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REPORT
OF THE
SIXTY-FIRST MEETING
BRITISH ASSOCIATION
FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
HELD AT
CARDIFF IN AUGUST 1891.
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1892.
OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION: BURLINGTON HOUSE, LONDON, W.
PRINTED BY
SPOTTIS WOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON
Presidents and Secretaries of the Sections of the Association from com-
mencement
xliii
List of Evening Lectures........
lx
Lectures to the Operative Classes
lxiii
Officers of Sectional Committees present at the Cardiff Meeting........
lxiv
Treasurer's Account
lxvi
Table showing the Attendance and Receipts at the Annual Meetings
Officers and Council, 1891-92
lxx
Report of the Council to the General Committee.....
lxxi
Committees appointed by the General Committee at the Cardiff Meeting
in August 1891
lxxvi
Other Resolutions adopted by the General Committee
lxxxiv
Resolutions referred to the Council for consideration, and action if
desirable
Synopsis of Grants of Money
lxxxv
Places of Meeting in 1892 and 1893
lxxxvi
General Statement of Sums which have been paid on account of Grants
for Scientific Purposes
lxxxvii
.....
General Meetings
с
Address by the President, WILLIAM HUGGINS, ESQ., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D.,
F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Hon.F.R.S. E., &c.
3
iv
REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.
Report of the Corresponding Societies Committee, consisting of Mr. FRANCIS
GALTON (Chairman), Professor A. W. WILLIAMSON, Sir DOUGLAS GALTON,
Professor BOYD DAWKINS, Sir RAWSON RAWSON, Dr. J. G. GARSON, Dr.
JOHN EVANS, Mr. J. HOPKINSON, Professor R. MELDOLA (Secretary), Pro-
fessor T. G. BONNEY, Mr. W. WHITAKER, Mr. G. J. SYMONS, General PITT-
RIVERS, and Mr. W. TOPLEY....
Report of a Committee, consisting of Messrs. J. LARMOR and G. H. BRYAN,
appointed to draw up a Report on the present state of our knowledge of
Thermodynamics, specially with regard to the Second Law
Sixth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professors FITZGERALD (Chair-
man), ARMSTRONG, and G. J. LODGE (Secretaries), Sir WILLIAM THOMSON,
Lord RAYLEIGH, J. J. THOMSON, SCHUSTER, POYNTING, CRUM BROWN,
RAMSAY, FRANKLAND, TILDEN, HARTLEY, S. P. THOMPSON, MCLEOD,
ROBERTS-AUSTEN, RÜCKER, REINOLD, CAREY FOSTER, and H. B. DIXON,
Captain ABNEY, Drs. GLADSTONE, HOPKINSON, and FLEMING, and Messrs.
CROOKES, SHELFORD BIDWELL, W. N. SHAW, J. LARMOR, J. T. BOTTOMLEY,
R. T. GLAZEBROOK, J. BROWN, and JOHN M. THOMSON, appointed for the
purpose of considering the subject of Electrolysis in its Physical and Chemical
Bearings
Eleventh Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir WILLIAM THOMSON, Mr.
R. ETHERIDGE, Professor JOHN PERRY, Dr. HENRY WOODWARD, Professor
THOMAS GRAY, and Professor JOHN MILNE (Secretary), appointed for the
purpose of investigating the Earthquake and Volcanic Phenomena of
Japan. (Drawn up by the Secretary)
Page
41
85
122
123
129
Second Report of the Committee, consisting of Lord RAYLEIGH, Sir WILLIAM
THOMSON, Professor CAYLEY, Professor B. PRICE, Dr. J. W. L. GLAISHER,
Professor A. G. GREENHILL, Professor W. M. HICKS, and Professor A.
LODGE (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of calculating Tables of cer-
tain Mathematical Functions, and, if necessary, of taking steps to carry out
the Calculations, and to publish the results in an accessible form
First Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. G. J. SYMONS (Chairman),
Professor R. MELDOLA, Mr. J. HOPKINSON, and Mr. A. W. CLAYDEN
(Secretary), appointed to consider the application of Photography to the
Elucidation of Meteorological Phenomena. (Drawn up by the Secretary) 130
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor O. J. LODGE, Professor CAREY
FOSTER, and Mr. A. P. CHATTOCK (Secretary), appointed to investigate the
Discharge of Electricity from Points
Report of the Committee, consisting of Lord MCLAREN (Chairman), Professor
CRUM BROWN (Secretary), Mr. MILNE-HOME, Dr. JOHN MURRAY, Dr.
