astonishment and horror. Villani, a contemporary author, relates, that the losses each party had sustained would have been sufficient to have purchased a kingdom; the Genoese republic being esteemed in his time the richest and most powe-ful state in Christendom. Stella informs us that, before the war, the most extravagant profusion and luxury prevailed among the Genoese; but that, towards the end, many noble families were reduced to indigence; so that, for about 100 years after, it became fashionable for the nobles to live in a plain and frugal manner. In 1336 both parties, suspending their animosities, sent two fleets of twenty galleys each into the German Ocean, to assist Philip VI. king of France, against Edward III. of England. This naval expedition proved the cause of a most remarkable revolution in the Genoese government. The sailors accused their officers of defrauding them of their pay, proceeded to an open mutiny, and having expelled the admiral, and other commanders, seized the galleys. Philip VI., being chosen arbitrator, decided in favor of the officers, and imprisoned sixteen chiefs of the mutineers. Upon this several of the sailors left the fleet, and returned to Genoa; where they went round the coasts, repeating their mutinous complaints, which were eagerly listened to upon a false report that the mutineers were broken upon the wheel. The factious spirit increased; and at last the Genoese insisted on having an abbot of their own choosing, and twenty of the people, with the consent of the captains of the republic, assembled for that purpose. While the multitude, however, were impatiently expecting their decision, a mechanic mounted a bench and proposed that Samuele Bucanigree should be chosen abbot. This being instantly echoed, by the populace, he was first declared abbot, then lord, and at last doge, of Genoa. But the dissentions continued as violent as ever, notwithstanding the power of the new magistrate; and by these perpetual divisions the republic was at last so much weakened that, in 1390, Charles VI., king of France, was declared lord of Genoa. However the Genoese soon became exceedingly impatient of the French government; and, in 1422, the duke of Milan obtained the sovereignty. With this situation they were soon equally displeased, and therefore revolted in 1436. In 1458, finding themselves pressed by a powerful fleet and army sent by Alphonso king of Naples, they conferred the sovereignty of their state upon Charles VII. of France. But in 1460 they revolted, and four years after put themselves again under the protection of the duke of Milan; from whom they revolted in 1478. He was again declared sovereign of the republic in 1488; and in 1499 the city and territories of Genoa were conquered by Louis XII. of France. The fickleness of the Genoese was not corrected by this misfortune. They revolted in 1506; but next year were again subdued by Louis. In 1512 they again revolted; and in 1516 the city was taken and plundered by the Spaniards. In 1528 the celebrated Andrew Doria, then an admiral in the French service, undertook to rescue his country from the dominion of foreign princes, and restore it to its liberty. He told his countrymen that the French, VOL. X who had again obtained the sovereignty, had left them only a shadow of liberty, while they pretended to protect them from their enemies. To the nobility he represented the disgrace of suffering the government to be vested in the hands of foreigners less worthy of authority than themselves. Thus he soon formed a strong faction, and when almost three-fourths of the French garrison had been carried off by the plague, he advanced with 500 men. His friends having opened the gates of the city to him, he seized the principal posts, and thus became master of it without drawing his sword. The garrison retired to the forts, where they soon after capitulated, and being driven out of the city, Doria re-established the ancient form of government. See DORIA. The republic continued throughout the rest of the eighteenth century to preserve her liberty, though greatly fallen from her ancient splendor. In 1684, the Genoese having fallen under the resentment of Louis XIV., the city was almost destroyed by a formidable bombardment. In 1688 it was bombarded by admiral Byng, and forced to capitulate: but the British government had no view of making a permanent conquest of it. In 1713 the emperor Charles VI. sold the town and marquisate of Finale to the republic, which, in 1743, involved it in a bloody war; for the queen of Hungary having, by the treaty of Worms, ceded to the king of Sardinia her right to Finale, the Genoese formed an alliance with France, Spain, and Naples: and, in 1745, declared war against the king of Sardinia, who soon made himself master of great part of the state, while several Genoese ports were bombarded by the British, and the city of Genoa was taken by the Imperialists: but after a terrible slaughter they were driven out by the Genoese; who again defeated them in 1747, when they attempted to recover it. In 1730 the