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Norrland, and extending from the gulf of Bothnia to the Norwegian mountains. Its extent is above 9000 square miles, but its population only about 90,000. It is mountainous on the side of Norway, and is, in general, covered with wood. Here are also a number of productive iron mines. The capital is Gefle.

GEHENNA, GEHINNON, Gr. Tɛɛvva, of Heb.

22, 29, 30: x. 28; xviii. 9; xxiii. 15, 33. Mark ix. 43, 45, 47. Luke xii. 5. James iii. 6. The authors of the Louvain and Geneva versions retain the word gehenna as it stands in the Greek; as does M. Simon; the English translators render it by hell and hell-fire, and so do the translators of Mons and Father Bouhours. In the valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, there was a place named Tophet, where the idolatrous Jews sacrificed their children to Moloch, by fire. (See BEN-HINNOM and MOLOCH). King Josias, to render this place for ever abominable, made a common sewer of it, where all the filth and carcases of the city were cast; and where a continual fire was kept up, to burn those carcases; for which reason, as the Jews had no proper term in their language to signify hell, they made use of gehenna or gehinnon, to denote a perpetual fire.

to the Scottish University at Paris, and soon after became a student in rhetoric and theology at the college of Navarre. He returned to his native country in 1764, and became priest in the county of Angus; but the following year he was made chaplain to the earl of Traquair; with whom he continued about three years. In 1768 he again visited Paris. Returning again to his native country, early in 1769, he undertook then, a term which occurs in Matt. v. ver. charge of a congregation at Auchinlarig in Bamffshire: the same year, however, he quitted his pastoral charge, and obtained the year following the degree of LL. D. from the University of Aberdeen, which had never so honored any Roman Catholic since the Reformation. About this time he removed to London, where he officiated some time in the imperial ambassador's chapel, and afterwards at that in Duke-street, Lincoln's Inn-fields. In 1782 he began to devote himself to a design which he had long entertained, of giving the world a new English translation of the Old and New Testaments. The prospectus of this work was published in 1786, and the following year an Appendix to it, and a Letter to Bishop Lowth. This year also he gave a display of his controversial talents, in an Answer to Dr. Priestley on the Divinity of Christ. In 1788 he published farther proposals for his Translation of the Bible, and two years after, a general Answer to the Queries, Counsels, and Criticisms, communicated to him relative to the work. was liberally supported in the undertaking by lord Petre; and the first volume of it, comprising the Pentateuch and the book of Joshua, appeared in 1792; but even those of his own communion directly avowed their disapprobation of it, and some of the Roman Catholic bishops suspended the doctor from his ecclesiastical functions. He replied to these attacks in pamphlets written with great coarseness and illiberality. The second volume of his version was published in 1798; and in it he gives up and daringly combats the inspiration of Scripture. In the spring of 1800 he published his Apology for the Roman Catholics of Great Britain, and the same year Critical Remarks in vindication of his version of Scripture, which he prepared for the press as far as the 118th Psalm; but died on the 26th of February, 1802.

He

GEDINGOOMA, a fortified town of Kaarta, in Western Africa. Its walls are of stone, and so high that, in the narrow pass here between two hills, they have enabled Doisy the king of this place, to set the power of Bambara at defiance. It is thirty miles north-west of Kemmoo.

GEESE. Plural of goose. See Goose. GEFLE, or GIAWLE, a town on the Gulf of Bothnia, belonging to Sweden, and the seat of several provincial courts. The river Gefle flows through the middle of the town, falling into the gulf in three branches, and forms a good harbour, defended by a long jette. The inhabitants carry on a brisk maritime traffic, exporting pitch, tar, iron, and planks. It has a castle, which was burnt in 1727, but rebuilt. Population between 5000 and 6000. Sixty miles north of Upsal.

GEFLEBORG, a newly erected government of Sweden, situated between Dalecarlia and West

GEISLINGEN, a town of Wirtemburg, remarkable for its bone turners, who amount to about 1600 or 1700. In the neighbourhood is a much frequented mineral spring. Twelve miles west of Ulm.

