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GENDER, in grammar, is a division of nouns, to distinguish the two sexes. This was the original intention of gender: but afterwards other words, which had no proper relation either to the one sex or the other, had genders assigned them, rather out of caprice than reason; which is at length established by custom. Hence genders vary according to the languages, or even according to the words introduced from one language into another. Thus, arbor, a tree, in Lat. is feminine, but arbre in Fr. is masculine; and dens, a tooth, in Lat. is masculine, but dent in Fr. is feminine, though the meaning is the same. The oriental languages frequently neglect the use of genders, and the Persian has none at all. The Latins, Greeks, &c., generally content themselves to express the different genders by different terminations; as bonus equus, a good horse; bona equa, a good mare, &c. But in English we frequently go further, and express the difference of sex by different words: as boar, sow; boy, girl; buck, doe; bull, cow; dog, bitch, &c. We have also feminines distinguished from the males by the variation of the termination of the male into ess; as are abbot, abbess; count, countess, &c. GEN'DER, v. a. & v.n. Fr. engendrer. To produce; to beget; the act of generation o breeding.

A cistern for foul toads

Thou shalt not let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind. Lev. xix. 19. Foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they do gender strife. 2 Tim. ii. 23. To gender in. Shakspeare. Othello. GENDRE (Gilbert Charles le), marquis of St. Aubin, counsellor in the parliament of Paris, and master of requests. He wrote several other works; but is chiefly distinguished by his Traité de l'Opinion, 9 vols., 12mo.; a curious performance, in which the author attempts to show, by historical examples, the powerful empire of fancy over the works of art and science. He died at Paris in 1746, aged fifty-six.

GENDRE (Louis le), a French historian, educated under the patronage of De Harlai, afterwards archbishop of Paris, became a canon and subchanter of the cathedral of Notre Dame. He published a life of his patron, and a valuable Histoire de la France, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1718; reprinted in 8 vols. 12mo. This work includes a catalogue of the ancient and modern French

historians, with criticisms on their writings; an able account of the manners and customs of the French in different ages, &c. &c. He was made abbot of Notre Dame de Claire Fontaine, in the diocese of Chartres, and died February 1st,

1733.

GENDRE (Adrian Marie Le), professor of mathematics at the Military school of Paris, member of the Académie des Sciences, &c., was first distinguished in 1787 in verifying the points placed between Dunkirk and Boulogne, with a view to compare the true position of the Paris and London observatories. Cassini and Mechain were also employed in this operation, and the means which they employed gave a much more exact result than any which had been before tried. In 1794 M. le Gendre published his Memoire sur les transcendantes elliptiques, and his Elemens de Géometrie. Le Gendre also made about this time many researches on the subject of the attraction of elliptical spheroids; and commenced others on heterogeneous spheroids. In 1774 he assisted de Prony to form his trigonometrical tables for the decimal division of the circle, and in 1795 was a member of the superintendancy of weights and measures. M. le Gendre was also a member of the Institute from the formation of that body; and was named under the imperial government counsellor for life of the university. On the re-establishment of the king he became, in 1815, member of the council for public instruction, and in 1816, conjointly with M. Poisson, examiner of the candidates for the Polytechnical school. He published, besides the above-mentioned works, Nouvelle Théorie de Paralleles; Nouvelles Méthodes pour la determination des Orbites de Cometes; Supplement à l'Essai sur la Theorie des nombres; Exercises de Calcul integral.

Gr. γενεα and λογος

GENEALOGY, n. s. GENEALOGICAL, adj.That which pertains to GENEALOGIST, n. s. descents or families. He who traces these descents. History of the regular succession in families: pedigree.

Thei schulden not teche otherwite neithir ghyue tent to fablis: and genologies that ben uncertain. Wiclef. 1 Tim. i. The ancients ranged chaos into several regions; and in that order successively rising one from another, as if it was a pedigree or genealogy.

Burnet's Theory.

GENEALOGY, is more particularly a series or succession of ancestors, or progenitors; or a summary account of the relations and kindred of a person, or family, both in the direct and collateral lines. In various chapters and military orders, it is required that the candidates produce their genealogy, to show that they are noble by so many descents. The genealogical degrees are usually represented in circles, ranged over, under, and aside of each other.

The ancients had similar tables, which they called stemmata, from a Greek word, signifying a crown, or garland. See CONSANGUINITY.