island of Corsica revolted from the Genoese, and could never afterwards be reduced by them: for which reason they at last sold it to the French, who in 1770 totally reduced it. See CORSICA. The ancient constitution, from the time of its establishment by the brave Andrew Doria, in 1528, was aristocratic, though not so much so as that of Venice The nobility alone were capable of holding the chief offices in the republic. From this body were elected the doge, the great council, and the senate. The doge, or duke, was elected for two years, and was incapacitated from being re-elected for five years after; but had a procurator's office assigned him, and a pension of 500 scudi for life. No person could be elected doge till he was fifty years of age, and had left off trade for fifteen years before. The great council consisted of eighty counsellors, in whom the sovereignty chiefly resided. The serate consisted of twelve senators, who, with the doge, had the administration of affairs. In November, 1797, this form of government was overturned, hereditary titles and honors abolished, and a new democratic constitution established, by Buonaparte, with a directory, two councils, &c., similar to the then constitution of France; while the whole state, according to the then frantic rage of the French for republicanism, was called E the Ligurian republic, and, being under the control of the rulers of France, it long shared in the warfare of that country. In 1801 the city sustained a severe siege from the Austrian army and the British fleet, till literally starved; which obliged the French General, Massena, to evacuate it on the 7th of June. It was however soon afterwards delivered up to the French, upon the celebrated victory of Marengo; and the republic restored to tranquillity by the treaty of Amiens. But Buonaparte having afterwards abjured his republican notions, and assumed the titles of emperor of France and king of Italy, this, with the other republics which his military power had contributed to raise in Europe, was to experience another revolution. Early in 1805 he forcibly seized upon the whole of this republic, abolished its constitution, and united it to his kingdom of Italy. In 1805 it was incorporated with its territory into the French empire, forming the departments of Genoa, Montenotte, and the Appennines. It remained subject to Buonaparte until his final reverses in Germany, and the invasion of France in 1814, when a British naval force once more blockaded the harbour. To this force the Genoese surrendered, April 18th 1814, and received a garrison, in the expectation of being reinstated in their former liberty. The congress of Vienna, however, decided otherwise, and made over the city, with its territory, to the king of Sardinia. It is now said to be governed by its own laws; the inhabitants preserving their senate, their supreme court of justice, and provincial councils, who impose all new taxes, and conduct the entire police. Genoa is distant 224 miles north-west of Rome, and stands in N. lat. 44° 25, and E. long. 8° 50'. GENOVESI (Anthony), a modern Italian writer of celebrity, was born at Castiglione in 1712. He was brought up as a clergyman, but practised the law; and, in 1741, was appointed professor of metaphysics at Naples. He afterwards exchanged this for the ethical chair. He became also an unsuccessful candidate for the professorship of theology. He was made, how ever, professor of political economy; which place he held at his death, which took place in 1769. He wrote-1. Disciplinarum Metaphysicarum Elementa Mathematicum in morem adornata, 4 vols. 8vo; 2. Elementorum Artis Logicocritica Libri Quinque; 3. Delle Lezioni di Commercio; 4. Meditazioni Filosofiche Sulla Religione e Sulla Morale, &c. GENTEE'L, adj. GENTEEL LY, adv. GENTEEL NESS, n. s. GENTILESSE', n. s. GENTILITY, n. s. GENTLE, adj., n. s. & GENTLEFOLK, n.s. [v.a. GENTLEMAN, n. s. GEN'TLESHIP, n. s. Fr. gentil; Italian gentile, Lat. gentilis. These words are indifferently applied to persons, dispositions, and manners, and primarily imply softness; ease; grace; elegance; superiority; rank used either as descriptive, or ironically as terms of ridicule. The word gentle also is used for a worm Jused in angling; the only verb amongst them, which means to elevate or make gentle, is quite obsolete. Fayre was this yonge wif; and, therwithal, As any wesel hire body gent and smal. Chaucer. The Milleres Tule. -And he that wol han pris of his genterie, For he wos boren of a gentil hous, And had his elders noble and vertuousAnd ni'll himselven do no gentil dedes, Ne folwe his gentil auncestrie that ded is,He n'is not gentil be he duk or erl; For vilains sinful dedes make a cherl. For gentillesse n'is but the renornee Of their auncestres for hir high bountee, Which is a strange thing to thy persone: Thy gentillesse cometh fro God alone. Than cometh our very gentillesse of grace; It was no thing bequethed us with our place. Id. The Wif of Bathes Tale. A gentilwoman, porter of the gate, There shal ye find, hire name is Countenance. Id. The Assemblee