GELA, in ancient geography, a city of great extent on the south of Sicily, so named from the Gelas. It was built by colonists from Rhodes and Crete, forty-five years after the building of Syracuse, in the third year of the twenty-second Olympiad, A. A. C. 690; and originally called Lindii, from the colonists of Lindus, a city of Rhodes, who settled there first. This city, after having stood 408 years, was destroyed by Phintias, tyrant of Agrigentum; and the inhabitants were removed to a new city called Phintias after his name. It is now called Terra Nuova. GEL'ABLE, adj. GELATINE, n. s. GELATINOUS, adj. GELLY, n. s. to a substance of this nature which forms part of animal bodies; gelatinous, that which partakes of a thick cohesive character.

Lat. gelu. Whatever may be reduced to a jelly. Gelatine is a term applied

To an infected gelly.

My best blood turn
Shakspeare. Winter's Tale.
The tapers of the gods,
The sun and moon, became like waxen globes,
The shooting stars end all in purple gellies,
And chaos is at hand. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
That pellucid gelatinous substance is an excrement
cast off from the shoals of fish that inhabit the main.
Woodward.

The white of an egg will coagulate by a moderate heat, and the hardest of the animal solids are resolvable again into gellies.

Arbuthnot.

You shall always see their eggs laid carefully up in that spermatick gelatine matter, in which they are reposited.

Derham.

GELATIN, or jelly, an animal substance, soluble in water, capable of assuming a well-known

elastic or tremulous consistence, by cooling, when the water is not too abundant. and liquefiable again by increasing its temperature. This last property distinguishes it from albumen, which becomes consistent by heat. With tannin it forms an insoluble compound already mentioned. Its aqueous solution, evaporated to dryness, is glue. Decomposed by nitric acid, a large quantity of gas disengages, and oxalic acid is formed. In close vessels, it gives over carbonic acid, hydro-carbonic gas, carbonate of ammonia, and empyreumatic oil; its carbonaceous residuum containing phosphate of lime. Hence gelatin is not nearly so much compounded as albumen, having only carbon, hydrogen, azote, phosphorus, lime, and oxygen, as its ultimate elements.

According to the analysis of MM. Gay Lussac and Thenard, gelatin is composed of

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for the value of a man slain; and orfgeld, of a beast.

GELDENHARIUS, GELDENHAUR (Gerard Eobanus), an historian and Protestant divine, born at Nimeguen in 1482. He studied classical learning at Deventer, and went through his course of philosophy at Louvaine, where he contracted a friendship with Erasmus. He became reader and historian to Charles of Austria, and afterwards to Maximilian of Burgundy. At length he embraced the Protestant religion; taught history at Marpurg; and afterwards divinity till his death, in 1542. He wrote, 1. History of Holland; 2. History of the Low Countries; 3. History of the Bishops of Utrecht; and other works.

GELDER-ROSE. A rose supposed to come originally from Guelderland. See VIBURNUM. The gelder-rose is increased by suckers and cuttings. Mortimer.

GELDER ROSE, VIRGINIAN. See SPIREA.
GELDERS. See GUELdres.

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No berde hadde he, ne never none shulde have; As smothe it wos as it were newe shave:

I trowe he were a gelding or a mare.

Chaucer. Prologue to Cant. Tales. Geld later with gelders, as many one do, And look of a dozen to geld away two. Tusser. Geld bull-calf and ram-lamb as soon as they fali.

Id.
Lord Say hath gelded the commonwealth, and made
it an eunuch.
Shakspeare. Henry VI.

He bears his course, and runs me up
With like advantage on the other side,
Gelding the opposed continent as much
As on the other side it takes from you.

Shakspeare. Though naturally there be more males of horses, bulls, or rams, than females; yet artificially, that is, by making geldings, oxen, and wethers, there are

fewer.

Graunt.

Marvell.

Hudibras.

Never old lecher more repugnant felt Consenting for his rupture to be gelt. No sow-gelder did blow his horn To geld a cat but cryed reform. The lord-lieutenant may choose out one of the best horses, and two of the best geldings; for which shall be paid one hundred pounds for the horse, and fifty pounds a-piece for the geldings. Temple.

They were diligent enough to make sure work, and to geld it so clearly in some places, that they took away the very manhood of it. Dryden.

The spayed gelts they esteem the most profitable. Mortimer.

