other, they are in other and various respects dissimilar; and he will also perceive, that, while the insertion of a comma in the examples belonging to Remark d would be of no advantage in bringing out the true meaning of the sentences, the omission of the point between the inverted portions of those about to be exhibited would operate to a greater or less extent in impeding an easy comprehension of the

sense:

1. That interesting and valuable history which you lent him, he did not read. Him whose actions you approve, you will very probably imitate.

The praise of judgment, Virgil has justly contested with Homer.

2. At the bottom of the garden, a little rivulet ran.

Of the variegated mountain, nought shall remain unchanged.

Underneath our happiest mirth, there is a calm fountain of sober thought. 3. With that portion of the work, Jeffrey was the least satisfied. To egotists and pedants, sensible men have a strong antipathy. Of all feelings that are truly noble, they were quite unsusceptible. 4. In the sphere of intellect alone, men are becoming truly civilized. On a few slight occasions, they felt disposed to be merciful. By forgetfulness of injuries, we show ourselves superior to them. 5. In youth, shun the temptations to which youth is exposed.

To each, honor is given. By these, various opinions may be held. In a remarkably striking and lucid manner, the orator expressed his ideas. 6. In approaching the summit of a mountain, we approach one another.

f. When, however, no serious error would be produced by the omission of the comma, the briefer inverted phrases, even those belonging to the above class, may be left unpointed, if they occur in clauses set off by commas; as, "On piety humanity is built, and on humanity much happiness, and yet still more on piety itself." Instances of this kind are often met with in poetry.

g. But such inverted words as appear in the second and third examples of No. above, where the omission of the comma would manifestly tend to confusion or error, must in all cases be punctuated. So also must any phrase that equivalent to a clause, or into which it is easily convertible; as, "In believing attainment impossible, you will make it so;" that is, "If you believe," &c. (see Rule XIV., p. 89); the only exception to the use of the point here being when such a phrase is used under the circumstances specified in Remark d 6.

h. All inverted phrases, when preceded by other phrases or by clauses, are treated as parenthetical expressions, and punctuated according to Rule VIII. and the remarks thereon, pp. 64, 65.

ORAL EXERCISE.

Why, according to Rule XIII. and Remarks (pp. 83-85), are commas inserted or omitted between the transposed expressions in the following sentences ? —

To most, religion is a mere tradition or a momentary feeling.
In fearless freedom he arose. - By vicious examples be not misled.
Of all ill habits, that of idleness is the most incorrigible.

The first-fruit of your daily thoughts consecrate to God.

In all sublime scenes, there is a mixture of the awful.

With earnest heart I humbly crave my latter end like his may be.

The history of past ages, men often read to little purpose.

Her crystal lamp the evening star has lighted.

To minds of a devout temper, the eternal is mirrored in the temporal.
In the British Museum is the original work of Copernicus.

Whom ye ignorantly worship, Him declare I unto you.
Only by degrees we turn our thoughts inwardly on ourselves.
Without much thought, books cannot be profitably read.
To public opinion all states must in a measure bow.

Of good delivery, distinct articulation is an essential requisite.
Against great force of reasoning it is in vain to contend.

By the faults or errors of others, wise men correct their own.
In early years the habits of industry are most easily acquired.
At his control, despair and anguish fled the struggling soul.
Through her rags do the winds of the winter blow bleak.
To study the science of spirit, I must enter my own soul.
All the appearances of nature I was careful to study.
By good nature, half the misery of human life is assuaged.
In silent and solitary places, genius is often found.
Into that glorious world he constantly beckons us to follow him.
Like a spectre in the night, the grandeur of Rome is vanished.
Scipio, Milton called "the height of Rome." - In thee I confide.
It is only by devotion to liberal pursuits that we can be truly liberal.
Greater exploits than force, counsel and wisdom achieve.

To thee I pour my prayer.

- In power and wealth exult no more. What is the right path, few men take the trouble of inquiring. This great error I wish to expose. It is a place he aspires to hold.

In meeting with a madman, feign yourself a fool.

To those whose interests are in danger, time is valuable.
For want of this, genius has been a scourge to the world.
In eternity God dwelleth, free from anger and from pain.
With the many, life is one round of never-ceasing toil.

EXERCISE TO BE WRITTEN.

Punctuate the following sentences, or leave them unpointed, in accordance with the thirteenth Rule and the Remarks thereon:

In the production and preservation of order all men recognize something that is sacred. (Rule, and Remark e 5.)

From the right exercise of our intellectual powers arises one of the chief sources of our happiness. (Remark d 2, 3.)

Through life truth ought to be one of the great objects of human pursuit. (Rule, and Remark e 5.)

In the attainment of all excellence in the arts patronage and genius should go hand in hand. (Rule.)

Education is at home a friend, abroad an introduction, in solitude a solace, in society an ornament. (Remark d 5.)

In every material action of your life consider well its probable result. (Rule, and Remark e 5.)