The Jews were anxious to preserve their genealogies entire and uninterrupted; and this care on their part affords an argument of considerable importance with respect to the accomplishment of those prophecies that pertain to the Messiah.

genealogy may be seen at the end of Petavius's Chronology.

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Accordingly, in their sacred writings, we find genealogies carried on for above 3500 years. It is observed (Ezra ii. 62) that such priests as could not produce an exact genealogy of their families were not permitted to exercise their functions. Josephus says that they had, in his nation, an uninterrupted succession of priests for 2000 years; that the priests were particularly careful to preserve their genealogies, not only in Judæa, but also in Babylonia and Egypt; and that, wherever they were, they never married below themselves, and had exact genealogical tables prepared from those authentic documents which were kept at Jerusalem, and to which they had recourse; and that, in all their wars, persecutions, and calamities, they always were diligent in securing those documents, and in renewing them from time to time. Jerome says (ad Tit. iii.) that the Jews know so perfectly the genealogies, that they can repeat all the names from Abraham to Zerubbabel, as easily as their own. Nevertheless, since the war of the Romans against the Jews, about thirty years after the death of our Saviour, and since their entire dis persion in the reign of Adrian, the Jews have lost their ancient genealogies; and perhaps there trial, made that fault general which is particular.

GENERABLE, adj. Lat. genero. That which may be produced. GENERAL, adj. Fr. general; Latin GENERALITY, n. s. generalis. Here the GENERALLY, adv. root or origin and GENERALNESS, n. s. simple meaning of the GENERALTY, N. s. word general is a GENERAL, n. s. whole as opposed to GENERALISSIMO, n. s. J particulars; and under a great variety of modifications it preserves this meaning throughout; thus it is applied to things; when to persons, as general and generalissimo, it is an official term of honor given to those who have supreme command over one ог more armies.

is not even one of the sacerdotal race who can produce authentic proofs of his genealogy. This circumstance has been alleged by Christian writers as a presumptive proof of the actual advent of the Messiah, whose genealogy, corresponding to ancient predictions, the Jews are no longer able to trace, and consequently of the truth of Christianity.

The most natural order of genealogical tables seems to be to place the common stock at the head of the table, and the several collateral descents and succeeding generations, each in a lower line appropriated to it; and not to make the order of generations to proceed from the left hand to the right, as is done by some. But every distinct generation should by all means be placed in a line, or space appropriated to itself; otherwise our ideas will be greatly confused. The order of birth in the same generation may easily be observed (as is done in some of our best tables) by placing the first-born to the left hand in the table, and the rest, according to the order of birth, to the right.

There is a variety of other relations, besides mere natural descent, of which it is very useful to have a clear idea, as the connexion by marriage, by adoption among the Romans, &c., by which different families are intermixed. And it is possible, by different kinds of lines, joining the names so connected, how remote soever, in the table of generation, to express all those relations without the use of words. But as the attempt to express them all by characters disfigures the table with a great variety of lines, many of them of considerable length, and extending themselves in every direction, it seems most convenient to express natural descent only by characters, and to subjoin to each name an account, in words, of all its other connexions, referring at most from one to another, by marks contrived for that purpose. This method Rapin has taken in the excellent genealogical tables in his History of England. Valuable tables of

Flaterie is generally wrongful preising.

Chaucer, The Persones Tale. Because the curiosity of man's wit doth with peril wade further in the search of things than were convenient, the same is thereby restrained unto such generalities as, every where offering themselves, are appa

Hooker.

rent to men of the weakest conceit.
They, because some have been admitted without

I've been bold,

Whitgift.

For that I knew it the most general way.

Shakspeare.

Neither my place, nor aught I heard of business, Hath raised me from my bed; nor doth the general

care

Take hold on me; for my particular grief
Ingluts and swallows other sorrows.

Id.

I am not a woman to be touched with so many giddy fancies as he hath generally taxed their whole

sex withal.

Id.

Id.

Nor would we deign him burial of his men, Till he disbursed at St. Colmeskill Isle Ten thousand dollars to our general use. Necessity, not extending to the generality, but resting upon private heads. Raleigh's Essays. Generally we would not have those that read this work of Sylva Sylvarum, account it strange that we have set down particulars untried.

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Bacon.

