ment. It deserves the support of all who wish well to Protestantism in France.

[A short branch rail here turns off via Beaucourt (7 miles), Morvillars (5 miles), &c., to Delle (5 miles), a small town on the Swiss frontier, with a douane and old Castle.] Hericourt (5 miles), in Haute Saône. Population, 8,000, nearly all Protestants, as are most of the people of this quarter of France. From this station it is 6 miles to

Belfort, on the line to Mulhouse, as in Route 62.

ROUTE 22.

Paris to Dijon, Dôle, Salins, Pontarlier, and Geneva.

By rail to Salins, as in Route 21. Thence by rail to

Mesnay-Arbois, whence Arbois may be reached, where Pichegru was born. Andelot (16 miles), where a branch turns off for Champagnole (8 miles) towards Geneva, as below.

From Andelot, the Pontarlier line passes on to La Joux (4 miles), Beaujeailles (3 miles), Frasne (5 miles), and La Rivière (3 miles), to Pontarlier (7 miles), a border town and souspréfecture, of 5,010 population, under the second chain of the Jura mountains, at a height of 2,700 feet above the sea, well built, with a college, barracks, Hôtel de Ville, library, &c.; besides manufactures of iron, paper, tools, leather, wormwood, &c. General d'Arçon, who made the floating batteries at the siege of Gibraltar, was born here. Hotels.-Des Voyageurs; National, &c. Conveyances-By Rail to Lausanne andNeufchâtel (in SWITZERLAND). See BRADSHAW's Hand-Book to Switzerland. The first place is reached by the direct line via Jonques, Orbe, and Chavornay station, on the Lausanne and Yverdun line. We pass

Fort de Joux (4 kil.), near the defile of La Clause, on a precipice about 640 feet high, where Mirabeau and the unfortunate Toussaint l'Ouverture were confined. NEUFCHÂTEL, on the lake of Neufchâtel, is 16 leagues (about 66 kil.) to the north-east, down the picturesque Val Travers; which gives name to one kind of asphalte now used for roadmaking. From Neufchâtel a short branch rail turns off to Chaux de Fonds and Locle, the great seat of the Swiss watch trade, in a gorge of the Jura.

The Doubs rises under Mont Rixon, in the Jura range, 3,120 feet above the sea, and about 30 kil. south-south-west of Pontarlier. At 25 kil. northeast of this town, near Morteau, in a rocky defile, only 32 feet wide, it tumbles over a fine fall, called the Saut-de-Doubs, about 86 feet down.

From Salins, as above-mentioned, on the road towards Geneva, there is a Rail to

Champagnole, in a pretty spot on the ascent of the Jura, under Mont Rivel, on the Ain, which turns mills for making wire, &c.

ST. LAURENT (12 kil.), at the top of the Jura range, has a douane or custom-house, and an old castle commanding a wide prospect.

Hotel.-L'Ecu.

Thence down to

MOREZ (12 kil.), in a narrow gorge of the Bienne, lined with mills and forges. Population, 3,200. Clockwork, tourne-broches (jacks), pins, nails, cotton thread, &c., are made; and there is a good trade in Gruyère cheese, timber, wine, &c.

LES ROUSSES (3 kil.), on a lake near the Swiss frontier, and Mont Dôle (5,520 feet), in the highest part of the Jura mountains, which may be ascended for the prospect. The last French custom-house is here; and here also the rivers divide, some towards the North Sea, others towards the Mediterranean. A road turns off, past St. Cergues, to Noyon, on the Lake of Geneva.

LA VATTAY (5 kil.), or LAVATAY, a small collection of châlets, from which there is a short cut towards Gex, through the narrow defile of Monts Faucilles, which brings you to the south side of the mountain, and all of a sudden discovers one of the grandest prospects in Europe, taking in the Lake of Geneva, Mont Blanc, part of Savoy, &c. The traveller for Geneva must look out for this, by all means; especially towards sunset. If he proceeds direct to Noyon (as just mentioned) the prospect is equally grand.

GEX (15 kil.), a small sous-préfecture (in department Ain) of 2,900 souls, at the bottom of Mont St. Claude, on the Jornans, between the Jura mountains and Lake of Geneva, of which it commands a fine view, as well as of the Alps, the Jura chain, &c. Gruyère cheese, watches, &c., are made.

