Since that time, the government has inter- Paris, to assist him there in his literary ocfered much more with the management of cupations. Although I was engaged in my schools and universities. It is too anxious last half-year's study, and intended to go to make sure of able servants, and fancies away at Easter or during the summer, yet this is to be accomplished by a number of the prospect of so intimate a connexion severe examinations. I cannot help think- with Savigny and the journey to France ing, that in time this rigorous supervision were sufficiently attractive to make me dewill be discontinued again. Not to men- cide at once, and therefore sent off letters tion that it cripples the wings of the aspiring, to my mother and aunt, requesting their and cramps those harmless and even benefi- consent to the scheme. A few weeks lacial developments of individual character ter found me seated in the coach, and, earwhich, when once checked, can never af-ly in February, I proceeded by way of terwards be renewed, it is certain, that if Mayence, Metz, and Chalons, to Paris. ordinary talent is measurable, extraordinary My sister afterwards told me, that my dear talent is very difficult to measure, and genius mother had left her bed every night to obimpossible. The consequence of the nu- serve the coldness of the weather: France merous rules, according to which the stud- appeared to her to be far out of reach; and ies are prescribed, is therefore (when it is she had given her consent to my journey possible to observe them) a monotonous with secret alarm. I found myself, howregularity, which is wholly inadequate to ever, very well taken care of, and passed the service of the state in important and the spring and summer in the most agreeadifficult conjunctures. It is true, that what ble and instructive manner. What I received is thoroughly bad is kept out of the school from Savigny was far beyond any service I and the university, but perhaps the really could have rendered him, the public ac good and distinguished is cramped and knowledgment of which, years afterwards, kept down. Generally speaking, the schol- in the preface to the first volume of his ars now enter the universities with more History of Roman Law,' afforded me the accurate knowledge than formerly, but a greatest pleasure. An uninterrupted cormediocrity of learning is not less general. respondence has also resulted from our in Every thing is too much provided and pre- timacy. The journey home was begun in arranged, even in the heads of the stu- September, 1805, and towards the end of dents. the month, I arrived safe and sound at my The whole work of the half-year uncon- mother's house in Cassel, in company with sciously takes the direction of the exami- William, whom I had met at Marburg; nation; the student must attend all the my mother had previously removed from courses of lectures from which he has to Steinau to Cassel, so as to pass her old age bring testimonials; otherwise, there are in peace in the midst of her children. many which would not have attended, either the winter my friends busied themselves because the professor's style of lecturing about my future prospects. I wished to be was not attractive to him, or because his employed as assessor or secretary under the inclinations led him to other pursuits. On government, but every place was filled, and the other hand, he has no time left for at last with considerable difficulty, about those which are not prescribed to him. The January 1806, I obtained a situation in the State has thus stamped certain lectures office of the Secretary of War, with a salawith a sort of official character, and has, in ry of 100 Reichs thalers. The quantity a manner, discouraged all others. Far and the dullness of the work was very disotherwise was it when the student sponta- tasteful to me, when I compared it with my neously, and guided by the traditions of the occupations three months before at Paris: university, drew the distinction between the in place also of the modern Parisian dress courses of lectures necessary to his profes- I was forced to wear a stiff uniform with sional career (Brodcollegien), and those powder and a pigtail. Nevertheless, I was which he attended from taste or a pure de- happy, and devoted all my leisure to the sire of knowledge he made what dispen- study of the literature and poetry of the sations and exceptions he liked. At least, middle ages; my inclination for which had may no attempt ever be made to prescribe been much increased at Paris by the access to the professors what they shall teach. to, and the use of, MSS., as well as by the In January, 1805, an unexpected propo- purchase of some rare books. A whole sal was made to me through Weiss. Savig-year had not passed in this manner, before ny propsed my joining him without delay at storms undreamt of broke over my coun

of 2,000 francs, which, after a few months, was increased to 3,000, apparently because my employers were satisfied with me. Again, after the lapse of a short time, the King himself told me cne morning, that he had named me an auditeur au Conseil d'Etat, and that I was still to retain my place as librarian (17th Feb., 1809). The office of auditor in the Council of State, was at that time considered as leading to higher promotion. As, by this step, my salary was increased by 1,000 francs, 1, who a year before had not a penny income, now found myself in the enjoyment of above 1,000 Reichs thalers, and all anxiety about sub

ing the new purchases, to read or make extracts with a view to my own pursuits. Books or references from books, were seldom required by the King, and to no cne else were books lent. The rest of the time

