Lay'ft thou thy leaden mace upon my boy That plays the mufic? Shak. -The Turkish troops breaking in with their feymitars and heavy iron maces, made a moft bloody execution. Knolles

Death with his mace petrific fmote. Milton. With his mace their monarch ftruck the ground; Dryden. The mighty maces with fuch hafte defcend,, They break the bones, and make the armour bend. Dryden. 3. [Macis, Latin.] A kind of fpice.-The nutmeg is inclofed in a threefold covering, of which the fecond is mace: it is thin and membranaceous, of an oleaginous, and a yellowish colour: it has an extremely fragrant, aromatic, and agreeable fmell, and a pleasant, but acrid and oleaginous taste. Hill's Mat. Med.-Water, vinegar, and honey, is a most excellent fudorific: it is more effectual with a little mace added to it, Arbuthnot.

(2.) The MACE, (§ 1, def. 2.) was anciently much ufed by the cavalry of all nations. It was commonly made of iron; its figure much resembles à chocolate-mill; many fpecimens may be feen in the Tower. It was with one of thefe that Walworth mayor of London knocked the rebel Wat Tyler from off his horfe in Smithfield, for approaching the young king Richard II. in an infolent manner; and as he fell, he dispatched him with his dagger.

(3.) The MACE, (§ 1, def. 1.) in modern times has changed its form; and being no longer a war inftrument, is made of copper or filver gilt, ornamented with a crown, globe, and crofs, and is now the chief ensign of authority throughout Great Britain. Similar to the ancient maces, were thofe ftaves at the end of which iron or leaden balls armed with fpikes were fufpended by chains; they were till lately carried by the pioneers of the trained bands or city militia."

(4) MACE, (§ 1, def. 3.) in the materia medica, the fecond coat or covering of the kernel of the nutmeg, is a thin and membranaceous fubftance, of an oleaginous nature, and a yellowish colour; being met with in flakes of an inch or more in length, which are divided into a multitude of ramifications. It is of an extremely fragrant, aromatic, and agreeable flavour; and of a pleafant, but acrid oleaginous tafte. It is carminative, ftomachic, and aftringent; and poffeffes all the virtues of nutmeg, but has lefs aftringency. The oils of mace and nutmeg, whether prepared

by diftillation or expreffion, are so much of the fame nature, that they may be indiscriminately ufed for one another on all occafions. They give eafe in cholics, and often in nephritic cafes, taken internally from one drop to five or fix of the diftilled oil, or an equal quantity of the expressed; and externally, they are of use to rub paralytic limbs: they also affift digeftion; and will often stop vomitings and hiccoughs, only by be. ing rubbed on the region of the ftomach, Nurfes apply oil of mace by expreffion to children's navels to ease their gripes, and often with fuccefs; and we are affured, by anthors of credit, that when rubbed on the temples, it promotes fleep.

MACEALE. n. [mace and ale] Ale fpiced with mace. I prefcribed him a draught of maceale, with hopes to difpofe him to reft. Wifeman. MACE BEARER. n. f. [mace and bear] One who carries the mace before perfons in authority. -I was placed at a quadrangular table, oppofite to the macebearer. Spectator.

MACEDA, a town of Spain, in Galicia.

(1.) MACEDON, or MACEDONIA, a celebrated kingdom of antiquity, bounded on the E. by the Egean fea; on the S. by Theffaly and Epirus; on the W. by the Ionian fea or Adriatic; and on the N. at firft by the Strymon and the Scardian mountains, but afterwards by the Neffus.