Symachus the orator in his dayes, to procure a generall toleration, used this argument, Because God is immerse and infinite, and his nature cannot be perfectly known, it is convenient he should be as diversely worshipped, as every man shall perceive or underBurton's Anatomy of Melancholy. In like sort amongst Papists, fasting at first was

stand.

generally proposed as a good thing.

Id.

Commission of generalissimo was likewise given to the prince. Clarendon. Nor failed they to express how much they praised, That for the general safety he despised

His own.

Milton's Paradise Lost The wall of Paradise upsprung, Which to our general sire gave prospect large Into his nether empire neighb'ring round. Milton. The municipal laws of this kingdom are of a vast extent, and include in their generally all those several laws which are allowed as the rule of justice and judicial proceedings.

Hale.

Yet they by restless toil became at length
So proud and confident of their made strength,
That they with joy their boasting general heard
Wish then for that assault he lately feared. Marvell.
Pompey had deserved the name of great; and
Alexander, of the same cognomination, was general.
Browne.
issimo of Greece.

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In particulars our knowledge begins and so spreads itself by degrees to generals.

ble to it,

Id.

A general idea is an idea in the mind, considered there as separated from time and place, and so capable to represent any particular being that is conforma Id. The generals on the enemy's side are inferior to several that once commanded the French armies. Addison on the War. The war's whole art each private soldier knows, And with a general's love of conquest glows.

Addison. I have considered Milton's Paradise Lost in the fable, the characters, the sentiments, and the lan

guage; and have shewn that he excels, in general,

under each of these heads.

Id.

The generality of the English have such a favourable opinion of treason, nothing can cure them.

Id.

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The moment of the general consternation, To attack the Turk's flotilla which lay nigh Extremely tranquil anchored at its station. Id. GENERAL, in military affairs, is an officer in chief, to whom the prince or senate of a country have judged proper to intrust the command of their troops.. He holds this important trust under various titles: as captain-general in England and Spain; feldt-mareschal in Germany; or mareschal in France. In the British service the king is in his own proper right captain-general. He has ten aides-de-camp; every one of whom enjoys the brevet rank of full colonel in the army. Next to his majesty is the commander in chief. But the more general use of the word is with regard to the commander of an army in actual service in the field. The office of a general is to regulate the march and encampment of

the army; in the day of battle to choose out the most advantageous ground; to make the disposition of the army; to post the artillery, and, where there is occasion, to send his orders by his aides-de-camp. At a siege he is to cause the place to be invested, to regulate the approaches and attacks, to visit the works, and to send out detachments to secure the convoy and foraging parties. In the day of battle, the station of a general is with the reserve, where he remains so situated, that he can see every thing which is going forward; and by means of his own observations, or the communications of his aides-decamp, he is enabled to send reinforcements, as the exigencies of the conflict may require. For LIEUTENANT-GENERAL, MAJOR-GENERAL, BRIGADIER-GENERAL, &c., see their respective articles. GENERAL, ADJUTANT, in the art of war, one who attends the general, assists in councils, and carries the general's orders to the army. He distributes the daily orders to the majors of brigade. He is likewise charged with the general detail of the duty of the army. The majors of brigade send every morning to the adjutantgeneral an exact return, by battalion and company, of the men of his brigade. In a day of battle he sees the infantry drawn up; after which he places himself by the general, to receive any orders which may regard the corps of which he has the detail. In a siege he orders the number of workmen demanded, and signs the warrant for their payment. He receives the guards of the trenches at their rendezvous, and examines their condition; he gives and signs all orders for parties. He has an orderly serjeant from each brigade of infantry in the line, to carry such orders as he may have occasion to send from the general.

GENERAL is also used for the chief of an order of monks; or of all the houses and congregations established under the same rule; as, the general of the Franciscans, Cistertians, &c.

GENERAL is also used for a particular march, or beat of drum; being the first which gives notice, commonly in the morning early, for the infantry to be in readiness to march.

GENERAL TERMS, among logicians, those which are made the signs of general ideas. See LOGIC and METAPHYSICS.

GENERALISSIMO is called also captain-general, and simply general. He commands all the military powers of a nation; gives orders to all the other general officers, and receives no orders himself but from the king, M. Balzac observes, that cardinal Richelieu first coined this word, of his own absolute authority, upon his going to command the French army in Italy.

GENERANT, n. s. GENERATE, v. a. GENERATION, n. s. GENERATIVE, adj.

