ees of the battle in one of the most frequented porticoes of the city: Miltiades was there reprefented at the head of the generals, exhorting the troops to fight for their country. Paufanias examined the field of battle about 600 years after this event and found, on the barrow of the Athemians, pillars containing the names of the dead under those of the tribes to which they belonged; another for the Platæenfians and flaves; and a diftinct monument of Miltiades, who survived the battle. The Marathonians worshipped those who were flain in the battle. Many centuries have elapfed fince the age of Paufanias; but the principal barrow ftill towers above the level of the plain. It is of light fine earth, and has a bufh or two growing on it. Dr Chandler informs us, that he enjoyed a pleafing and fatisfactory view from the fummit; and looked, but in vain, for the pillars on which the names were recorded, lamenting that fuch memorials fhould ever be removed. At a fmall distance northward is a square basement of white marble, perhaps part of the trophy.

MARATIA, INFERIOR and SUPERIOR 2 towns of Naples, in the prov. of Bafilicata; the latter 7, and the former 8 miles WSW. of Lauria.

MARATISTS, a name given to those furious and fanguinary political zealots, who, like MARAT, during the FRENCH REVOLUTION, expected to eftablish the liberty of France, by extirpating all who differed from them in their political opinions; and who thus difgraced the cause of freedom, as much as a fimilar fanguinary spirit formerly difgraced that of religion.

MARATTA. See MARHATTAS.

MARATTI, Charles, a celebrated painter, born at Camorano, near Ancona, in 1625. He came a poor boy to Rome, when only 11 years old; and at 12 recommended himself to Andrew Sacchi, by his drawings after Raphael in the Vatican. Sacchi took him into his fchool, where he continued 25 years till his mafter's death. His fine ideas of beauty and grace occafioned his being generally employed in painting madonas and female faints. From the finest ftatues and pictures, he made himfelf mafter of the most perfect forms, and the moft charming airs. He produced a noble variety of draperies, more artfully managed, more richly ornamented, and with greater propriety, than even the beft of the moderns. He was inimitable in adorning the head, in the difpofal of the hair, and the elegance of the hands and feet. In his younger days he etched a few prints, with equal fpirit and correctnefs. It would be endless to enumerate the celebrated paintings done by him. He inade feveral admirable portraits of kings, popes, and cardinals, from whom he received the higheft teftimonies of esteem. Innocent XI. appointed him keeper of the paintings in his chapel and the Vatican. Maratti erected two noble monuments for Raphael and Hannibal, at his own expenfe, in the pantheon. To his abilities in painting he added many virtues, particularly extenfive charity. He died at Rome in 1713, aged 88.

MARAUDERS. n. f. in a military fenfe, means a party of foldiers, who, without any order, go into the neighbouring houses and villages, when the army is either in camp or garrison, to plunder and destroy, &c. Marauders are a difgrace to the

camp, to the military profeffion, and deferve no better quarter from their officers than they give to the poor peasants, &c.

MARAUDING, part. See laft article. MARAVEDI, a little Spanish copper coin, worth fomewhat more than a French denier, or half a farthing English. The Spaniards always count by maravedis, both in commerce and ia their finances, though the coin itself is no longer current among them. Sixty-three matavedis are equivalent to a rial of filver; fo that the piaster, or piece of eight rials, contains 504; and the pistole of four pieces of eight, 2016 maravedis. This fmallnefs of the coin produces vaft numbers in the Spanish accounts and calculation; infomuch that a ftranger or correfpondent would think himself indebted feveral millions for a commodity that coft but a few pounds. In the laws of Spain, we meet with several kinds of maravedis; Alphonfine maravedis, white maravedis, maravedis of good money, maravedis Combrenos, black maravedis, and old maravedis. When we find maravedis alone, and without any addition, it is to be underftood of thofe mentioned above. The reft are different in value, fineness of metal, time, &c. Mariana afferts, that this coin is older than the Moors; that it came from the Goths; that it was anciently equal to a third part of the rial, and confequently of 12 times the value of the present maravedi. Under Alphonfus XI. the maravedi was 17 times, under Henry II, ten times, under Henry III. five times, and under John II. two times and an half, the value of the prefent maravedi,

MARAWAR, a province of Indoftan, bordering on the coaft oppofite, Ceylon; 60 miles long, and 40 broad; in alliance with Britain. Ramanadporum is the chief city

MARAZION. See MERAZION.
(1.) MARBACH, a river in Suabia.