(2.) MACEDON, ANCIENT EXTENT, DIVISIONS, NAMES, &C. OF. The kingdom of Macedonia extended in a direct line only 150 miles in length; but the windings of the coast lengthened it out to three times that extent; in which almost every convenient fituation was occupied by a Grecian fea-port. The country was naturally divided by the Thermaic and Strymonic gulphs, into the provinces of Pieria, Chalcis, and Pangaus. The middle region, which took its name from a city of Euboea, whence it was originally peopled, was very fertile and pleasant; the inland country, being diverfified by lakes, rivers, and arms of the fea, was extremely convenient for inland navigation, while the towns of Amphipolis, Potidæa, Acanthus, and many others, afforded marts for the commerce of the republics of Greece, as well as of Thrace and Macedon. On one fide of this diftri&t were the mountains of Pangæus, and on the other the plains of Pieria. The Pangæan mountains, which extended 90 miles towards the E. on the river Neffus, though proper neither for corn nor pasture, produced plenty of timber for fhip-building; while the fouthern branches of the mountain contained rich veins of gold and filver; but thefe, though wrought fucceffively by the Thafians and the Athenians, were only brought to perfection by K. Philip II. who extracted from them gold and filver to the value of 200,000 1. Sterling annually. Pieria extended 50 miles along the Thermaic gulph, to the confines of Theffaly and mount Pindus. The inland part of the country was beautifully diverfified with fhady hills and fountains; and fo admirably calculated for folitary walks and retirement, that the ancients looked upon it to be the favourite haunt of the mufes, and accordingly bestowed upon them the title of PIERIDES. In the moft early times thi scountry was called Emathia, from Emathius, one of its princes. The name of Macedon is faid

to

Tlemonidas their leader. Teleutias, exasperated at this difafter, ordered the remainder of the targeteers and cavalry to purfue; while he himself advanced at the head of the heavy armed foot with fuch celerity that they began to fall into diforder. But the Lacedemonians imprudently advancing juft under the battlements of the city, the townfmen on the walls discharged upon them a shower of miffile weapons, while the flower of the Olynthian troops fallied forth and attacked them with fuch violence, that Teleutias was flain, the Spartans defeated, and the whole army at last difperfed with great slaughter, and obliged to fhelter themselves in Acanthus, Apollonia, Spartolus, and Potidea. The Spartans, undismayed by this terrible difafter, continued their operations under their King Agefipolis, and after his death under Polybiades, an experienced general, with fo much fuccefs, by sea and land, that the Olynthians, after holding out for 10 months, at last submitted on very humiliating conditions. They formally renounced all claim to the dominions of Chalcis; they ceded the Macedonian cities to their ancient governor ; and in confequence of this Amyntas left the city of Egea or Edeffa, where till now he had held his royal refidence, and fixed it at PELLA, a city of great ftrength and beauty, fituated on an eminence, which, together with a plain of confiderable extent, was defended by impenetrable moraffes, and by the rivers Axius and Lydias. It was about 15 miles from the Ægean fea, with which it commu nicated by these rivers. It was originally founded by Greeks, who had lately conquered and peopled it; but in confequence of the misfortunes of Olynthus, it now became the capital of Macedon, which it continued ever after to be. Amyntas, thus fully established in his dominions, continued to enjoy tranquillity during the reft of his life, and was fucceeded by his fon Alexander II. in 371 B. C.