Lat. genero. To cause; produce; beget or give life: the act of production progeny; family; GENERATOR, n. s. an age or period: the faculty of propagation or fruitfulness. In all these and similar meanings the radix is increase. The power or being by whose agency this is effected.

Great father he of generation

Is rightly cald, the author of life and light:
And his faire sister for creation

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If we deduce the several races of mankind in the several parts of the world from generation, we must imagine the first numbers of them, who in any place agree upon any civil constitutions, to assemble as so many heads of families whom they represent.

Temple. Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle, must likewise generate milk. Arbuthnot.

If there hath been such a gradual diminution of the generative faculty upon the earth, why was not there the like decay in the production of vegetables?

Bentley. And if one lady's slip could leave a crime on All generations, I should like to know What pedigree the best would have to show?

Byron.

And when his bones are dust, his grave a blank, His station, generation, even his nation, Become a thing, or nothing, save to rank Ia chronological commemoration,

Some dull MS. oblivion long has sank, One gravenstone found in a barrack's station In digging the foundation of a closet May turn his name up as a rare deposit. Id. Don Juan.

To GENERATE, in music, is used to signify the operation of that mechanical power in nature, which every sound has in producing one or more different sounds. Thus any given sound, however simple, produces, along with itself, its octave, and two other sounds extremely sharp, viz. its twelfth above, that is to say, the octave of its fifth; and the other the seventh above, or, in other words, the double octave of its third major. Whether we suppose this procreation of sounds to result from an aptitude in the texture and magnitude of certain particles in the air, for conveying to our ears vibrations that bear those proportions one to another, as being determined at musical string; or from whatever economy of once by the partial and total oscillations of any nature we choose to trace it; the power of one sound thus to produce another, when in action, is said to generate. The same word is applied, by signior Tartini, and his followers, to any two sounds which, simultaneously heard, produce a

third.

GENERATED, or GENITED, part. adj. is used, by some mathematical writers, for whatever is produced, either in arithmetic, by the multiplication, division, or extraction of roots; or, in geometry, by the invention of the contents, areas, and sides; or of extreme and mean proportionals, without arithmetical addition and subtraction.

GENERATING LINE, or FIGURE, in geometry, is that which, by its motion of revolution, produces any other figure, plane or solid. See GENESIS.

GENERATION is also used, though somewhat improperly, for genealogy, or the series of children issued from the same stock. Thus the gospel of St. Matthew commences with the book of the generation of Jesus Christ, &c. The latter and more accurate translators, instead of generation use the word genealogy.

GENERATION, in mathematics, is used for the formation or production of any geometrical figure; as of equations, curves, solids, &c.

GENERATION, in physiology. See ANATOMY. GENERATION OF FISHES. See ICHTHYOLOGY, and ZooтOMY.

GENERATION OF INSECTS. See ENTOMOLOGY and ZOOтOMY.

GENERATION OF PLANTS. See BOTANY.

GENERATOR, in music, signifies the principal sound or sounds by which others are produced. Thus the lowest C for the treble of the harpsichord, besides its octave, will strike an attentive ear with its twelfth above, or G in alt, and with its seventeenth above, or E in alt. The C, therefore, is called their generator, the G and E its products or harmonics. But in the approximation of chords, for G, its octave below is substituted, which constitutes a fifth from the generator, or lowest C; and for E, is likewise substituted its fifteenth below, which, with the above mentioned C, forms a third major. To the lowest notes, therefore, exchanged for these in alt by

substitution, the denominations of products or harmonics are likewise given, whilst the C retains the name of their generator. But still, according to the system of Tartini, two notes in concord, which when sounded produce a third, may be termed the concurring generators of that

third.

GENERICAL, adj. Fr. generique; Lat.
GENERIC, adj.
genus. That which
GENER'ICALLY, adv. S comprehends the genus

without reference to the species.

The word consumption being applicable to a proper, and improper to a true and bastard consumption, requires a generical description quadrate to both.

Harvey on Consumptions.

These have all the essential characters of sea-shells, and shew that they are of the very same specifick gravity with those to which they are so generically allied.

Woodward.

Though wine differs from other liquids, in that it is the juice of a certain fruit; yet this is but a general or generick difference; for it does not distinguish wine from cyder or perry; the specifick difference of wine, therefore, is its pressure from the grape.