(2-4.) MARBACH, 3 towns of Auftria; 1. on the Danube, 3 miles W. of Aggfpach; 2. 7 miles NE. of Steyregg; 3.2 miles W. of Zwetl..

(5.) MARBACH, a town of Upper Saxony, in Erzgeburg, 3 miles SW. of Noffen.

MARBELLA, a town of Spain, in Andalufia, at the mouth of the Verde, 30 miles NE. of Gibraltar, and 28 SW. of Malaga. Lon. 5. 25. W. Lat. 30. 25. N.

MARBEUF, a town of Corfica.

(1.) * MARBLE. n. f. [marbre, Fr. marmor, Lat.] 1. Stone ufed in ftatues and elegant buildings, capable of a bright polish, and in a strong heat calcining into lime.

He plies her hard, and much rain wears the marble. Shak. Thou marble hew'ft,ere long to part with breath, And houses rear❜ft, unmindful of thy death.

Sandys.

2. Little balls fuppofed to be of marble, with which children play.-Marbles taught them percuffion, and the laws of motion; nut-crackers the ufe of the lever. Arbuthnot and Pope. 3. A ftone remarkable for the fculpture or infcription; as, the Oxford marbles.

(2.) MARBLE. adj. 1. Made of marble.-
Pygmalion's fate reverst is mine,
His marble love took flesh and blood.

All that I worshipp'd as divine,
That beauty, now 'tis understood,
Appears to have no more of life,

Than that whereof he framed his wife. Waller. 2. Variegated, or stained like marble.—Shall I fee far-fetch'd inventions? fhall I labour to lay marble colours over my ruinous thoughts? or rather, though the pureness of my virgin mind be ftained, let me keep the true fimplicity of my word. Sid ney. The appendix fhall be printed by itfelf, ftitched, and with a marble cover. Swift.

(3.) MARBLE, in natural hiftory, a genus of foffils; being bright and beautiful ftones compofed of small separate concretions, moderately hard, not giving fire with fteel, fermenting with and foluble in acid menftrua, and calcining in a flight fire.-The Latin word marmor is derived from the Greek aguig, to shine, or glitter. The colours by which marbles are diftinguilhed are almoft innumerable; but the moft remarkable are, 1. The black marble of Flanders. 2. Plain yellow. 3. Yellow with fome white veins. 4. Yellow with black dendrites. 5. Yellow with brown figures refembling ruins. 6. Black and yellow. 7. Black and white. 8. Pale yellow, with fpots of a blackish grey colour. 9. Yellow, white, and red. 1o. Pale yellow. 11. Olive colour, with deeper coloured crofs lines, and dendrites. 12. Brownish red. 13. Flesh-coloured and yellow. 14. Common red marble. 15. Crimson, white, and grey. 16. Reddish brown lumps, on a whitish ground. 17. Bluish grey. 18. Snowy white.The varieties of marble, numerous as they are, have been improperly augmented by virtuofos, and fome people who collect fpecimens for the fake of gain. The Italians are particularly curious in this way; and most of the names impofed upon marbles are given by them. Every marble brought from an unknown place is called by them antico; when distinguished by a number of bright colours, it is called BROCATELLO, or brocatellato. When they want fome of the originals to complete a whole fet of marbles, they either fubftitute others which have the nearest resemblance to them; or, laftly, they ftain white marbles according to their own fancy, and impofe them on the world as natural. The fineft folid modern marbles are thofe of Italy, Blankenburg, France, and Flanders. Very fine marble is alfo found in fome of the Western Islands of Scotland. Thofe of Germany, Norway, and Sweden, are of an inferior kind, being mixed with a kind of fcaly limeftone; and even several of thofe above mentioned are partly mixed with this fubftance, though in an inferior degree. Cronstedt, however, men tions a new quarry of white marble in Sweden, which, from the fpecimens he had feen, appeared to be excellent. The fpecific gravity of marble is from 2700 to 2800; that of Carriera, a very fine

