early to France. Here, devoted to the education of youth, he conceived the project of smoothing the rugged path by the instructive games, known to children by the name of the Abbé Gaultier's Games.' The revolution forced him to quit France, however, for the Hague, where he accepted the situation of tutor to the children of the British ambassador, whom he accompanied to England. We now find him giving instruction gratuitously to the children of French emigrants; until the peace of Amiens allowed him to return to Paris, where he resumed his teaching, which he continued until his death, in 1818, in his seventy-fifth year. Some of his works have gone through twenty editions. The following are the principal-Leçons de Grammaire suivant la méthode des Tableaux analytiques, 1787; Jeu raisonnable et moral pour les Enfans, 1791; Méthode pour analyser la pensée et la réduire à ses Principes Elémentaires; Méthode pour apprendre grammaticalement la Langue Latine sans connaitre les règles de la Composition; Traits caracteristiques d'une mauvaise Education, ou Actions et Discours contraires a la Politesse, et regardés comme tels par les Moralistes tant Anciens que Modernes; Notions de géometrie pratique, nécessaires a l'exercice de la plupart des Arts et Metiers, 1807, &c. &c. GAUNT, adj. Saxon, gewaned, gewant, GAUNTLY, adv. from gepanian, to lessen. Thin; slender; meagre.

Oh, how that name befits my composition! Old Gaunt, indeed, and gaunt in being old: Within me grief hath kept a tedious fast; And who abstains from meat that is not gaunt? For sleeping England long time have I watched; Watching breeds leanness, leanness is all gaunt: The pleasure that some fathers feed upon

Is my strict fast; I mean my children's looks; And therein fasting, thou hast made me gaunt: Gaunt am I for the grave, gaunt as a grave, Whose hollow womb inherits nought but bones. Shakspeare. Richard II. Two mastiffs, gaunt and grim, her flight pursued, And oft their fastened fangs in blood embrued. Dryden.

While the gaunt mastiff growling at the gate Affrights the beggar whom he longs to eat. Popc. Then Judah raged by ruffian discord led, Drunk with the steamy carnage of the dead: He saw his sons by dubious slaughter fall, And war without, and death within the wall. Wide wasting plague, gaunt famine, mad despair, And dire debate, and clamorous strife was there. Bp. Heber. GAUNTLET, n. s. French, gantelet; Italian, gaunto; Goth. vanta; Belg. want; corrupted, probably, of Latin, manica, manus, the hand. An iron glove, used for defence, and thrown down in challenges; sometimes, in poetry, used for the cestus or boxing glove.

A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel, Must glove his hand. Shakspeare. Henry IV. Feel but the difference, soft and rough; This a gauntlet, that a muff. Cleaveland,

Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet And brigandine of brass, thy broad habergeon, Vant-brass, and greves, and gauntlet, add thy spear, A weaver's beam, and seven times folded shield, I only with an oaken staff will meet thee.

Milton's Samson Agonister.

GAVOT, GAVOTTA, or GAVOTTE, is a kind of dance, the air of which has two brisk and lively strains in common time, each of which is twice played over. The first has usually four or eight bars; and the second contains eight, twelve, or more. The first begins with a minim, or two crotchets, or notes of equal value, and the hand rising; and ends with the fall of the hand upon

the dominant or mediant of the mode, but never upon the final, unless it be a rondeau : and the last begins with the rise of the hand, and ends with the fall upon the final of the mode.

GAVOTTA, TEMPI DI, is when only the time or movement of a gavotte is imitated, without any regard to the measure or number of bars or strains.

GAURA, in botany, Virginian loose-strife, a genus of the monogynia order, and octandria class of plants; natural order seventeenth, calycanthema: CAL. quadrifid and tubular: COR. pentapetalous, with the petals rising upwards. The nut is inferior, monospermous, and quadrangular. Species three; natives of North and South America.

GAURITZ, one of the most considerable, as well as a very rapid and dangerous river of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope. It rises in the Nieuweldt mountains, crosses the Karroo and Zevarte Berg, and falls into the Indian Ocean, in long. 21° 40′ E., lat. 34° 35′ S.

GAUSCHERKIE, a town of Upper Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, opposite Tahta, supposed by Norden to be the ancient Diospolis. It contains a temple sixty paces in length and forty in breadth; the roof being well preserved; but it is employed by the Arabs as a cattleshed

GAUZE, n. s. Fr. guze; barbarous Lat. gazatum; as some have thought from Gaza; whence this silk first came into Europe. A kind of thin transparent silk.