Watts's Logich.

GENERICAL NAME, in natural history, the word used to signify all the species of natural bodies, which agree in certain essential and peculiar characters, and therefore comprehending all of the same genus, family or kind; so that the word used as the generical name equally expresses every one of the genus, and other words expressive of the peculiar qualities or figures of each species are added, in order to denote them distinctly, and make up what is called the specific name. See BOTANY and ZOOLOGY.

GENEROUS, adj. Fr. generosité; Lat. GENEROSITY, n. s. generositas. The disGENEROUSLY, adv. position or act of liGEN'EROUSNESS, n. s. berality and magnanimity; courage and strength in animals; nobility of birth, mind, or heart; and the exercise of these several qualities..

Lo here Semiramis, the Quene of grete Babilon, The moste generous gem and the floure of lovily favor; Whose excellent power from Mede unto Septentrion, Florished in her regally, as a mightie conqueror.

Chaucer. The Nine Ladies Worthie.

A cup of generous wine to those whose minds are still or motionless, is, in my opinion, excellent physic.

Burton.

So the imperial eagle does not stay
Till the whole carcase he devour,
As if his generous hunger understood
That he can never want plenty of food,
He only sucks the tasteful blood.
Having in a digestive furnace drawn off the ardent
spirit from some good sack, the phlegm, even in this
generous wine, was copious.
Boyle.

Cowley.

A generous virtue of a vigorous kind,
Pure in the last recesses of the mind. Dryden.
When all the gods our ruin have foretold,
Yet generously he does his arms withhold. Id.
It would not have been your generosity, to have
passed by such a fault as this.

Locke.

Can he be better principled in the grounds of
true virtue and generosity than his young tutor is?
Id. on Education.

When from his vest the young companion bore
The cup the generous landlord owned before,
And paid profusely with the precious bowl
The stinted kindness of this churlish soul. Parnell.

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Collier on Kindness.

Swift.

The generous critick fanned the poet's fire,
And taught the world with reason to admire. Pope.
She speaks, behaves, and acts, just as she ought,
But never, never reached one generous thought. Id.
That generous boldness to defend
An innocent or absent friend.
Those who in southern climes complain,
From Phoebus' rays they suffer pain,
Must own that pain is well repaid,
By generous wines beneath a shade.
Id.
GENEROSITY, the name of an
knighthood, established in 1685, by Frede-
order of
rick III., when elector of Brandenburg. The
badge was a gold cross of eight points enamelled
azure, bearing in the centre La Genérosité, and
pendent to a blue riband.

GENESEE, a level county of the state of
New York, North America, erected in 1802
42° 30′ and 43° 22' Ñ. lat. It is bounded by
from Ontario county, and situated between
that county on the east, Lake Ontario on the
north, Allegany county, and a small angle of
Cataraugus county, on the south, and on the
west by Niagara county. Its area is reckoned at
has but little of waste. The alluvial flats on the
1743 square miles. It is generally fertile and
shores of the river are distinguished for their su-
perior richness. The chief town is Batavia.

GENESEE, a river of the United States, which
rises in Pennsylvania, and runs through the
western part of the state of New York into Lake
Ontario, between Gates and Boyle. At its en-
trance is a harbour of this name.
miles of its mouth are falls of seventy-five and
Within five
ninety-six feet in height, from which the river is
navigable for boats seventy miles, when other
falls occur from sixty to ninety feet in height, one
mile apart, south of Leicester.

GENESIS, n. s.
Gr. Yeveals. The first book
of Moses, so called because it treats of the origin
of all things.

GENESIS, the first book of the Old Testament,
lives of the first patriarchs. This book stands at
contains the history of the creation, and the

the head of the Pentateuch. Its author is held to be Moses: it contains the relation of 2369 years, viz. from the beginning of the world to the death of Joseph. The Hebrews called it Bereschith,, in the beginning, because beginning with that word. The Greeks gave it the name Everis, q. d. production or generation, because it begins with the history of the production, or generation, of all beings. This book, besides the history of the creation, contains an account of the original innocence and fall of defection and corruption of the world; the deman; the propagation of mankind; the general and peopling of the earth; and the history of luge; the restoration of the world; the division the first patriarchs to the death of Joseph. The human means by which Moses might obtain information on the subject of the fall, &c., are worthy of more notice than a superficial reader would observe, for the account of so

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