Let the others be gelt for oxen. Id. Husbandry. GELD, in the old English customs, a Saxor word signifying money, or tribute. It also denoted a compensation for some crime committed: hence vergeld, in their ancient laws, was used

From the deep ooze and gelid cavern roused, They flounce. Thomson's Spring.

GELLAH, or COLLAH, a fortified place of Algiers, on a high and conical mountain near the Mejerdah. It has become a place of refuge for criminals, and has only one narrow path leading to it. Eighty-six miles east of Constantina.

GELLAH, a town of Tunis, in Africa, situated on a rugged promontory, near the river Mejerdah. Publius Cornelius Scipio fixed his winterquarters here, and it was called after him Castra Corneliana.

GELLERT (Christian Furchtegott), a German poet and critic, was born in 1715 at Haynichen, near Freyberg, in Saxony. His father was a clergyman, and placed him at a school at Meissen, where he contracted an intimacy with Rabener and Gaertner, which lasted until their respective deaths. In 1734 he went to Leipsic to study theology, and returned home, after four years, as a preacher. He afterwards became private tutor to young gentlemen of fortune, with one of whom he returned in 1741 to Leipsic. His first poetical production was, Amusements of Reason and Wit, begun 1742. In 1744 he took the degree of M. A., and published, the following year, the first volume of his Fables, some plays, and a novel, entitled The Swedish Countess. In 1748 appeared the second volume of his Fables, and a work called, Consolations for Valetudinarians, suggested by the state of his own health. In 1751 he was made professor extraordinary of philosophy at Leipsic; he died 13th December, 1769. His works have often been published collectively or separately.

GELLERT (Christlieb Ehregott), brother of the preceding, a distinguished metallurgist, first studied at Meissen, and then at the university of Leipsic. Being invited to Petersburg, he became an adjunct of the academy there for ten years; and very intimate with the celebrated Euler. He returned to Saxony about 1746, to prosecute his researches, when his mineralogi

cal lectures attracted a great many strangers to Freyberg. In 1753 he was nominated counsellor-commissary of the mines, and charged with the inspection of machines and the examination of the ores and minerals of his native country. In 1764 he became administrator in chief of foundries and forges at Freyberg; in 1765 professor of metallurgy at the academy of mines in that city'; and at length, in 1782, effective counsellor of mines. He suggested great improvements in his mineralogical researches; and was the first introducer of the process of parting metals by amalgamation. He died May, 1795; having published Elements of Docimastics, translated from the Latin of Cramer; Elements of Chemical Metallurgy, 2 vols. 8vo., &c.

GELLIUS (Aulus), a celebrated grammarian, who lived in the second century under Marcus Aurelius and some succeeding emperors. He wrote a collection of observations on authors, for the use of his children; and called it Noctes Atticæ, because composed in the nights of a winter he spent at Athens. The chief value of it is for preserving many facts and monuments of antiquity not to be found elsewhere. GELT, n. s. Corrupted from gilt. Tinsel; gilt surface.

I won her with a girdle of gelt,
Embost with bugle about the belt.

Spenser's Pastorals.

GEM, n. s., v. n. & v. a.` Sax. 3ım; Ital GEMMARY, adj. and Lat. gemma. A GEMMEOUS, adj. precious stone of GEM MOSITY, n. s. any kind, or whatever pertains or tends to gems or jewels. The first bud of a tree or flower.

This gem of chastitee, this emeraude
And eke of martyrdome the rubie bright,—
Ther he with wrote ycowen lay upright.
Chaucer. The Prioresses Tale.
I saw his bleeding rings,

Their precious gems now lost, became his guide,
Led him, begged for him, saved him from despair.
Shakspeare.

From the joints of thy prolific stem
A swelling knot is raised, called a gem ;
Whence, in short space, itself the cluster shows.

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Employs the utmost skill she can
To counterfeit the faithful man,

The friend of long duration.

Cowper Deep in yon mountain's womb, where the dark

cave

Howls to the torrents everlasting roar,
Does the rich gem its flashy radiance wave,
Or flames with steady ray the imperial ore.

Beattie. Judgment of Paris.