Silken clothes were used by the ladies; and it seems they were thin, like gauze. Arbuthnot. Brocadoes and damasks, and tabbies and gauzes, Are lately brought over. Swift.

GAUZE, GAUSE, or GAWSE, in commerce, is woven sometimes of silk, and sometimes only of thread. To warp the silk for making gauze, they use a peculiar kind of mill, upon which

the silk is wound: this mill is a wooden machine about six feet high, having an axis perpendicularly placed in the middle thereof, with six large wings, on which the silk is wound from off the bobbins by the axis turning round. When all the silk is on the mill, they use another instrument to wind it off again on two beams : this done, the silk is passed through as many little beads as there are threads of silk; and thus rolled on another beam to supply the loom. There are figured gauzes; some with flowers of cold and silver, on a silk ground: these last are chiefly brought from China. GAWK, n. s. foolish fellow. GAWN, n.s. GAWNTREE, n. s.

Saxon, geac. A cuckow; a

Scotch.

A corruption for gallon: a wooden frame in which beer-casks are set when tunned.

GAY (John), a celebrated English poet, descended from an ancient family in Devonshire, was born at Exeter, and educated at the free school of Barnstaple, under Mr. Rayner. He was afterwards designed for a mercer, but having a small fortune, and considering the attendance on a shop as a degradation of his talents, he resolved to indulge his inclination for the Muses In 1712 he became secretary to the duchess of Monmouth, and in 1714 accompanied the earl of Clarendon to Hanover. On queen Anne's death, he returned to England, where he was taken particular notice of by queen Caroline, then princess of Wales, to whom he read in MS. his tragedy of the Captives; and in 1726 dedicated his Fables, by permission, to the duke of Cumberland. From this it was supposed, that he would have been provided for in some office suitable to his inclination and abilities: but being in 1727 offered the place of gentleman usher to one of the youngest princesses, he thought proper to refuse it; and some warm re

monstrances were made on the occasion by his friend and patron the duke of Queensberry, who withdrew from the court in consequence. The issue of such dependence on the delusive promises of the great, Gay has figuratively and humorously described in his fable of the Hare with many friends. The profits of his poems he lost in 1720, in the South Sea scheme. But the encouragement he met with from the public soon made ample amends for these private disappointments. In 1727-8, appeared his Beggar's Opera; the success of which was not only unprecedented, but almost incredible. It had an uninterrupted run in London for sixty-three nights in the first season, and was renewed in the ensuing one with equal approbation It spread into all the great towns of England; was acted in many places thirty and forty times, and last of all it was perforined at Minorca. Not was its fame confined to the reading and repre sentation alone; the card table and drawing-room shared it with the theatre and closet; the ladies carried about its favorite songs engraven upon their fans, and screens and other pieces of furThe profits

niture were decorated with them were so great, both to the author and Mr. Rich the manager, that it gave rise to a popular pun, viz. That it had made Rich gay, and Gay rich. In consequence of this success, Mr. Gay was induced to write a second part to it, which he entitled Polly. But the disgust subsisting between him and the court, together with the report of his having written seditious pamphlets, occasioned a prohibition to be sent from the lord chamberlain, at the time when every thing was in readiness for the rehearsal. A very considerable sum, however, accrued to him from the publication of it afterwards in 4to. He wrote several other dramatic pieces, and many valuable ones in verse. Among the latter, his Trivia, or the Art of walking in the Streets of London, though his first poetical attempt, recommended him to the esteem and friendship of Mr. Pope: but as, among his dramatic works, his Beggar's Opera will perhaps ever stand as an unrivalled masterpiece, so among his poetical works, his Fables hold the highest estimation. Mr. Gay's disposition was affable, his temper generous, and his conversation agreeable. But he had the foible, too often incident to men of great literary abilities, viz. an excess of indolence, without any economy. So that though his emoluments were, at some periods of his life, very considerable, he was at others greatly straitened in his circumstances; nor could he prevail on himself to follow the advice of his friend Dean Swift, who endeavoured to persuade him to purchase an annuity, as a resource for the exigencies of old age.

Mr. Gay therefore, after having undergone many vicissitudes of fortune, and being for some time chiefly supported by the duke and duchess of Queensberry, died at their house in Burlington gardens, in December, 1732. He was interred in Westminster Abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory, at their expense; with an epitaph by Pope.