try these touched me personally, and drove me from the pursuits upon which I had just entered. Immediately after the occupation of Germany by the French, the War Office, to which I was attached, was converted into a general commissariat office for the whole country. As I was more familiar with the French language than my colleagues, the greater portion of the most tiresome business fell to my lot, and for half a year I had rest neither day nor night. Weary of having to transact business any longer with the French commissaries and officials, by whom we were now inundated, and determined, as scon as the office should be finally organized, no long-sistence was at an end. er to remain in this department, I resigned My duties as librarian were besides by my office as soon as possible, and found no means onerous, as I had merely to remyself again for some time unemployed, main a few hours in the library, and was and less able than before to be of any as- able, even during these hours, after inspectsistance to my mother and her family. I thought myself qualified to apply for some post in the public library at Cassel, partly by my proficiency in deciphering MSS., partly by the knowledge I had acquired of the history of literature, in which branch was entirely my own, and I devcted it, I felt that I could make further progress; without intermission, to the study of the while the study of French law, which old German language and poetry. At the threatened to displace ours, was utterly council, I had little to do except to attend odious to me. However, the place I cov- the sittings in a stiff official uniform, and eted was given to another, and after the I soon perceived that when the King did unfortunate year 1807 had passed, and the not appear in person, my attendance could succeeding one brought with it constant be dispensed with. I was able to avoid all disappointment, I had to suffer the deepest society, and as the King was often absent affliction which ever befell me during my for months together, I passed the most unwhole life. The best of mothers, to whom disturbed life. I cannot speak ill of the we were all devoted, died on the 27th of King; his behavior to me was friendly May, 1808, at the age of 52: she died, too, and polite : he appeared, particularly in without even the assurance that any one of the latter years of his reign, to have less her six children who stood sorrowing confidence in me as the only German in the around her death-bed, were in any way pro- council, than in the other members, who vided for had she but lived a few months, were all Frenchmen; which I think natuhow great would have been her joy at ral. I should most likely have been dismy happier prospects. J became ac- missed from my place, had it not been for quainted, through Joh. v. Müller, with the the secretary to the council, Bruguière, then cabinet secretary of the King of afterwards Baron von Sorsum, who sucWestphalia, Cousin de Marinville, who pro- ceeded Cousin de Marinville. posed me as qualified for the superintend- was an accomplished man, himself an auence of the private library which was form-thor, well versed in English literature, as ed at Wilhelmshöhe. There must have far as it can be learned from translation : been great want of other favored competi- to me, he was always particularly friendly; tors, otherwise I should scarcely have ob- and I met him subsequently at Paris. tained so good a place as I did on the 5th died only four or five years ago. of July, 1808. My fitness for the situation had not even been tested. The instructions of the Cabinet Secretary consisted only in these words: "Vous ferez mettre en grands caractères sur la porte, Bibliothèque particulière du Roi." I had immediately a salary

Bruguière

He

Disagreeable circumstances, however, intervened. One morning the room in the Wilhelmshöhe Palace (then absurdly enough called Napoleonshöhe), which contained the library, was to be instantly converted to some other use. Not the smal!

minister appointed was Count Keller, not

Hessian by birth, a good-hearted old man, though sometimes obstinate and over bearing; he had not the true Hessian feeling, but in those magnificent times, who would not have overlooked any offence? In the beginning of 1814 I travelled from Cas

