such objects was not lost; it returned to them in the greater carefulness and diligence of all, and especially of the boys and girls employed in their factory.

Even when their masters are of a reserved and difficult temper, workmen should aim at serving them in a pleasant and cheerful manner. If the distance between them be already too great, intelligent servants will beware of making it greater. No doubt this is a most difficult thing to do. To be civil, and cheerful, and pleasant to a surly and almost insolent employer, is a spirit most difficult to maintain, and we cannot but express great admiration for those who are enabled to do their duty under such discouraging circumstances. But in this respect, Christianity does great service to those who are anxious to do their duty. By what we may call a mental substitution, it places another Master before them, one whose "yoke is easy, and whose burden is light." It directs them to view the hard exactions of their earthly masters as if Christ, not man, were making them; and it requires that the same cheerful compliance be rendered which would be given if Christ personally were asking it. "Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not with eye-service, as men-pleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God: and what

soever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto man." This is not the spirit of crouching servility, but of true nobleness of heart; and the beauty of it is, that, if only cultivated and practised, even when masters were neglectful of their duty, it would in due time, by overcoming evil with good, bring about that pleasant relation between them and their servants on which the comfort and welfare of both so greatly depend.

We would now say a few things on the spirit that workmen should show to one another, and especially toward apprentices, labourers, and aged and infirm persons in the same employment as themselves.

We cannot do better here than enforce the golden rule, "Do as you would be done by." It has sometimes been alleged, and not without truth, that the loudest declaimers against tyranny are tyrants in their own sphere. Journeymen, perhaps, as often tyrannize over apprentices and labourers, as masters over their men. Even so great a man as Benjamin Franklin, when working as a journeyman printer, was the victim of this kind of tyranny. Because he would not conform to the drinking usages of his fellow-workmen, he was subjected to all kinds of annoyance. "My employer desiring," he says, " after some weeks to have me in the composing room, I left the pressmen. A new bien venu for drink, being

five shillings, was demanded of me by the compositors. I thought it an imposition, as I had paid one to the pressmen. The master thought so too, and forbade my paying it. I stood out two or three weeks, was accordingly considered as an excommunicate, and had so many pieces of private malice practised on me, by mixing my sorts, transposing and breaking my matter, etc. etc., if ever I stepped out of the room, and all ascribed to the chapel ghost, which, they said, ever haunted those not regularly admitted, that notwithstanding my master's prohibition, I found myself obliged to comply and pay the money."

Another illustration of this practice may be found in a book published a few years ago, The Autobiography of a Working Man. The party referred to in the extract, were working at a quarry on the Berwick coast, and the time was during the agitation for the Reform Bill :

"One day, when we had been reading in the newspapers a great deal about the tyranny of the Tories, and the tyranny of the aristocracy in general, and some of the hewers had been, as usual, wordy and loud in denouncing all tyrants, and exclaiming, 'Down with them for ever!' one of them took up a long wooden straight-edge, and struck a labourer with the sharp edge of it over the shoulders. Throwing down my pick, I turned round and told him that so long as I was about the works I would not see a labourer struck in that manner, without questioning

the mason's pretended right to domineer over labourers. You exclaim against tyranny,' I continued, and you yourselves are tyrants, if anybody is.' The hewer answered, that I had no business to interfere-that he had not struck me. 'No,' said I, 'or you would have been in the sea by this time. But I have seen labourers who dared not speak for themselves knocked about by you and many others, and by every mason about these works. I have seen labourers ordered to do things, and compelled to do them, which no working man should order another to do, far less have power to compel him to do; and I tell you it shall not be done.' The labourers gathered around me; the masons conferred together. One of them said, speaking for the rest, that he must put a stop to this; the privileges of masons were not to be questioned by labourers, and I must either submit to that reproof or punishment which they thought fit to inflict, or leave the works; if not, they must all leave the works. The punishment hinted at was, to submit to be held over one of the blocks of stone, face downward, the feet held down on one side, the head and the arms held down on the other side, while the mason apprentices would whack the offender with their aprons knotted hard. I said, 'That so far from submitting to reproof or punishment, I would carry my opposition a great deal further than I had done. They had all talked about Parliamentary reform; we had all joined in the cry for reform, and denounced the exclusive privileges of the anti-reformers, but I would begin reform where we then stood. I would demand, and I then demanded, that if a hewer wanted his stone turned over, and called labourers together to do it, they should not put hands to it unless he assisted; that if a hewer struck a labourer at his work, none of the labourers should do anything thereafter, of any nature whatever, for that hewer. (The masons laughed.) And further,' said I, the masons shall not be entitled to

any room they choose, if we go into a public-house to be paid, to the exclusion of the labourers; nor, if there be only one room in the house, shall the labourers be sent outside the door to give the room to the masons, as has been the case. In everything we shall be your equals, except in wages-that we have no right to expect.' The masons, on hearing these conditions, set up a shout of derisive laughter. It was against the laws of their body, they said, to hear their privileges discussed by a labourer— that wherever masons were at work, they were superior, and their privileges not to be questioned . . . . that in this case the labourer was insolent to the mason, and the mason had a right to strike him. They demanded that I should at once cease to argue the question, and submit, before it was too late, to whatever punishment they chose to inflict. Upon hearing this, I put myself in a defensive attitude, and said, 'Let me see who shall first lay hands on me!' .... None of them offered to lay hands on me; one said they had better let the affair rest where it was, as there would only be a fight about it, and several others assented; and so we resumed our work."-Pp. 145-147.

Were we to venture on specific recommendations to workmen on the spirit they should cultivate towards one another, we would say

(1.) Be particularly careful to keep your temper. You have often temptations to lose it. The boy who works to you may be a very stupid one, or your neighbour may be a very disobliging one. At the moment when you have something important on hand, it is ruined through the boy's stupidity, or the disobliging selfishness of your neighbour. Your first