Italian marble, is 2717.-Black marble owes its colour to a flight mixture of iron. Mr Bayen found fome which contained 5 per cent. of the metal; notwithstanding which, the lime prepared from it was white, but in time it acquired an ochry or reddish yellow colour. Marble, when chemically examined, appears to confift of calcareous earth united with much fixed air; and is, like limestone or chalk, capable of being converted into a strong quicklime.-Dr Black derives the origin of marbles, as well as limeftone and marl, from the fame fource, viz. from the calcareous matter of fhells and lithophyta. In one kind of limeftone known by the name of Portland flore, and confifting of round grains united together, it was fuppofed to be compofed of the spawn of fish; but comparifons of other phenomena have explained it. It is plain that it has been produced from a calcareous fand, which is found on the fhore of fome of the islands in the fouthern climates. By the conftant agitation the fofter parts are worn off, and the harder parts remain in the form of particles that are highly polished, and which are afterwards gradually made to concrete together by causes of which we have yet no knowledge.-There are indeed fome few of the lime. ftones and marbles in which we cannot discover any of the relics of the fhells; but there are many figns of their having been in a diffolved or liquified state; so we cannot expect to see the remains of the form of the hells; but even in many of the marbles that have the greatest appearance of a complete mixture, we ftill find often the confufed remains of the fhells of which they have been originally compofed. We fhould fill find it difficult to conceive how fuch maffes should have derived their origin from fhells; but, confidering the many collections that we have an opportunity of feeing in their steps towards this procefs, and a little concreted together, fo that by their going aftep farther they might form limeftone and mar bles, we may fee the poffibility of their being all produced in the fame manner. Thus vaft quantities of fhells have been found in the ci-devant province of Turin in France; and indeed there is no place where they have not been found. The lithophyta likewife feem to be a very fruitful fource of this kind of earth. In the cold climates, where the moderate degree of heat is not fo productive of animal life, we have not fuch an opportunity of obferving this; but in the hot climates, the fea as well as the land fwarms with innumerable animals; and, at the bottom, with those that produce the corals and madrepores. We learn, from the history of a ship that was funk in a ftorm in the Gulf of Mexico, the vaft growth there is of these bodies. About 30 years after, they attempted to dive into it to get out a quantity of filver; but they found great difficulty in getting it, from the thip being overgrown with coral. Sir Hans Sloan, in the Philofophical Tranfactions, and in his History of Jamaica, observes, that the fhip's timber, the iron, and money, were all concreted by the growth of the calcareous matter. So in a tract of many thousands of years the quantity of it fhould be very great; and as this is going on through a very great extent of the bottom of the fea, it will produce very extensive Q9992

as well as maffy collections of calcareous matter. According to Sir William Hamilton, many variegated marbles and precious ftones are the produce of volcanoes. See Phil Tranf. vol. lviii. 12.

(4.) MARBLE, ARTIFICIAL. The ftucco, whereof they make ftatues, bufts, baffo-relievos, and other ornaments of architecture, ought to be mar. ble pulverized, mixed in a certain proportion with plafter; the whole well fifted, worked up with water, and ufed like common plafter. See STUCCO. A kind of artificial marble is also made of the flaky felenites, or a transparent stone refembling plafter; which becomes very hard, receives a tolerable polifh, and may deceive a good eye. This kind of felenites resembles Mufcovy talc. Another kind is formed by corrofive tinctures, which, penetrating into white marble to the depth of a line or more, imitate the various colours of dearer marble. There is alfo a preparation of brimftone in imitation of marble. To do this, provide a flat and smooth piece of marble; on this make a border or wall, to encompass either a fquare or oval table, which may be done either with wax or clay. Then having feveral forts of colours, as white lead, vermilion, lake, orpiment, masticot, smalt, Pruffian blue, &c. melt on a flow fire fome brimftone in feveral glazed pipkins; put one particular fort of colour into each, and ftir it well together; then having before oiled the marble all over within the wall with one colour, quickly drop fpots upon it of larger and lefs fize; after this, take another colour, and do as before, and so on till the ftone is covered with spots of all the colours you design to use. When this is done, confider what colour the mafs or ground of the table is to be; if of a grey colour, then take fine fifted alhes, and mix it up with melted brimftone; or if red, with English red ochre; if white, with white lead; if black, with lamp or ivory black. The brimftone for the ground must be pretty hot, that the coloured drops on the ftone may unite and incorporate with it. When the ground is poured even all over, put a thin wainscot board upon it, while the brimstone is hot, making alfo the board hot, which ought to be thoroughly dry, to caufe the brimstone to flick the better to it. When the whole is cold, take it up, and polish it with a cloth and oil, and it will look very beautiful.