Of all our virtuous emotions those of kind regard are the most readily imitated. (Rule.)

In the solemn silence of the mind are formed those great resolulutions which decide the fate of men. (Remark d 2.)

Before giving way to anger try to find a reason for not being angry. (Rule, and last portion of Remark g.)

In the acuteness of the external senses some of the inferior animals excel our species. (Rule, and Remark e 5.)

Over matchless talents probity should throw its brightest lustre. (Rule, and Remark e 3.)

It is from the spirit's own pearl that the good embellish their character. (Remark d 4.)

From the little root of a few letters science has spread its branches over all nature, and raised its head to the heavens. (Rule.)

Only in the light of a sublime faith can the history of our race be read without despondency. (Remarks d 2, 4.)

In the ruffled and angry hour we view every appearance through a false medium. (Remark e 5.)

It is through moral and spiritual power that the rivers of thought and feeling are to be turned. (Remark d 4.)

Friend of the brave! in peril's darkest hour

Intrepid Virtue looks to thee for power.

Remark d 6.)

Of all treasons against humanity there is no one worse than his who employs great intellectual force to keep down the intellect of his less favored brethren. (Rule.)

In these hours of golden leisure my chief haunt is the banks of a small stream. (Rule, and Remark e 5.)

This view of religion I propose to make the subject of some free discussion. (Remark d 1.)

In amusement and novel-reading only the girl spends all her evening hours. (Rule, and Remark e 4.)

On feelings allied to these priestcraft and sorcery have often fastened themselves. (Rule, and Remark e 3.)

In order to improve the mind we ought less to learn than to contemplate. (Rule, and last portion of Remark g.)

With what you have be satisfied. All you hear believe not. (Remark d, third line.)

In the hurry and eagerness of selfish competition we underrate the silent influence of moral character. (Rule, and Remark e 5.) When others are asleep, in its own contemplations the soul finds a source of solace and pleasure. (Remark d 6.)

In not learning your business perfectly you cannot give satisfaction to your employer. (Rule; and Remark e 6, and last of g.)

To every character its fitting position and appropriate function have been assigned. (Remark d 3.)

It is to the unaccountable oblivion of our mortality that the world owes all its fascination. (Remark d 4.)

By doing nothing we learn to do ill. To command any subject adequately we must stand above it. (Rule, and last of Remark g.) In this struggle his moral discipline consists. On no other terms could he be at once a dweller on earth and an heir of heaven. (Remark d 3, 2, 5.)

On some fond breast the parting soul relies.
Some pious drops the closing eye requires;
Even from the tomb the voice of nature cries,
Even in our ashes live their wonted fires.

(Rem. d 3, 1, 5, 2.)

Through the dim veil of the visible and perishing man catches a glimpse of the vast significance of the unseen and the eternal. (Rule, and Remark e 5.)

On beds of green sea-flower thy limbs shall be laid,
Around thy white bones the red coral shall grow,

Of thy fair yellow locks threads of amber be made,

And every part suit to thy mansion below. (Rem. d 3, 5, and f.) Into every human being has God breathed an immortal soul.— Into every human being God has breathed an immortal soul. (Remarks d 2 and e 2.)

RULE XIV.

One Clause Depending on Another.

Two clauses, one depending on the other, are separated by a comma.

EXAMPLES.

1. If you would be revenged on your enemies, let your life be blameless. 2. Wealth is of no real use, except it be well employed.

3. Unless it blossoms in the spring, the tree will not bear fruit in autumn.

4. Till we can go alone, we must lean on the hand of a guide.

5. Fill thy heart with goodness, and thou wilt find that the world is full of good.

REMARK S.

a. Sentences containing dependent clauses are generally distinguished by one of them beginning with a particle expressive of condition, admission, purpose, causation, time, or place. They are not, however, necessarily so constructed, as is shown in the fifth example, the clauses of which depend, one on the other, not in form, but in sense; being equivalent to - If thou fill thy heart with goodness, thou wilt find," &c.

66

b. A phrase having the import of a conditional clause, and put at the beginning of the sentence, is also distinguished by a comma; as, "To be good, you must do good;" that is, "That you may be good, you must do good." See p. 85, last portion of g.

c. When, in a sentence relating to time, place, or manner, the clause beginning with an adverb is put last, and is closely connected in sense with what precedes it, the comma should not be inserted; as, "I love my kind where'er I roam." "You will reap as you sow." Clauses like these may be regarded as akin to the restrictive relative. See Rule VII., § I., p. 57.

d. But if the adverbs when, where, &c., have only a faint reference to time or place, or introduce an additional idea, they should be preceded by a comma; as, "Refrain not to speak, when by speaking you may be useful to others."- "Andrew sailed for California, where he does a flourishing business."

e. When the conjunctions if and because are used to bind closely together the two clauses between which they are severally placed, the comma is unnecessary; as "You may go if you will."—“Sin is not less dangerous because men are hardened by it."