Hotels.-De la Poste; Des Etrangers; Du Pont d'Arche.

[About 28 kil. to the west-north-west is ST. CLAUDE, another sous-préfecture (in department Jura), and a seat of a diocese, in a picturesque valley in the Jura range, where the Bienne and Tacon join. The cathedral is not remarkable. Many toys in bone, ivory, wood, as well as buttons, musical instruments, nails, copper goods (quincaillerie), &c., are made. Population, 6,320.

Around it are some Objects worthy of notice.-As the falls of Flumen and Queue du Cheval (i.e., Horse Tail)-Foules Cave-the intermittent springs of Noire Combe-the Pont de la Pile on the Ain-and the Pass leading to Tour-duMeix. Sept-Moncel (12 kil.) is noted for its cheese, and manufacture of stone carvings.] FERNEY (12 kil.) or FERNEY-VOLTAIRE, on the Swiss side, is a small village of watchmakers, on a beautiful part of the Geneva lake, formerly the residence of Voltaire, from 1759 to 1778. They show his sitting-room and chamber, with portraits of him, of Frederick the Great, Catherine II. (in tapestry, worked by herself), Franklin, &c.; also a pyramid (which once held his heart), set up by the Marquise de Villette, his adopted daughter, with the words "Son esprit est partout, mais son cœur est ici" (his spirit is everywhere, but his heart is here). The theatre is gone, but the church he built, "Deo erexit Voltaire," remains. Mont Blanc is in view.

At 6 kil. further is

Geneva, to which omnibuses run; and thence there is railway communication with Lausanne, Lyons, Chambéry, &c.

ROUTE 23.

(Mont Cenis Route.)

Paris to Macon, Bourg, Chambéry, Mont Cenis, and Turin; with branches to Lyons and Geneva.

By rail the whole way. Distance from Mâcon to Geneva, 101 miles; to Chambéry and St. Michel, under Mont Cenis, 73 miles.

Mâcon Station, as in Route 20. Mâcon is the birth-place of Lamartine. Leaving this we cross the Saône by a viaduct on five iron arches, each 118 feet span, with heavy embankments on both sides,

I

into department Ain, a district of wet marshes and lakes, but very fertile, up the Veyle, to

Pont de Veyle (5 miles). A model farm of M. Perceval is seen here.

Vonnas (5 miles). Population, 1,440. Mézériat (2 miles). The Jura mountains in

view.

Polliat (3 miles). Population, 1,500. And 5 miles from this is

BOURG, or Bourg-en-Bresse,

on the line from Lyons to Besançon (see page 100), 47 miles from one, 97 miles from the other, and 23 miles from Mâcon.

HOTELS.-Du Palais; De l'Europe; Du Nord; Du Griffin. Population, 14,050.

The chief town of department Ain (formerly La Bresse), in a fine spot on the Reyssouse; founded by the Dukes of Savoy, and given up to France, 1350. One of its fountains is dedicated to the memory of General Joubert. A good bronze statue of Bichat, the surgeon, by David, is in the Bastion promenade; Nôtre Dame church contains some noticeable carvings. At the Hôtel de Ville is the Musée Lorin, of 117 paintings, bequeathed to the town, 1856. There are also a prison on the site of the ducal château, and a large hospital outside the town.

In Faubourg de Brou is the fine Gothic church of Brou, built in the 15th century, by Margaret of Austria, whose motto, "Fortune, fortune, fortune," is repeated all over it. It is 228 feet long. It contains many specimens of arabesque, stained windows, and tombs of the dukes of Savoy. The dial was set up by Lalande, the astronomer, who was born at a house in the town, with "Observatoire, 1792," upon its front.

A rail in progress to Nantau (as below). From Bourg, through the forest of Seillon, to La Vavrette (6 miles). Pont d'Ain (5 miles), on the Ain, here crossed by a suspension bridge. On Mont Olivet (about 1,000 feet high) is an old castle of the dukes of Savoy. Population, 1,470.

[CERDON (13 kil.), is near the fine Fall of Marcelin, not far from the great Fall of the river Fogue, in a wild spot.

Nantau (19 kil. further), a sous-préfecture, &c., of 3,701 souls, on a lake between the mountains in the Jura chain, having a Lombard Church, where Charies the Bold was buried.