(5.) MARBLE, COLOURING OF. This is a nice art; and to fucceed in it, the pieces of marble on which the experiments are tried, muft be well polifhed, and free from the leaft fpot or vein. The harder the marble is, the better will it bear the heat neceflary in the operation; therefore alabafter and the common foft white marble are very improper for performing thefe operations upon. Heat is always neceffary for opening the pores of marble, fo as to render it fit to receive the colours: but the marble muft never be made red hot; for then the texture of it is injured, and the colours are burnt, and lofe their beauty. Too fmall a degree of heat is as bad as one too great; for, in this cafe, though the marble receives the colour, it will not be fixed in it, nor ftrike deep enough. Some colours will ftrike even cold; but they never fink in fo well as when a juft degree of heat is used. The proper degree is that which, without making the marble red, makes the liquor boil

upon its furface. The menftruums ufed to ftrike in the colours must be varied according to the na. ture of the colour to be used. A lixivium made with horse's or dog's urine, with four parts of quicklime and one of pot-afhes, is excellent for fome colours; common ley of wood afhes is very good for others; for fome, fpirit of wine is best; and, laftly, for others, oily liquors, or common white wine. The colours which fucceed beft with the peculiar menftruums are thefe: ftone blue diffolved in fix times the quantity of spirit of wine, or of the urinous lixivium, and litmus, diffolved in common ley of wood afhes. An extract of faffron, and that colour made of buckthorn berries, called by painters fap green, both fucceed well when diffolved in urine and quicklime; and tolerably well when diffolved in fpirit of wine. Vermilion, and a very fine powder of cochineal, alfo fucceed very well in the fame liquors. Dragon' blood fucceeds in spirit of wine, as does alfo a tincture of logwood in the same spirit. Alkanet root gives a fine colour; but the only menftruum to be used for it is oil of turpentine; for neither spirit of wine, nor any lixivium, will do with it. There is another kind of sanguis draconis, commonly called dragon's blood in tears, which, mixed with urine, gives a very elegant colour. There are other colours which muft be laid on dry and unmixed. These are, dragon's blood of the purest kind, for a red; gamboge for a yellow; green wax, for a green; common brimftone, pitch, and turpentine, for a brown colour. The marble for thefe experiments must be made confiderably hot, and then the colours are to be rubbed on dry in the lump. Some of these colours, when once given, remain immutable, others are easily changed or deftroyed Thus, the red colour given by dragon's blood, or by a decoction of logwood, will be wholly taken away by oil of tartar, and the polish of the marble not hurt by it. A fine gold colour is given in the following manner: take crude fal ammoniac, vitriol, and verdigrife, of each equal quantities White vitriol fucceads beft; and all must be thoroughly mixed in fine powder. The ftaining of marble to all the degrees of red or yellow, by folutions of dragon's blood or gamboge, may be done by reducing thefe gums to powder, and grinding them with the fpirit of wine in a glafs mortar. But, for fmaller attempts, no method is fo good as mixing a little of either of these powders with fpirit of wine in a filver spoon, and holding it over buraing charcoal. A fine tincture may thus be extracted, and, with a pencil dipt in this, the fineft traces may be made on the marble while cold; which on heating it afterwards, either on fand, or in a baker's oven, will fink very deep, and remain diftinct on the ftone. It is very easy to make the ground colour of the marble red or yellow, and leave white veins in it. This is to be done by covering the places where the whiteness is to remain with fome white paint, or even with 2 or 3 folds only of paper; either of which will prevent the colour from penetrating. All the degrees of red are to be given to marble by this gum alone; a flight tincture of it, without the affiftance of heat to the marble, gives only a pale flesh colour: but the ftronger tinctures give it deeper; to this the