est provision was made for placing the books elsewhere. In a day and a half I was to clear all the shelves, to throw all the books in a heap, and have them carried down pell-mell into a dark room on the ground floor. My whole business was thus thrown into utter confusion. Shortly after some thousand volumes of what were es-sel by Frankfort, Darmstadt, &c., to Troyes! teemed the most useful works were hunted thence by a hurried retreat to Dijon, then out and carried to be added to those al- again, after a fortnight's rest, to Chatillon, ready in the palace at Cassel. Here a and on to the just captured Paris (April greater danger awaited them. In Novem- 1814), which ten years before I had little ber, 1811, a fire broke out in the palace. thought of seeing again under such cirOn hurrying thither, I found all the rooms stances. On my way I had neglected no under the library in a flame. The books opportunity of visiting libraries, and I emwere brought out in large cloths by the ployed every leisure moment in Paris in guards, and thrown on the ground before working at manuscripts. Meanwhile my the palace, while I escaped by feeling my future colleague, Völkel, had arrived in Parway out of the small winding staircase in is, charged to demand the restitution of the the dark. These were not the most agreea- antiques and pictures which had been carble days of my life. In 1813, when the ried off from Hesse, while I was employed war approached the kingdom of Westpha- in reclaiming the books we had been robbed lia with menacing strides, an order was is- of. In the summer I returned to Cassel, sued to pack up all the most valuable and prepared to attend the congress of Vibooks at Cassel and Wilhelmshöhe, and send enna. There I remained from October them to France. I drove to the former pal- 1814 to June 1815—a time which was not ace with Bruguière, who was particularly useless for my private studies, and procured urgent to have the books of engravings, me the acquaintance of many learned men. and I tried to convince him that the col- It was of peculiar advantage to me that I lection of manuscripts relating to the his- was here led to study the Slavonic languatory of Hesse, (beginning from the Thirty ges. But I received from Cassel the sad Years War, and containing autograph let- tidings of the death of my dear aunt Limters of Gustavus Adolphus, Amelia, Eliza- mer, the only one of our elder relatives that beth, &c.,) was of little value; and accord-remained, and one to whom I owed so much. ingly they remained unpacked. The books Scarcely had I returned home when I was that were sent away, I first saw again in again-and this time by the Prussian auParis in 1814, where the same huissier who thorities-summoned to the twice-conquerhelped to pack them-his name, I remem-ed Paris, to find out and demand back man ber, was Leloup-had to deliver them up uscripts stolen from the Prussian territory, again for the Elector. The man stared and at the same time to transact some busi when he saw me. The almost unhoped for ness for the Elector, who had at that mo return of the old Elector, at the end of the ment no plenipotentiary there. This com year 1813, was an indescribable joy to the mission placed me in a disagreeable relacountry; nor was my own happiness much tion to the Paris librarians, who had been less at seeing my aunt, whom once only I very civil to me before. Now, however, had visited at Gotha, enter the town with Langlès, with whom I was particularly urthe Electress. We ran by the side of the gent, was so bitter that he would no longer open carriages through streets hung with allow me to work in the king's library, as I garlands of flowers. That was a time of had continued to do at leisure hours: great excitement. I was well recommend-"Nous ne devons plus souffrir ed, and was proposed as Secretary of Lega- Grimm, qui vient tous les jours travailler ici, tion, to accompany the Hessian minister, et qui nous enlève pourtant nos manuwho was to be sent to the head-quarters of scrits," said he aloud. I closed the MS the allied army. My nomination took which I had just opened, gave it back again, place in December 1813. Two of my and went no more to work there-only to brothers made the campaign in the Land- complete the business I was sent on. In wehr, having hastened back to their own December, this was happily terminated, country for that purpose, from Munich and and I afterwards received a letter from Hamburg, where they were settled. The Prince Hardenberg, expressing his satis

ce M.

faction with what I had done. From this vocation from the King was published at moment begins the most tranquil, laborious, Hanover, nominating me professor and and perhaps the most productive portion of librarian, and my brother sub-librarian, my life. I had at length obtained the de- with suitable salaries, which put an end to sired place in the Cassel library, in which our continual anxiety about the means of William had already been employed for a subsistence, to which we were exposed in year. I had decidedly refused a place as the Hessian service. We entered on our Secretary of Legation, at the Diet at Frank- new offices in the beginning of 1830, and fort. I was now, therefore, second librarian, I gave my first course of lectures, on the with a salary of 600 Reichs thalers, Völkel Legal Antiquities of Germany, in that being first. The library was open three summer. The duties of librarian are hours daily, and all the rest of the time I much more laborious than at Cassel, but could devote to study. There was nothing they have their advantages, of which in time wanted but a moderate and fair provision for I shall become more sensible. The counmy brother and myself to leave us not a wish try round Göttingen is, indeed, not to be remaining. The years passed swiftly away." compared with Cassel, but the same stars. are in the heavens above it, and God will help us onward."

After the Elector's death, the library was put on a new and less satisfactory footing. The author and his brother were condemn- The narrative ends here, but the most ined to make a copy of the existing cata- teresting and important passage of the logue, consisting of eighty folios, and lives-or life, for it is one-of the brothers passed a year and a half in this drudgery. is to come. The same stars, indeed, look On the death of Völkel, the head librarian, down upon this noble head, and the same "we imagined," says the author, with God, in whom he trusted, has supported touching moderation and modesty, "that him in that far harder trial, for conscience we had just claims to promotion. I had sake, to which he and his brother were so been twenty-three years in the service. soon called in their new abode. Since 1816 I had neither received, nor requested, any addition to my small pay; I hoped, too, to do the post of librarian no dishonor. But it fell out otherwise." stranger was put over the heads of the brothers, and all further prospect of advance-litical adventurers, impatient of all order ment cut off. This destruction of his modest hopes of course wounded Grimm deeply.

The glorious history of the seven Göttingen professors-the seven champions of law and liberty-is known to all Europe. A We have not much sympathy with the reckless émeutes of those hot-blooded po

and all superiority, who risk nothing but lives, which they are equally ready to jeopardize in the first brawl. But when men whose whole souls are steeped in the conservative elements,-family affection, love of country, respect for its rulers, attachment to law, order, and religion, to all the great saving traditions, human and divine,-resist authority, and renounce the security of subsistence, so hardly attained, so justly val ued, we may estimate what sort of authority that is, and of what temper are the true and noble hearts that suffer all it can inflict, rather than yield to it.