afforded favourable fituations; encouraged agriculture and the arts, particularly thofe fubfervient to war; formed magazines of arms; raised and difciplined a confiderable body of cavalry; and in a word, fays Dr Gillies, added more to the folid grandeur of Macedon than had been done by all his predeceffors. Nor was he regardless of the arts of peace. His palace was adorned by the works of Grecian painters. Euripides was long entertained at his court; Socrates and other men of merit and genius were invited to refide in Macedon, and treated with diftinguished regard by a monarch attentive to promote his own glory and the happiness of his fubjects. This great monarch died after a reign of fix years, but according to others of 41, a space by far too fhort to accomplish the magnificent projects he had formed. After his death the kingdom fell under the power of weak monarchs and ufurpers. A number of competitors appeared for the throne; and these by turns called in to their affiftance the Thracians, Illyrians, Theffalians, the Olynthian confederacy, Athens, Sparta, and Thebes. Bardyllis, an active and daring chief, who, from being head of a gang of robbers, had become fovereign of the Illyrians, entered Macedon at the head of a numerous army, depofed Amyntas II. the grandfon of Alexander I. and set up in his place one Argeus, who confented to become tributary to the Illyrians. Another candidate for the throne, named Paufanias, was fupported by the Thracians; but, by the affistance of the Theffalians and Olynthians, Amyntas was reftored in 397. After his reftoration, however, the Olynthians refused to deliver up feveral places of importance belonging to Macedon, which Amyntas had either entrusted to their care, or which they had taken from his antagonist. Amyntas complained to Sparta; and that republic fent firft 2000 men under Eudamidas, and afterwards a powerful reinforcement under his brother Phoebidas; but thefe laft were detained till the feafon for action was paft. Eudamidas, however, with his small army, performed effential service. The appearance of a Spartan army encouraged the fubjects and allies of the Olynthians to revolt; and the city of Potidea furrendered foon after his arrival. But being too much elated with his fuccefs, Eudamidas approached fo near Olynthus, that he was attacked, defeated, and killed in a fally of the citizens. He was fucceeded by Teleutias the brother of Agefilaus, who commanded a body of 10,000 Spartans, and was affifted by K. Amyntas and Derdas his brother, the governor of the most wefterly province of Macedon, which abounded in cavalry. By thefe formidable enemies the Olynthians were defeated in a number of battles, and obliged to fhut themselves up in their city; on which Teleutias advanced with his whole forces to inveft Olynthus. But his exceffive eagerness to deftroy his enemies proved his ruin. A body of Olynthian horfe paffed the Amnias in fight of the allied army, though fo much fuperior in number. Teleutias ordered his targeteers to attack them; the Olynthians, having retreated across the river, were closely pursued by the Lacedemonians, great part of whom alfo paffed the river; but the Olynthians fuddenly turning upon them, killed upwards of 100, with

(6.) MACEDON, HISTORY OF, FROM ALEXANDER II. TO THE DEPOSITION OF AMYNTAS III. AND USURPATION OF PHILIP II. The reign of Alexander II. was fhort, and disturbed by invafions of the Illyrians; from whom he was obliged to purchase a peace. His two brothers, Perdiccas and Philip, being both very young, Paufanias again ufurped the throne; but was foon deprived of it by the exertions of Iphicrates the Athenian; who, in gratitude for fome favours he had formerly received from Amyntas and his queen Eurydice, expelled the ufurper, and got Perdiccas, the eldest fon, established on the throne.' During the minority of Perdiccas, however, his baftard brother, Ptolemy Alorites, who was his guardian, ufurped the throne; but was depofed by the Theban general Pelopidas, who reinstated Perdiccas in his dominions, in 366 B. C. and to fecure the dependence of Macedon upon Thebes, carried along with him 30 Macedon youths as hoftages; among whom was Philip the king's younger brother. Perdiccas now, elated by the protection of fuch powerful allies, forgot Iphicrates and the Athenians, and even difputed their right to Amphipolis, which had been decreed to them by the general council of Greece. He alfo refufed to Bardyllis the Illyrian the tribute which the Macedonians had agreed to pay him, which

occafioned

Occafioned a war with that nation, wherein the Macedonians were defeated with the lofs of 4000 men, Perdiccas himself being taken prisoner, and dying foon after of his wounds. The kingdom was now left in the most deplorable ftate. Amyntas III. the fon of Perdiccas, was an infant; the Thebans, in whom Perdiccas had placed fo much confidence, were deprived of the fovereignty of Greece; the Athenians, juftly provoked at the ingratitude of the late monarch, fhowed an hoftile difpofition; the Illyrians ravaged the W. and the Pæonians the N. quarter of the kingdom; the Thracians fupported Paufanias, and propofed to fend him into Macedon at the head of a numerous army; while Argæus, the former rival of Amyntas, renewed his pretenfions to the throne, and by flattering the Athenians with the hopes of recovering Amphipolis, eafily induced them to fupport his claims; in confequence of which they fitted out a fleet, with 3000 heavy armed foldiers, which they fent to the coaft of Macedon. Philip, the late king's brother, no fooner heard of his defeat and death, than he fet out privately from Thebes; and on his arrival at Macedon, found matters in the fituation above defcribed. Naturally ambitious, he had acquired, during the time he was an hoftage, a high degree of that know. ledge of men and manners, which was moft fuited to infure his fuccefs. To him that period was a period of improvement. From the age of 15 he had been much in the family of EPAMINONDAS; and in his travels through Greece he had cultivated an acquaintance with Plato, Ifocrates, Ariftotle, and other great philofophers. His appearance in Macedon inftantly changed the face of affairs. In the name of his nephew Amyntas III. he treated with the Paonians and Thracians; whom, by bribery and fair promifes, he prevailed upon to abandon Paufanias, and withdraw their forces, as the Illyrians had already done. And having thus got rid of these barbarians, he was now at liberty to oppose the Athenians, who fupported Argæus, and threatened a very formidable invafion. The appearance, however, of the Athenian fleet before Methone, with that of Argæus at the head of a numerous army in Pieria, having filled the whole country with confternation, Philip took the opportunity of getting Amyntas fet afide, and himself declared king; for which indeed the danger of the times afforded a very plaufible pretext.