of Ladies. Than opened she the gate, and in we go; With wordes faire she saide full gentilly Ye are welcome ywis. Id. Adue, the gentillest that er I knewe! Adue my most excellent paramour, Fairer than rose, sweter than lylly flour. Id. Lament of Mary Magdaleine. Adue, my soveraine and very gentilman Farewel, dere herte! as hertely as I can. Some in France, which will needs be gentlemen, have more gentleship in their hat than in their head. Ascham's Schoolmaster. Thereto the heavens, alwayes joviall Lookte on them lovely, still in stedfast state, Ne suffred storme nor frost on them to fall, Their tender buds or leaves to violate; Id. Nor scorching heat nor cold intemperate, Vespasian, with great spoil and rage, ld. Id. Richard II. gave up his Camden. Sir Thomas More, the Sunday after he chancellorship, came to his wife's pew, and used the usual words of his gentleman usher, Madam, my lord is gone. Gentlewomen may do themselves much good by kneeling upon a cushion, and weeding. Bacon. Gavelkind must needs in the end, make a poor gentility. Davies on Ireland. And though this sense first gentle musick found, Her proper object is the speech of men. Davies. She that was noble, wise, as fair and gent, Cast how she might their harmless lives preserve. These are the studies wherein our noble and gentle youth ought to bestow their time. Id. on Education. My gentler rest is on a thought, Hudibras. Conscious of doing what I ought. Marvell. She with her wedding-cloaths undresses Her complaisance and gentilesses. He will in the three hot months bite at a flag-worm, or at a green gentle. Walton's Angler. A civil war was within the bowels of that state, between the gentleman and the peasants. Sidney. They entering and killing all of the gentle and rich faction, for honesty sake broke open all prisons. Id. He hither came a private gentleman, But young and brave, and of a family Ancient and noble. Otway's Orphan. You say a long-descended race Makes gentlemen, and that your high degree Is much disparaged to be matched with me. Dryden. He had a genius full of genteelness and spirit, having nothing that was ungraceful in his postures and dresses. Id. Dufresnoy. The perpetual gentleness and inherent goodness of the Ormond family. Id. Fables, Dedication. The mischiefs that come by inadvertency, or ignorance, are but verv gently to be taken notice of. Locke. Those that would be genteelly learned, need not purchase it at the dear rate of being atheists. Glanville. After a long fatigue of eating and drinking, and babbling, he concludes the great work of dining genteelly. So spruce that he can never be genteel. South. Tatler. The many-coloured gentry there above, Prior. He had such a gentle method of reproving their faults, that they were not so much afraid as ashamed to repeat them. Atterbury. Of gentle blood, part shed in honour's cause, Each parent sprung. Pope. He had a genteeler manner of binding the chains of this kingdom than most of his predecessors. Swift to Gay. Gentle folks will not care for the remainder of a hottle of wine; therefore set a fresh one before the m. Swift. How cheerfully the hawkers cry ld. Several ladies that have twice her fortune, are not able to be always so genteel, and so constant at all places of pleasure and expence. Law. He is so far from desiring to be used as a gentleman, that he desires to be used as the servant of all. Id. Nor shall my verse that elder bard forget, The gentle Spenser, Fancy's pleasing son; Who, like a copious river, poured his song O'er all the mazes of enchanted ground. Thomson. Summer. Women ought not to think gentleness of heart despicable in a man, Clarissa. Gentle he was, if gentle birth Cowper. In truth he was a strange and wayward wight, Fond of each gentle and each dreadful scene. Beattie, The Minstrel, Though some unhappy instances of frivolous duels have occurred, I cannot think that it is the vice of the times to be fond of quarrelling; the manners of our young men of distinction are certainly not of that cast, and if it lies with any of the present age, it is with those half made up gentry, who force their way into half-price plays in boots and spurs, and are clamorous in the passages of the front boxes of a crowded theatre. Cumberland. A band of children, round a snow-white ram, An honest gentleman at his return Why did he love him? Curious fool!--be stillIs human love the growth of human will? To her she might be gentleness. Byron. GENTIAN, n. s. Fr. gentiane; Lat. gentiana, cyaneus; Gr. Kvarog, blue; because this plant has a blue flower, кvavεoc. A root used in medicine. See below. If it be fistulous, and the orifice small, dilate it with gentian roots. Wiseman's Surgery. The root of gentian is large and long, of a tolerably firm texture, and remarkably tough; it has a faintish and disagreeable smell, and an extremely bitter taste. Hill's Mat. Med. GENTIANA, gentian, in botany, a genus of the digynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order twentieth, rotacea: cOR. monopetalous: CAP. bivalved and unilocular: there are two longitudinal receptacles. The most remarkable species are the following: 1. G. centaureum, the less centaury of the shops, is a native of many parts of Britain. It grows on dry pastures; and its height is commonly proportioned to the goodness of the soil; as, in rich soils, it grows to the height of a foot; but in poor ones not above three or four inches. It is an annual plant, with upright branching stalks, garnished with small leaves, placed by pairs. The flowers grow in form of an umbel at the top of the stalk, and are of a bright purple color. They come out in July, and the seed ripens in autumn. The plant cannot be cultivated in gardens. The tops are a useful aperient bitter, in which view they are often used in medicine. 