Her hair was starred with gems; her veil's fine fold Below her breast was fastened with a band Of lavish pearls, whose worth could scarce be told. Byron. Don Juan. GEMAPPE, or JEMAPPES, a small town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, near the Scheldt, on the road from Mons to Valenciennes, two miles from the former. It is chiefly remarkable for the victory gained here by Dumouriez over the Austrians, 6th November, 1792, and gave name to a department when the Netherlands were subject to France. Inhabitants 2300.

GEMARA, or GHEMARA, the second part of the Talmud. The Hebrew word П, gemara, is commonly supposed to denote a supplement ; but in strictness it rather signifies complement, or perfection; being formed of the Chaldeen, gemar or ghemar, 'to finish, perfect, or complete any thing.' The rabbins call the Pentateuch simply the law: the first part of the Talmud, which is only an explication of that law, or an explication thereof to particular cases, with the decisions of the ancient rabbins thereon, they call the Mischna, i. e. second law; and the second part, which is a more extensive explication of the same law, and a collection of decisions of the rabbins posterior to the Mischna, they call Gemara, q. d. perfection, completion, finishing; because they esteem it the finishing of the law, or an explication beyond which there is nothing farther to be desired. The Gemara is often called simply the Talmud, the common name of the whole work. In this sense, there are two Gemaras or Talmuds; that of Jerusalem and that of Babylon; though in strictness the Gemara is only an explication of the Mischna, given by the Jewish doctors in their schools. See MISCHNA. A commentary, Mons. Tillemont observes, was wrote on the Mischna, by one Johanan, whom the Jews placed about the end of the second century; but Father Morin proves, from the work itself, wherein mention is made of the Turks, that it was not written till the time of Heraclius, about A. D. 620; and this is what is called the Gemara, or Talmud of Jerusalem, which the Jews do not use or esteem much because of its obscurity. They set a much greater value on the Gemara, or Talmud of Babylon, begun by one Asa; discontinued for seventythree years, on occasion cf the wars with the Saracens and Persians; and finished by one Josa, about the close of the seventh century. See TALMUD. Though the name Talmud in its latitude includes both the Mischna and the two Gemaras, yet it is properly that of Asa and Josa alone which is meant under that name. This the Jews prize above all their other writings, and even set it on a level with Scripture itself: in effect, they conceive it as the word of God derived by tradition from Moses, and preserved without in

terruption to their time. R. Jehuda, and afterwards R. Johanan, R. Asa, and R. Josa, fearing the traditions should be lost in the dispersion of the Jews, collected them into the Mischna and the Gemara.

GEMATRIA, or GAMETRIA, the first kind of artificial cabbala used by the Jews. The word is formed from the rabbinical Hebrew, by corruption of the Greek. Gematria is a geometrical or arithmetical method of explaining these words, whereof there are two kinds; the first bearing a more immediate relation to arithmetic, and the latter to geometry. Thus a cabbalist, taking the two first words in Genesis,

, and by addition getting the sum total of all the numbers signified by those letters, finds that these two words signify the same as

For as .בראש חשנה נברא,those other three

to the first,, is 2; 7, 200; 8, 1; W, 300; ', 10; n, 400; 3, 2; 1, 200; and N, 1; which, together, make 1116. And as to the latter, signifies 2;, 200; x, 1; W, 300; ₪, 5; 1,50; ,300; 7, 5; 1, 50; 3, 2;, 200; and x, 1; which, summed up, yield the same number

1116.

Whence the cabbalist concludes,

,

in the beginning he created, signifies the same thing as 7, it was created at the beginning of the year: and, accordingly, the received opinion of the cabbalists is, that the world was created at the beginning of the month Tisri, which was anciently the first month in the year, and answers to our first month in autumn, viz. September.

GEMBLOURS, or GIBLOU, a town of France, in the department of Dyle, and ci-devant province of Austrian Brabant, seated on the Orne. In 1578 a battle was fought near it between the Dutch and the Spaniards, under Don John of Austria, wherein the former were defeated. It was twice burned down, viz. on the 6th of August, 1678, and 17th August, 1712. It lies ten miles north-west of Namur, and twenty-two south-east of Brussels.

Lat. gemino. Repetition; whether used in relation to beings or arguments.