Excursions, on the Lake, to Château Duindt, and Château de Monthen, where St. Bernard was born; also to the Castle of Faverges, the Roman Fabriacarium, where they forged iron and copper. It is 22 miles to Geneva, and 30 to 40 round to Chamounix and Martigny, under Mont Blanc. (See BRADSHAW's Hand-Book to Switzerland).]

From Aix the line proceeds for 10 miles to

CHAMBERY.

HOTELS.-De France; Des Princes. Cost of living, 8 to 10 fr. a day. Cold tea should be drunk instead of water. Population, 18,000. The ancient Camperiacum, on the Leysse, and former capital of Savoy, now the chief place of department Savoie, and an archbishop's see. It has a cathedral; a Sainte Chapelle, at the Castle, built 1230, on a rock, by the Counts of Maurienne, its feudal owners; Town House, Academy, Theatre; with a Poor House and Hospital, founded by a wealthy native, General de Boigne, who made his money in India, where he was in Scindiah's service. He spent £150,000 on his château here, and died 1830. There is a public statue to him on four elephants,, spouting water from their trunks. Walks, on the Promenade de Vernay and the Terrace. To Grande Chartreuse from here is about 9 hours, on foot, to

Montmelian (9 miles), or Montmeillan, a fortified post on the Isère, where the line from Grenoble falls in. (See Route 25.) Follow the river to Chamousset (8 miles), which may be further ascended by road to Moutiers and the little St. Bernard Pass; also round to Annecy and Chamounix; but the rail ascends the valley of the Arc, to Aiguebelle (6 miles), La Chambre (14 miles), St. Jean de Maurienne (6 miles). The line between this and St. Michel was for a time blocked up, 1872, by a land slip mile long, which half buried the neighbouring houses.

St. Michel de Maurienne (7 miles), where the Pass and Tunnel routes of Mont Cenis part off. It is about 50 miles by either to Susa, on the Italian side. The Pass Route, along the diligence road, was traversed by Fell's climbing rail in 4 hours. The Tunnel Route strikes off near Modane, to the southwest, and passes through Col de Fréjus by a Tunnel nearly 8 miles long, to Bardonnechia on the Italian side, shortening the distance by two hours, and

opened December, 1870, after 12 years' labour. Luggage examined at Modane. (See Special Edition of BRADSHAW'S Continental Guide, and BRADSHAW'S Hand-Book to Italy.)

From Culoz, towards Geneva, the rail passes Seyssel station (8 miles), opposite the village which lies on the Swiss side of the river, and is reached by a suspension bridge, with the douanes of the two countries upon it. Here Seyssel asphalte is quarried. Pass the iron viaduct of the Vézéronce, 121 feet high. The Pyrimont Seyssel mines of asphalte are close by. The Rocky banks of the Rhône are now pierced by a succession of tunnels, the longest being Paradis (3,363 feet), opening out upon the Credo mountains (5,360 feet high), and Arlad Castle.

Bellegarde (11 miles), a buffet at the Swiss border. Every one coming into France is strictly searched.

Here the fall of the Rhône, the deep bed of the Valserine, may be visited; also the fine viaduct of the Valserine, 820 feet long, on 11 arches. Leaving Bellegarde, we enter the grand Credo tunnel, 12,796 feet long, ventilated by six shafts, the deepest being 705 feet down to the line. It took 3 years to make.

The fort of Ecluse, built by Vauban to guard the deep pass, becomes visible. Two short tunnels of 279 feet and 606 feet, to

Collonges (7 miles). Population, 1,280.

Chancy (1 mile). La Plaine (3 miles), the first place within the Genevese territory. Satigny (3 miles). Population, 1,044. Meyrin (2 miles). Here the line attains its culminating point, 1,334 feet above sea level, and Mont Blanc may be caught sight of. Pass a long cutting and embankment to

Geneva, 100 miles from Lyons, 114 from Mâcon, 389 from Paris. (See BRADSHAW's HandBook to Switzerland).

ROUTE 24.

Lyons to St. Etienne, Andrezieux,
Montbrison, Roanne.