2. G. lutea, the common gentian of the shops. It is a native of the mountainous parts of Germany; whence the roots, the only part used in medicine, are brought to this country. These have a yellowish brown color, and a very bitter taste. The lower leaves are of an oblong oval shape, a little pointed at the end, stiff, of a yellowish green, and have five large veins on the back of each. The stalk rises four or five feet high, garnished with leaves growing by pairs at each joint, almost embracing the stalk at their base. They are of the same form with the lower, but diminish gradually in their size to the top. The flowers come out in whirls at the joints on the upper part of the stalks, standing on short foot-stalks, whose origin is in the wings of the leaves. They are of a pale yellow color. The roots of this plant are often used in medicine as stomachic bitters. In taste they are less exceptionable than most of the substances of this class. Infusions of gentian root, flavored with orange peel, are sufficiently grateful. Some years ago a poisonous root was discovered among the gentian brought to London; the use of which occasioned violent disorders, and in some cases death. This root is easily distinguished from the gentian, by its being internally of a white color, and void of bitterness. GENTIANE'LLA, n. s. A kind of blue color. GENTILE. The Jews called all those who were not of their race, gojim, i. e. gentes, which in the Greek translations of the Old Testament is rendered ra 10va; in which sense it often occurs in the New Testament; as in Matt. vi. 32. All these things do the Gentiles (or nations) seek.' Whence the Latin church also used gentes in the same sense as our Gentiles, especially in the New Testament. But the word gentes soon obtained another signification, and no longer meant all who were not Jews; but those only who were neither Jews nor Christians, but followed the superstitions of the Greeks and Romans, &c. In this sense it continued among the Christian writers, till their religion was publicly, and by authority, received in the empire; when gentiles, from gentes, came into use: and then both words had two significations, viz., in treatises or laws concerning religion, they signified pagans, neither Jews nor Christians; and, in civil affairs, they were used for all such as were not Romans. GENTILE, in the Roman law and history, sometimes expresses what the Romans otherwise called barbarians, whether they were allies of Rome or not: but this word was used in a more particular sense for all strangers not subject to the Roman empire. GENTILESCHI (Horatio), an Italian painter, born at Pisa in 1563. After painting with great reputation at Florence, Rome, Genoa, and other parts of Italy, he removed to Savoy, thence to France, and at last came over to England, upon the invitation of Charles I., who appointed him lodgings in his court, with a considerable salary; and employed him in his palace at Greenwich, and other public places. The most remarkable of his performances in England, were the ceilings of Greenwich and York house. He painted also a Madonna, a Magdalen, and Lot with his two daughters, for king Charles. After the death of he king, when the royal collection was sold, nine of these pictures drew £600. His most esteemed work abroad was the portico of cardinal Bentivoglio's palace at Rome. He made several attempts at portrait painting, but with little success; his talent lying altogether in historical or mythological figures. After twelve years residence in England, he died in 1647, aged eighty-four; and was buried in the Queen's Chapel at Somerset House. His head was drawn by Vandyke. GENTILESCHI (Artemisia), daughter of the preceding, was little inferior to her father in his torical painting, and excelled him in portraits. She drew some of the royal family, and many of the nobility. GENTLEMAN originally comprehended all above the rank of yeoman; whereby even noblemen are properly called gentlemen. See CoмMONALTY. A gentleman is usually defined among heralds, to be one who, without any title, bears a coat of arms, or whose ancestors have been freemen: and by the coat that a gentleman giveth, he is known to be, or not to be, descended from those of his name who flourished many hundred years before. The Gauls observing that, during the empire of the Romans, the scutarii and gentiles had the best appointments of all the soldiers, became insensibly accustomed to apply the same names, gentils-hommes and ecuyers, to such persons. Gentlemen and esquires are confounded together by Sir Edward Coke; who observes, that every esquire is a gentleman, and a gentleman is defined to be one who hears coat armour.' It is indeed a matter somewhat unsettled, what constitutes the distinction, or who is a real esquire; for it is not an estate, however large, that confers this rank upon its owner. 