BUCHAN, and the Hon. RALPH ABERCROMBY, appointed for the purpose of
co-operating with the Scottish Meteorological Society in making Meteoro-
logical Observations on Ben Nevis
Third (Interim) Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor FITZGERALD,
Dr. JOHN HOPKINSON, Mr. R. A. HADFIELD, Mr. TROUTON, Professor
ROBERTS-AUSTEN, Mr. H. F. NEWALL, and Professor BARRETT (Secretary),
on the various Phenomena connected with the Recalescent Points in Iron
and other Metals....
139
140
147
Second (Interim) Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. JOHN KERR, Sir
WILLIAM THOMSON, Professor RÜCKER, and Mr. R. T. GLAZEBROOK (Secre-
tary), appointed to co-operate with Dr. KERR in his researches on Electro-
optics
..........
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor LIVEING, Dr. C. PIAZZI
SMYTH (Secretary), and Professors DEWAR and SCHUSTER, appointed to
co-operate with Dr. C. PIAZZI SMYTH in his researches on the Ultra-violet
Rays of the Solar Spectrum .....
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. GRYLLS ADAMS (Chair-
man and Secretary), Sir WILLIAM THOMSON, Professor G. H. DARWIN,
Professor G. CHRYSTAL, Professor A. SCHUSTER, Professor RÜCKER, Mr. C. H.
CARPMAEL, Commander CREAK, the ASTRONOMER ROYAL, Mr. WILLIAM
ELLIS, and Mr. G. M. WHIPPLE, appointed for the purpose of considering
the best means of Comparing and Reducing Magnetic Observations........................
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor G. CAREY FOSTER, Sir
WILLIAM THOMSON, Professor AYRTON, Professor J. PERRY, Professor W.
G. ADAMS, Lord RAYLEIGH, Dr. O. J. LODGE, Dr. JOHN HOPKINSON, Dr.
A. MUIRHEAD, Mr. W. H. PREECE, Mr. HERBERT TAYLOR, Professor EVERETT,
Professor SCHUSTER, Dr. J. A. FLEMING, Professor G. F. FITZGERALD,
Mr. R. T. GLAZEBROOK (Secretary), Professor CHRYSTAL, Mr. H. TOMLIN-
SON, Professor W. GARNETT, Professor J. J. THOMSON, Mr. W. N. SHAW,
Mr. J. T. BOTTOMLEY, and Mr. T. GRAY, appointed for the purpose of
constructing and issuing Practical Standards for use in Electrical Measure-
ments
149
152
.... 160
Interim Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor CAYLEY, Professor
SYLVESTER, Mr. A. R. FORSYTH, and Professor A. LODGE (Secretary), ap-
pointed for the purpose of carrying on the Tables connected with the Pellian
Equation from the point where the work was left by Degen in 1817
Seventh Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir G. G. STOKES (Chairman),
Professor SCHUSTER, Mr. G. JOHNSTONE STONEY, Sir H. E. ROSCOE, Captain
ABNEY, Mr. WHIPPLE, Professor MCLEOD, and Mr. G. J. SYMONS (Secre-
tary), appointed for the purpose of considering the best methods of recording
the direct Intensity of Solar Radiation
Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir H. E. Roscoe, Mr. J. N. LOCKYER,
Professors DEWAR, WOLCOTT GIBBS, LIVEING, SCHUSTER, and W. N.
HARTLEY, Captain ABNEY, and Dr. MARSHALL WATTS (Secretary),
appointed to prepare a new series of Wave-length Tables of the Spectra of
the Elements and Compounds
160
161
Interim Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor THORPE, Professor
HUMMEL (Secretary), Dr. PERKIN, Professor RUSSELL, Captain ABNEY, and
Professor STROUD, on the Action of Light upon Dyed Colours. (Drawn up
by the Secretary) 263
Report (provisional) of a Committee, consisting of Professors MCLEOD and
W. RAMSAY and Mr. W. A. SHENSTONE (Secretary), appointed to investigate
the Influence of the Silent Discharge of Electricity on Oxygen and other
Gases
264
Third Report of the Committee, consisting of Professors H. MCLEOD (Chair-
man), ROBERTS-AUSTEN (Secretary), and REINOLD and Mr. H. G. MADAN,
appointed for the Continuation of the Bibliography of Spectroscopy
Fifth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor TILDEN and Professor
ARMSTRONG (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of investigating Isomeric
Naphthalene Derivatives. (Drawn up by Professor ARMSTRONG). ...... 265
Fifth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professors TILDEN, MCLEOD,
PICKERING, RAMSAY, and YOUNG and Drs. A. R. LEEDS and NICOL
........