(7.) MACEDON, HISTORY OF, FROM PHILIP II.'s USURPATION TO HIS CONQUEST OF AMPHIPOLIS. Argæus, in the mean time, having advanced with his Athenian allies towards Edeffa, Philip, after cutting off great numbers of his men, defeated him in a general engagement; in which Argæus, with the flower of his army, was cut in pieces, and the reft taken prifoners. As, among thefe prifoners, there was a great number both of Macedonians and Athenians, he determined, by his treatment of them, to ingratiate himself with both parties. The former were called into his prefence, and, after a gentle reprimand, admitted to fwear aliegiance to him; the latter were entertained at his table, difmiffed without ranfom, and their baggage reftored. The prifoners were juft allowed time to return home, and fpread

abroad the news of Philip's generofity, when they were followed by ambaffadors from Macedon with propofals for peace. As he knew that the lofs of Amphipolis had greatly irritated the Athe. nians, he now renounced his jurisdiction over it, and declared it free, and fubject only to the government of its own laws. This artful conduct fo wrought upon the Athenians, that they confented to the renewal of a treaty which had formerly fubfifted between them and his father Amyntas II. Thus he removed all jealousy of his ambition, and even induced them to engage in a ruinous war with their allies, which occupied their attention until Philip had an opportunity of getting his matters fo well established, that it was impoffible to overthrow them.-Being thus left at liberty to regulate his domeftic conceres, he began to circumfcribe the power of his chiefs; who, efpecially in the more remote provinces, paid very little regard to the authority of the kings of Macedon. To counteract their ambition, Philip chofe a body of the braveft Macedonian youths, whom he entertained at his own table, and honoured with many teftimonies of his friendship, giving them the title of his companions, and allowing them conftantly to attend him in wan and hunting. Their intimacy with the fovereign, which was confidered as an indication of their merit, obliged them to fuperior diligence in alb the fevere duties of military difcipline; and the young nobility, eager to participate fuch high honours, vied with each other in their endeavours to gain admiflion into this diftinguished order; fo that, while on the one hand they ferved as hoftages, on the other they formed an useful feminary for future generals, by whom both Philip and Alexander were afterwards greatly affifted in their conquefts. About this time Philip is faid to have inftituted the Macedonian phalanx; but this is difputed by Dr Gillies. (See PHALANX). Inftead of this, Philip, according to our author, procured arms, horfes, and other neceffaries for war; and introduced a more fevere and exact military difcipline than had formerly been known in Macedon While he thus took the beft methods to render himself secure at home and formidable abroad, the Pæonians again began to make incurfions into the kingdom. The death of Agis their king, however, who was a man of great military fkill, deprived them of almoft every power of refistance when they were attacked. Philip, of confequence, overran their country with little oppofition, and reduced them to the ftate of tributaries to Macedon. No fooner was this accomplished, than he undertook a winter's campaign against the Illyrians, who had long been the enemies of Macedon. They had now extended their territory to the E. by which means the Macedonians were excluded from the harbours on the coaft of the Adriatic. This was a grievance to Philip, who seems early to have meditated the raifing of a naval power; neither could he hope to be in fafety, fhould the kingdom be left open to the incurfions of a barbarous enemy; for which reafons he determined at once to humble thofe enemies fo completely, that they fhould no longer give him any difturbance. After an ineffectual negociation, he was met by Bardyllis at the head of a confiderable

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