"In the year 1816," he says, "I had positively refused a professorship in the University of Bonn, indirectly offered me by Eichhorn; nor had I sought to turn it in any way to my advantage, for I thought to live and die in Hesse. At that time it would certainly have been easier and more advantageous to me to devote myself to the academic career, than it was at a later period. In the summer of 1829 the proposal was privately made us to accept an honorable invitation to Göttingen. All the friends On quitting Göttingen in 1837, the we consulted urged us to accept it. To Brothers returned to Cassel, where they abandon our beloved and accustomed home lived honored and beloved,-surprising the seemed to us hard and painful as before, world by the amount and the profundity of and almost insupportable to quit the track their labors. From this retirement they of well-known occupations. But our posi- were called in 1841 by the King of Prustion had become extremely painful and hu-sia,-one of the first and most graceful acts miliating. In this disposition of mind we obeyed the feeling of honor, and decided for the unconditional acceptance of the of fer. On the 20th of October the formal VOL. V.-No. II. 12

of whose reign it was to place these illustrious men beyond the reach of fortune, and to give them an honorable position in his capital and chief university: an act

more recently followed up by the appoint-] ment of their fellow martyr in the same cause, Dahlmann, to a chair at Bonn.

The little memoir closes with an acknowledgment of the various honors. conferred on the author by learned bodies, and a list of his works, introduced by the following words:

HILDEBRAND, OR GREGORY VII.

From the Edinburgh Review.

This elegant article, probably, owes its origin to the same mind which elaborated the

beautiful article on Ignatius Loyola, and which is attributed to Mr. Stephens.-Ed.

Mr.

"Before I state what has appeared in Gregoire VII.; St. Francois d'Assize, St. print from my pen, I must remark, that all Thomas D'Aquin. Par. E. J. Delécluze. Two Volumes. Svo. Paris: 1844. my labors are either directly or indirectly devoted to researches into our ancient lan- He had been a shrewd, if not a very reveguage, poetry, and laws. These studies rent observer of human life, who bowed to may seem useless to many; to me they the fallen statue of Jupiter, by way of behave always appeared a serious and digni- speaking the favor of the god in the event fied task, firmly and distinctly connected of his again being lifted on his pedestal. with our common Fatherland, and calcula- Hildebrand, the very impersonation of Pated to foster the love of it. Another pal arrogance and of spiritual despotism, principle which I have constantly adhered (such had long been his historical characto is, to esteem nothing trifling in these in- ter,) is once more raised up for the homage quiries, but to use the small for the eluci- of the faithful. Dr. Arnold vindicates his dation of the great; popular traditions for memory. M. Guizot hails him as the Czar the elucidation of written documents. The Peter of the Church. Mr. Voight, a probooks in the following list marked with as- fessor at Halle, celebrates him as the foreterisks, I prepared and published in com- most and the most faultless of heroes. mon with my brother William. We lived Bowden, an Oxford Catholic, reproduces from our youth up in brotherly community of the substance of Mr. Voight's eulogy, though goods; money, books, and collectanea, be- without the fire which warms, or the light longed to us in common, and it was natural which irradiates, the pages of his guide. to associate our labors. It was advantage- M. Delécluze, and the Bibliothèque Univer. ous to both of us. If I might venture here selle de Genève, are elevated by the theme into praise my brother, I could do so much to the region where rhetoric and poetry are better than any body." conterminous; while M. l'Abbé Jager absosubsidence, at the voice of Protestants, of lutely shouts with exultation, to witness the those mists which had so long obscured the glory of him, by whom the pontifical tiara was exalted far above the crowns of every earthly potentate. Wholly inadequate as are our necessary limits to the completion of such an inquiry, we would fain explore the grounds of this revived worship, and in offering incense at the shrine of this rejudge how far it may be reasonable to join instated Jupiter Ecclesiasticus.

These few and simple words will give the reader but a faint idea of this remarkable and touching family union, based upon a community of virtues and pursuits,-a union, which the introduction of another element, which too often brings coldness and alienation, or at least indifference, between friends and brothers, has only tended to cement. But this is a sanctuary which we have no right to enter, and can only reverentially contemplate on the threshold. The work of the Brothers Grimm best known to England is the Kinder und Hausmärchen,' so admirably translated by the late Mr. Edgar Taylor. The great works by Jacob Grimm known to scholars are the Deutsche Grammatik,' the 'Deuts- Carlovingian dynasty. Of the twenty-four che Rechts Alterthümer,' and the 'Deuts- Popes who during that period ascended the apostolic throne, two were murdered, five che Mythologie,' each a mine and a masterpiece. The crown and consummation of the were driven into exile, four were deposed, whole the German Dictionary-is in pro-Some of these Vicars of Christ were raised and three resigned their hazardous dignity.

gress

Except in the annals of Eastern despotisms, no parallel can be found for the disas ters of the Papacy during the century and a half which followed the extinction of the

to that awful preeminence by arms, and some by money. Two received it from the hands of princely courtesans. One was self