GAYAH, or BOODH GAYAH, a town of the province of Bahar, Hindostan, one of the most celebrated places of Hindoo pilgrimage. It is

said to have been the birth-place of Boodh, or Budha. The revenue collected by government from the pilgrims amounts to above £16,000 per annum, a business managed entirely by the Brahmins. The image is that of a man sitting cross-legged, and so rudely carved as to give reason to suppose that it is of great antiquity. An inscription on one of the stones says The forefathers of him who shall perform the ceremony of the Sradha at this place shall obtain salvation.'A crime of an hundred fold shall

undoubtedly be expiated from a sight thereof, of a thousand fold from a touch thereof, and of a hundred thousand fold from worshipping thereof.' Gayah is the residence of the civil establishment of the district of Bahar Proper, and has a cantonment for a battalion of native infantry.

GAZA (Theodore), a celebrated Greek of the fifteenth century, born in Thessalonica, in 1398. His country being invaded by the Turks, he retired into Italy; where he at first supported himself by transcribing ancient authors. In 1450 he was invited to Rome by Pope Nicholas V.; and on his death, in 1456, to Naples, by king Alphonso: who dying in 1458 he returned to Rome, where cardinal Bessarion procured him a benefice in Calabria. He translated from the Greek into Latin, Aristotle's History of Animals, Theophrastus on Plants, and Hippocrates's Aphorisms; and into Greek, Scipio's Dream, and Cicero's Treatise on Old Age. He wrote a Grammar and several other works in Greek and Latin; and died at Rome in 1478, aged eighty.

GAZA, in ancient geography, a principal city and one of the five satrapies of the Philistines. It was situated about 100 stadia from the Mediterranean, on an artificial mount, strongly walled round. It was destroyed by Alexander the Great, and afterwards by Antiochus. In the time of the Maccabees it was a strong and flourishing city; but was destroyed a third time by Alexander Jannæus. At present it is a mean place; but some remains of its ancient grandeur appear in the handsome pillars of Parian marble which are found here and there, in different parts of its streets. On the top of the hill, at the northeast corner of the town, are the ruins of large arches sunk low into the earth, and other foundations of a stately building. Soap and cotton cloths are the manufactures. Gaza is the residence of a Turkish bashaw. It was taken by the French under General Kleber in February 1799, and lies fifty miles south-west of Jerusalem.

GAZE, v. n., v. a. & n.s." Sax. gerean, to GAʼZER, n.s. see; Goth. gasia; GAZEFUL, adj. Gr. αγάζεσθαι. Το GAZE HOUND, N. s. look earnestly or inGA'ZINGSTOCK, tently upon: intense regard, or earnest observation; the object on which attention is rivetted; the person thus occupied. A hound, that pursues not by scent, but by sight. A person gazed at with derision or abhorrence.

Being lightened with her beauty's beam,
And thereby filled with happy influence,

Betrayed, captived, and both my eyes put out; Made of mine enemies the scorn and gaze: To grind in brazen fetters, under task, With my heaven-gifted strength. Id. Agonistes. These things are offences to us, by making us gazing stocks to others, and objects of their scorn and de rision. Ray.

See'st thou the gazehound! how with glance severe From the close herds he marks the destined deer! Ticke

Bright as the sun, her eyes the gazers strike; And, like the sun, they shine on all alike. Pope.

His learned ideas gave him a transcendent delight, and yet, at the same time, discover the blemishe which the common gazer never observed.

Watts.

High stations tumults, but not bliss, create, None think the great unhappy, but the great : Fools gase and envy; Envy darts a sting, Which makes a swain as wretched as a king.

With awe and wonder gazed the adoring swain;
His kindling cheeks great Virtue's power confessed
But soon t'was o'er, for Virtue prompts in vain,
When Pleasure's influence numbs the nerveless breast-
Beattie. Judgment of Paris

The tender blue of that large loving eye
Grew frozen with its gaze on vacancy.
Byron. Corsair.

GAZEL, n. s. An Arabian deer.

Crystal and marble, plate and porcelain, Had done their work of splendour; Indian mats, And Persian carpets, which the heart bled to stain Over the floors were spread; gazelles and cats, And dwarfs and blacks, and such like things, that gain Their bread as ministers and favorites-(that's To say, by degradation)-mingled there As plentiful as in a court or fair.