'As for gentlemen,' says Sir Thomas Smith, they be made good cheap in this kingdom: for whosoever studieth the laws of the realm, who studieth in the universities, who professeth liberal sciences, and who can live idly and without manual labor, and will bear charge and countenance of a gentleman, he shall be called master, and shall be taken for a gentleman.' GENTLEMAN USHER OF THE BLACK ROD. See USTER. GENTLEMEN OF THE CHAPEL; officers whose duty and attendance is in the royal chapel, being in number thirty-two. Twelve of them are priests: the other twenty, commonly called clerks of the chapel, assist in the performance of divine service. One of the first twelve is chosen for confessor of the household servants, to visit the sick, examine and prepare communicants, and administer the sacrament. One of the twenty clerks, well versed in music, is chosen first organist, who is master of the children, to instruct them in music, and whatever else is necessary for the service of the chapel; a second is likewise an organist; a third a lutanist; and a fourth a violist. There are likewise three vergers, so called from the silver rods they carry in their bands; being a serjeant, a yeoman, and groom of the vestry: the first attends the dean and subdean, and finds surplices and other necessaries for the chapel; the second has the whole care of the chapel, keeps the pews and seats of the nobility and gentry; the groom has his attendance within the chapel door, and looks after it. GENTOOS, in modern history, according to the common acceptation of the term, denote the professors of the religion of the bramins or brachmans, who inhabit the country called Hindostan, or Indostan, in the East Indies, from the word stan, a region, and hind or hindoo: which Ferishteh, as we learn from colonel Dow's translation of his history, supposes to have been a son of Ham, the son of Noah. Hindoo, however, is not the name by which the inhabitants originally styled themselves; but, according to the idiom of the Sanscrit which they use, jumbodeep, from jumboo, a jackall, an animal com mon in their country: and deep, a large portion of land surrounded by the sea: or blertekhunt, froin khunt, i. e. a continent, and bherrhut, the name of one of the first Indian rajahs. They have assumed the name of Hindoos only since the era of the Tartar government, to distinguish themselves from their conquerors the Mussulmans. The term gentoo or gent, in the Sanscrit dia. lect, denotes animal in general, and, in its more confined sense, mankind, and is never appropriated particularly to such as follow the doctrines of Brhima. The Gentoos are divided into four great tribes, each of which has its ow. separate appellation; but they have no common or collective term that comprehends the whole nation, under the idea affixed by Europeans to the word Gentoo. Mr. Halhed, in the preface to his translation of the Code of Gentoo Laws, conjectures, that the Portuguese, on their first arrival in India, hearing the word frequently in the mouths of the natives, as applied to mankind in general, might adopt it for the domestic appellation of the Indians themselves; or perhaps their bigotry might figure from the word Gentoo a fanciful allusion to Gentile. The Hindoos, or Gentoos, vie with the Chinese as to the antiquity of their nation. They reckon the duration of the world by four jogues, or distinct ages: The first is the Suttee jogue, or age of purity, which is said to have lasted about 3,200,000 years; during which the life of man was 100,000 years, and his stature twenty-one cubits: The second, the Tirtah jogue, or the age in which one-third of mankind were reprobated; which consisted of 2,400,000 years, when men lived to the age of 10,000 years: The third, the Dwapar jogue, in which half of the human race became depraved; which endured to 600,000 years, when men's lives were reduced to 1000 years: and, fourth, the Collee jogue, in which all mankind were corrupted, or rather diminished, which the word collee imports. This is the present era, which they suppose will subsist for 400,000, of which nearly 5000 are already past; and man's life in this period is limited to 100 years. Many authors suppose that most of the Gentoo shasters, or scriptures, were composed about the beginning of the collee jogue: but an objection occurs against this supposition, viz. that the shasters take no notice of the deluge; to which the brahmins reply, that all their scriptures were written before the time of Noah, and the deluge never extended to Hindostan. Nevertheless, it ap |