By railway, 84 miles, 4 to 5 hours. Over the Saône, at Mulatière bridge, to

Oullins (3 miles), on the west bank of the Rhône, in a pretty spot, having a church in which Jacquard is buried; and the Château du Perron, which belongs to the Lyons Hospital.

Irigny (37 miles).

Vernaison (2 miles), opposite Solaise. La Tour-de-Millery (14 mile). Grigny (1 mile), opposite Ternay, is a little port, and has remains of a fine château of the Moulceau family.

Givors (24 miles), is placed where the canal and the Gier join the Rhône, and has a basin or port, 880 feet long. Population, 10,000. There are important glass-works and foundries here, and a large new church, in the Grecian style. A junction of 8 kil. places it in communication with Chasse, on the Marseilles line, across the Rhône.

St. Romain (3 miles).

Burel (2 miles).

Couzon (3 miles), near a tunnel of 2,950 feet. Rive de Gier, close to the last station, a manufacturing town of 14,720 souls, on the Gier, where the canal to Givors ends in a large basin, is at the middle of the best coal-field in France. They make glass, steel, machinery, railway carriages, silk, &c., here. It is in department Loire. Some distance to the right, at Champonost, are to be seen many arches of a Roman aqueduct.

Grandecroix (3 miles), or Les Rouardes. St. Chamond (3 miles), under a cultivated hill, where the Janon joins the Gier. Population, 8,300, It is well built, and has two churches, a college and library, public baths, and a ruined château, with many foundries, cotton and silk mills. Ribbons, lace, nails, copper goods, &c., are made. Hotels.-Du Chapeau Rouge (Red Hat); La Tête d'Or (Gold Head).

Many fossil plants, of the usual tropical character, are found in the coal mines.

Terrenoire (5 miles). Then through a tunnel of 4,900 feet (only a single line), to St. Etienne (1 mile).

ST. ETIENNE (35 miles from Lyons). HOTELS.-De l'Europe; Du Nord; De la Paix; De la Poste.

Population (1872), 110,815. In 1804 it was only 24,000.

A sous-préfecture in department Loire, on the Furens, with little to recommend it beyond its manufactures of fire-arms, tools, cutlery, hardware, and ribbons, which are some of the most important in France. It stands under Mont Pilate (3,516 feet gh) on a rich bed of coal and iron; and the river

turns above a hundred factories of various sorts. Grindstones are quarried in the neighbourhood, of the white sandstone of which the houses are built. The Hôtel de Ville, in the Grand Place, is a large pile, including the bourse (exchange), chamber of commerce (conseil de prud'hommes), museum of minerals and practical arts, and a bibliothèque of 5,000 volumes. The church is of the 11th century. There are bridges, a school of mines, a college, the government gun factory, a salle de spectacle (theatre), gas works, &c. The ribbons produced

here are of great beauty, and worth upwards of 45,000,000 francs yearly. About 500,000 tons of coal are exported.

Conveyances: Rail to Le Puy (see Route 28), Montbrison, &c.

[Across the Mont Pilate ridge, dividing the basins of the Loire and Rhône, lies BOURG-ARGENTAL (28 kil. south-east), which stands in the valley of the Deune, under an old castle, and is noted for its white silk manufacture. Annonay (see Route 20), is 15 kil. further.

From St. Etienne to Andrézieux is the oldest bit of railway in France, opened 1828. It goes to Villars (3 miles).

La Fouillouse (23 miles) and St. Just (24 miles), where the line to Montbrison turns off. [It passes Andrézieux (2 miles), near the Loire, Bonson (mile), Sury-le-Comtal (2 miles), St. Romain-le-Puy (3 miles), whence it is 44 miles to

MONTBRISON.

HOTELS.-Du Centre; De la Poste; Du Lion d'Or. Population, 7,200.

This town, via which there is a correspondence with Clermont (see Route 53), was chosen for the capital of department Loire, on account of being near the middle of it, and stands on the Vizezy, under a volcanic rock, which bears some remains of a castle built by the counts of Forey, and gives name to the place.

The old town walls are gone; it is ill built; and the only edifice worth notice is Nôtre Dame Cathedral Church, founded 1205, by Guy IV., Comte de Forey, whose marble effigy, with a lion at the feet, is inside. It is a plain Gothic building, having but one tower completed, and a lofty vault. St. Maurice church has a dome.