Byron. Don Juan. GAZETTE, n. s. Į Gazetta is a Venetian GAZETTEER, n. s. halfpenny, the price of a newspaper, of which the first was published in Venice. A paper of public intelligence. A wri

expecting no mercy from Jenghiz Khan, resolved to make a desperate defence. They several times overthrew his works, and broke above 1000 of the battering rams of the besiegers. But one night, after an obstinate conflict, part of the city wall fell down; and a great number of Moguls, having filled up the ditch, entered the city sword in hand. After the massacre had continued four or five hours, Oktay imposed a tax on those who were left alive, to redeem themselves and the city. After this time Gazna never made any considerable figure. It was taken by the Moguls A. D. 1222.

GAZON, n. s. Fr. Pieces of fresh earth covered with grass, and used to line parapets and the traverses of galleries, in fortification.

GAZY POOR, a town and district of the province of Ailahabad, Hindostan, in the collectorship of Benares. It is bounded on the north and east by the river Goggrah, on the south by the Ganges, and on the west by Joanpore. It is remarkably fertile and well watered; producing maize and other grain, cotton, opium, and sago in great abundance: also some very fine indigo, and the otto of roses. The town of Gazypoor stands on the Ganges, and has a palace and mosque both of superior structure.

GAZY POOR is also the name of a district of India, on the south bank of the Toombadre.

GEAR, n. s. Sax. geappe, furniture; gyɲian, to clothe. Furniture, possessions, and ornaments; hence applied to the traces of oxen and horses: stuff.

An hundred lordes had he with him there,
All armed, save hir hedes, in all hir gere
Ful richely in alle manere thinges.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tule.

Into a studie he fell sodenly, As don these lovers in hir queinte geres Now in the crop, and now down in the breres. Id. Array thyself in her most gorgeous gear.

Spenser. Faerie Queene.

GEAT, n. s. Corruption of jett. The hole through which the metal runs into the mould.

GEBER, a king or chief of the Arabs, who wrote several tracts on chemistry, or rather alchemy, in Latin; printed from a copy in the Vatican, at Dantzic, in 1682 in 16mo. In this work he is styled not only rex Arabum, but philosophus perspicacissimus; and in two of these tracts, viz. Liber Investigationis Magisterii, and Testamentuin de salibus animalium, &c., he is also styled India rex, though it seems difficult to account for such very distinct titles.

GEBER (John), a physician and astronomer of Arabia, who flourished in the ninth century. He wrote a commentary on Ptolemy's Syntaxis Magna, in which he attempted to correct his Astronomy, but Copernicus styles him the Calumniator of Ptolemy. He wrote several other works, and Boerhaave styles him a learned chemist. But his writings are so full of the jargon of the alchemists, that Dr. Johnson traces the derivation of the word gibberish from them. See GIBBERISH. GECK, n. s. & v. a. Sax. geac; Ger. geck, a fool. A bubble (obsolete): to cheat. Why did you suffer Jachimo to taint his nob.e heart and brain with needless jealousy, and to become the geck and scorn o'th'other's villainy? Shakspeare.

Why have you suffered me to be imprisoned, And made the most notorious geck and gull That e'er invention played on?

GECKO. See LACERTA.

Id.

GED (William), a goldsmith of Edinburgh, was an ingenious artist, and has been said to have first attempted to introduce the art of stereotype printing. The invention, first practised by him in 1735, was simply this:-From any types of Greek or Roman, or any other character, he formed a plate for every page, or sheet of a book, from which he printed, instead of using a type for every letter, as is done in the common way. In July, 1729, Ged entered into partnership with William Fenner, a London stationer, who was to have half the profits, in consideration of his advancing all the money requisite. In 1730 the partners applied to the University of Cambridge to print bibles and common prayer books by blocks instead of single types; and, in consequence, a lease was sealed to them, April 23d, of money, and finished only two prayer books; 1731. In their attempt they sunk a large sum so that it was relinquished and the lease given up in 1738. Ged imputed his disappointment to the villany of the pressmen, and the ill treatment of his partners, particularly Fenner. He returned to Scotland in 1733, where he gave his friends a specimen of his performance, by an edition of Sallust. But, being still unsuccessful, he was preparing again to set out for London, to join with his son James as a printer there, when he died October 19th, 1749.

GEDDES (Alexander), LL. D., a Scottish Roman Catholic priest, born in Ruthven, in 1737. He very early discovered a taste for learning, and was accordingly sent to a school in the Highlands where those designed for the Catholic priesthood received their early education; and here Geddes laid the foundation of that intimate acquaintance with the learned languages by which he was afterwards so distinguished. In 1758 he went