GEMELLIP'AROUS, adj. Lat. gemelli and pario. Bearing twins. GEMINATE, v. a. GEMINATION, n. s. GEM'INY, n. s. GEM'INOUS, adj. have grated upon my good friends for three reprieves for you, and your couch-fellow, Nim; or else you had looked through the grate, like a geminy of Shakspeare. Christians have baptized these geminous births, and double connascencies, with several names, as conceiving in them a distinction of souls.

baboons.

Browne.

Be not afraid of them that kill the body; fear him, which, after he hath killed, hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, with a gemination, which the present controversy shows not to have been causeless, fear him. Boyle.

A geminy of asses split will make just four of you. Congreve. GEMINI, in astronomy, the Twins; a constellation or sign of the zodiac, the third in order, representing Castor and Pollux; and marked thus, II. See ASTRONOMY.

GEMINIANI (Francis), a celebrated musician and composer, born at Lucca in 1680. He received his first instructions in music from Alex. Scarlatti; he next became a pupil of Charles Ambrose Lunati, surnamed Il Gobbo, a celebrated performer on the violin; after which he was a disciple of Correlli. In 1714 he came to England, where he soon recommended himself In 1716 he pubgreatly by his performances. lished and dedicated to baron Kilmansegge, chamberlain to king George I. as elector of Ila nover, twelve sonatas a violino violine e cembalo: the first six with fugues and double stops; the last with airs of various measures, as alaThis publication mandes, courants, and jiggs. mentioned Geminiani to the king as an excellent was so much admired by the baron, that he performer; in consequence of which he had the honor to perform before his majesty, in concert with Handel. But, though Geminiani was exceedingly admired, he had no genius for associating music with poetry, nor do we find that therefore obliged to depend for his subsistence he ever became a public performer. He was on the friendship of his patrons, and the profits which accrued to him from teaching. He was also an enthusiast in painting, and the versatility of his temper was such, that, to gratify this passion, he neglected to exercise his musical talents, and became involved in debt. In 1727 he was offered the place of master and composer of the state music in Ireland; but this could not be conferred on a Catholic, and Geminiani refused to change his religion. He then began to compose parts to the opera quinta of Corelli; and to make concertos of the first six of his solos. work he completed, and, with the help of a subscription, at the head of which were the names of the royal family, he published it in 1726. In 1732 he published his Opera Secunda, containing a celebrated minuet that goes by his name, which did not much improve his circumstances; but Geminiani was an utter stranger to the business of the orchestra, and had no idea of the labor necessary in the instruction of singers, for the performance of music to which they were strangers. The consequence of this was, that a concerto spirituale, which he had advertised for his own benefit in 1748, failed entirely in the performance. He now went to Paris for six or seven years, and, about 1755, returned to England. In 1761 he went over to Ireland, where he was kindly received by Mr. Matthew Dubourg, who had been his pupil, and who was then master of the king's band. Here he died under very peculiar circumstances. He had spent many years in compiling an elaborate treatise on music, which he intended for publication; but soon after his arrival, by the treachery of a female servant, who, it was said, was recommended to him for no other end, but that she might steal it, it was conveyed away and could not be recovered. The greatness of this loss, and his inability to repair it, hastened his end; at least he survived it but a short time, dying on the 17th September, 1762. Of his solos the Opera Prima is esteemed the best. Of his concertos some are excellent, others of them scarce pass the bounds of mediocrity. The sixth

This

of the third opera not only surpasses all the rest, but, in the opinion of the best judges of harmony, is one of the finest instrumental compositions extant.

GEMISHKHANA, Silver House, a wellbuilt town of Asia Minor, on the frontiers of Armenia. Its name is derived from a silver mine in its neighbourhood, which, however, does not yield now a third part of the metal it once did. Inhabitants 7000. Thirty miles south of Trebisond.

GEMISTUS (George), surnamed Plethe, a native of Constantinople, from which, upon its capture by the Turks, he retired to Florence. In 1438 he distinguished himself at the council of Florence, by his learning and abilities. He wrote, 1. Commentaries upon the Magic Oracles of Zoroaster; a work of considerable erudition; 2. A Comparison between Plato and Aristotle; and 3. Historical Treatises; wherein he discovers great knowledge of Grecian history. He died aged above 100.

GEMMA (Reinier), an eminent Dutch physician, born in Friesland, in 1508. He was well versed in astronomy, and wrote several works on that and other branches of mathematics. He died in 1755, aged forty-seven.

