fupports a blazing urn of gilt brafs. Within is a large staircase of black marble, containing 245 fteps, each 10 inches and a half broad, and fix inches thick. The W. fide is adorned with a curious emblem in alt-relief, denoting the destruction and restoration of the city. The firft female figure reprefents London fitting in ruins, in a languishing pofture with her head dejected, her hair difhevelled, and her hand carelessly lying on her fword. Behind is Time, gradually railing her up; at her fide is a woman touching her with one hand, whilst a winged fceptre in the other directs her to regard the goddeffes in the clouds; one with a cornucopia, denoting Plenty; the other with a palm branch, the emblem of Peace. At her feet is a bee hive, fhowing, that by industry and application the greateft misfortunes are to be overcome. Behind the figure of Time are citizens exulting at his endeavours to reftore her; and beneath, in the midst of the ruins, is a dragon, who, as the fupporter of the city arms, with his paw endeavours to preferve the fame. Oppofite to the city, on an elevated pavement, ftands the king, in a Roman habit, with a laurel on his head, and a truncheon in his band; and approaching her, commands three of his attendants to descend to her relief. The first represents the Sciences, with a winged head and circle of naked boys dancing thereon; and Nature holding out her hand, with her numerous breafts, ready to give affiftance to all. The fecond is Archite&ure, with a plane in one hand, and a square and pair of compaffes in the other; and the third is Liberty, waving a hat (17.) LONDON, MARKETS IN. There are 15 in the air, thowing her joy at the pleafing proffefh markets, one for live cattle, and 25 for pect of the city's fpeedy recovery. Behind the com, coals, hay, herbs, &c. Of thefe the 3 prin- king ftands his brother the Duke of York, with a cipal are, at Smithfield for cattle and hay, at garland in one hand to crown the rifing city, and Leadenhall for butcher's meat, wool, hides, and a fword in the other for her defence. The two Colchester baize, and at Billingfgate for fifh. The figures behind are Justice and Fortitude; the forfollowing are also very confiderable, viz. Honey- mer with a coronet, and the latter with a reined lane, Newgate, and Fleet markets, chiefly for lion; and under the royal pavement lies Envy, fesh, though with feparate divifions, for fish, but- gnawing a heart, and inceffantly emitting peftiter, eggs, poultry, herbs, and fruit; the Three- ferous fumes from her mouth. On the plinth the Cranes market for fruit. The principal corn market reconstruction of the city is reprefented by buildis held in a neat exchange in Mark-lane, and that ers and labourers at work upon houfes. On the for flour at Queen-hithe. In Thames-ftreet, near N. S. and E. fides, are inscriptions relating to the Billingfgate, there is an exchange for dealers in deftruction occafioned by the conflagration, the recoals and mafters of veffels in that trade. In Ba-gulations about rebuilding the city, and erecting finghall ward, is Blackwellball, which adjoins to Guildhall, and is the greatest mart of woollen cloth in the world. It was purchased of king Richard II. by the city; and has ever fince been used as a weekly market for broad and narrow woollen cloths, brought out of the country. It was burnt in 1666, but rebuilt in 1672, and is now a fpacious edifice, with a ftone front adorned with columns. (18.) LONDON, MONUMENT OF. Near the N. fide of London bridge ftands the Monument, a beau

the monument; and round it is the following one: "This pillar was fet up in perpetual remembrance of the moft dreadful burning of this Proteftant city, begun and carried on by the treach ery and malice of the Popish faction, in the beginning of September, in the year of our Lord 1666, in order to their carrying on their horrid plot for extirpating the Proteftant religion and old Englifh Liberty, and introducing popery and slavery.

(19.) LONDON, NUMBER OF CHURCHES, CHA

PELS,