affistance

wood; and must be somewhat larger than the fheets of paper, for marbling which it is to be employed; but the fides of it need only rife about two inches above the bottom; for by making it thus fhallow, the lefs quantity of the folution of the gum will ferve to fill it. The comb may be alfo of wood, and 5 inches long, but should have brafs teeth, which may be about two inches long, and placed at about a quarter of an inch from each other. The burnishing ftone may be of jaf per or agate; but as thofe ftones are very dear when of fufficient largenefs, marble or glass may be used, provided their furface be polifhed to a great degree of smoothnefs. The folution of gum tragacanth must be made, by putting a fufficient proportion of the gum, which fhould be white, and clear from all foulneffes, into clean water, and letting it remain a day or two, frequently breaking the lumps, and ftirring it till the whole appear diffolved and equally mixed with the water. The confiftence of the folution fhould be nearly that of strong gum water used in miniature painting; and if it appear thicker, water must be added; or if thinner, more of the gum. When the folution is thus brought to a due ftate, it must be paffed through a linen cloth; and being then put into the trough, it will be ready to reIceive the colours. The colours employed for red are carmine, lake, rose pink, and vermilion ; but the two laft are too glaring, unless they be mixed with rofe pink or lake, to bring them to a fofter caft; and carmine and lake are too dear for common purposes. For yellow, Dutch pink and yellow ochre may be employed: for blue, Pruffian blue and verditer: for green verdigrife, a mixture of Dutch pink and Pruffian blue, or verditer, in different proportions: for orange, the orange lake, or a mixture of vermilion, or red lead, with Dutch pink:-for purple, rofe pink and Pruffian blue. Thefe colours fhould be ground with fpirit of wine till they be of a proper finenefs; and then, at the time of ufing them, a little fish-gall, or the gall of a beast, should be added, by grinding them over again with it. The proper proportion of the gall must be found by trying them; for there must be juft fo much as will fuffer the spots of colour, when fprinkled on the solution of the gum-tragacanth, to join together, without intermixing or running into each other. The folution of the gum-tragacanth must then be poured into the trough; and the colours, being in a separate pot, with a pencil appropriated to each, must be sprinkled on the furface of the folution, by fhaking the pencil, charged with its proper colour, over it; and this must be done with the several kinds of colour defired, till the furface be wholly covered. When the marbling is proposed to be in fpots of a fimple form, nothing more is neceffary: but where the whirls or fnail-fhell figures are wanted, they must be made by a quill; which must be put among the spots to turn them about, till the effect be produced. The jagged lengths must be made by the comb, which must be paffed through the colours from one end of the trough to the other, and will give them that appearance: but if they be defired to be pointed both ways, the comb must be again passed through the trough in a contrary direction;

or if fome of the whirls or fnail-fhell figures be required to be added, they may be yet made by the means before directed. The paper should be previously prepared for receiving the colours, by dipping it over-night in water, and laying the sheets on each other with a weight over them, The whole being thus ready, the paper must be held by two corners, and laid in the most gentle and even manner on the solution covered with the colours; and there foftly preffed with the hand, that it may bear everywhere on the solution: after which it must be raised and taken off with the fame care, and then hung to dry across a proper cord, fubtended near at hand for that purpofe; and in that state it must continue till it be perfectly dry. It then remains only to give the paper a proper polifh in order to which, it is first rubbed with a little foap; and then must be thoroughly smoothed by the glafs polishers, such as are used for linen, and called the calendar glaffes. After which it should be again rubbed by a burnifher of jafper or agate, or of glafs highly polifhed; for on the perfect polish of the paper depends in a great measure its beauty and value. Gold or filver powders may be used, where defired, along with the colours, and require only the fame treatment as them, except that they must be firft tempered with gum water.

(2.) MARBLING OF BOOKS, OF PAPER, is performed thus: Diffolve 4 oz. of gum arabic into two quarts of fair water; then provide several colours mixed with water in pots or fhells; and with pencils peculiar to each colour, fprinkle them by way of intermixture upon the gum water, which must be put into a trough, or fome broad veffel; then with a stick curl them, or draw them out in ftreaks, to as much variety as may be done. Having done this, hold the book or books clofe together, and only dip the edges in, on the top of the water and colours, very lightly; which done, take them off, and the plain impreffion of the colours in mixture will be upon the leaves; doing the ends and the front of the book in the fame manner.

(3.) MARBLING THE COVERS OF BOOKS is performed by forming clouds with aqua-fortis or spirit of vitriol, mixed with ink, and afterwards glazing the covers. See Book-BINDING.

MARBOEUF, a town of France, in the dep. of Eure, 12 miles N. of Conches. MARBURG. See MARPURG.

MARC ANTONY. See ANTONIUS, N° 5. (1.) MARCA, Peter DE, one of the greatest ornaments of the Gallican church, was born in Bearn, of an ancient family, in 1594. He firft ftudied the law, was made prefident of the parliament of Bearn, and, going to Paris in 1639, was made a counfellor of ftate. His literary merits appear from his Hiftory of Bearn. By the king's order he published a work, De concordia facerdotii et imperii, five de libertatibus ecclefiæ Gallicæ, in refutation of a book that appeared under the title of Optatus Gallus; and on this account, when, on the death of his wife, he was nominated Bp. of Conferans, the pope refused the bulls in his favour, until by another book he explained away all he had faid on behalf of the ftate, to the li mitation of the papal power. He obtained his confirmation,