GEMMA, or bud, in botany. See BOTANY. Buds, as well as bulbs, which are a species of buds, constitute that part of the herb called by Linnæus hybernaculum, or the winter-quarters of the future vegetable. Buds are placed at the extremity of the young shoots, and along the branches, being fixed by a short foot-stalk upon a kind of brackets, the remainder of the leaves, in the wings or angles of which the buds in question were formed the preceding year. They are sometimes placed single; sometimes two by two, either opposite or alternate; sometimes collected in greater numbers in whirls or rings. With respect to their construction, buds are composed of several parts artificially arranged. Externally, we find a number of scales that are pretty hard, frequently armed with hairs, hollowed like a spoon, and placed over each other like tiles. These scales are fixed into the inner plates of the bark, of which they appear to be a prolongation. Their use is to defend the internal parts of the bud; which, being unfolded, will produce, some flowers, leaves, and stipulæ; others, foot-stalks and scales. All these parts, while they remain in the bud, are tender, delicate, folded over each other, and covered with a thick clammy juice, which is sometimes resinous and odoriferous, as in the tacahamac tree. This juice serves not only to defend the more tender parts of the embryo plant from cold, the assaults of insects, and other external injuries; but likewise from excessive perspiration, which, in its young and infant state, would be very destructive. It is conspicuous in the buds of horse-chestnut, poplar, and willow-trees. See BOTANY.

GEMOTE, n. s. Sax. gemor, from metan, to meet (obsolete). A public meeting: as of the court, with the hundred, the nobles, &c. See FOLKMOTE.

GEMUND, an old and once free town of the empire of Germany, now sub ect to Wirtemberg. Its extent is considerable; but its population VOL. X.

much thinner since the decay of its manufactures in cottons, plate, and jewellery, and does not exceed 5500. It is twenty-four miles south of Stutgard.

GENAP, or GENAPPE, a small town of South' Brabant, in the Netherlands, on the Dyle. It was the scene of an action between some French and British cavalry, on the retreat of the French 17th of June, 1815, toward Waterloo; and of a great slaughter of the French by the Prussians on the 18th, after that memorable battle. Population 1200.

GENDARMERIE, in military affairs, was a select body of cavalry that took precedence of every regiment of horse in the French service, and ranked immediately after the king's household. The reputation of the gendarmerie was so great, and its services so well estimated by the king of France, that when the emperor Charles V. in 1552 sent a formal embassy to the court of Versailles, to request a loan of money, and the assistance of the gendarmerie to enable him to repulse the Turks, Francis I. returned the following answer:- With respect to the first object of your mission,' addressing himself to the ambassador, I am not a banker; and with regard to the other, as my gendarmerie is the arm which supports my sceptre, I never expose it to danger, without personally sharing its fatigue and glory.' The uniform of the gendarmerie, as well as of the light cavalry, under the old French government, was scarlet, with facings of the same color. The coat was formerly more or less laced with silver, according to the king's pleasure. The waistcoat of buff leather, and the bandoulier of the same, silver-laced; the hat was edged with broad silver lace. The horse-cloths and holster-caps were red, and the arms of the captain embroidered on the corners of the saddlecloths, and on the front of the holsters. The gendarmerie are now however little more than an armed police.

GENDARMES, SCOTS, were originally instituted by Charles VII. of France, about the middle of the fifth century, and formed a part of his guard; in which station also they acted under other princes. It was their prerogative to take precedence of all the companies of the gendarmerie of France; and, on particular occasions, they even preceded the two companies of the king's mousquetaires. The sons of the Scottish monarchs were the usual captains of this company; and, after Mary's accession to the throne, its command belonged to them as a right. Hence James VI. made a claim of it for his son prince Henry. This honor, and its emoluments, were also enjoyed by Charles I., and the next in command to this prince was Lewis Stuart, duke of Lenox. George Gordon, marquis of Huntley, succeeded him in 1624, and took the title of commander in chief when Charles I. mounted the English throne. It is not certain whether Charles II. was ever captain of this company; but it was conferred on his brother the duke of York, who was captain of the Scots gendarmes till 1667, when he resigned his commission into the hands of the French king. After that time no native of Great Britain enjoved this command. Ꭰ

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