§ 37. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations.

§ 38. In all elections by the Legislature, the members thereof shall vote viva voce, and the votes shall be entered on the journal.

ARTICLE V.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

SECTION 1. The supreme cxecutive power of this State shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor of the State of California.

2. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified electors, at the time and places of voting for Members of Assembly, and shall hold his office two years from the time of his installation, and until his successor shall be qualified.

§ 3. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor (except at the first election), who has not been a citizen of the United States, and a resident of this State two years next preceding the election, and attained the age of twenty-five years at the time of said election.

§ 4. The returns of every election for Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government, directed to the Speaker of the Assembly, who shall, during the first week of the session, open and publish them in presence of both houses of the Legislature. The person having the highest number of votes shall be Governor; but in case any two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes, the Legislature shall, by joint vote of both Houses, choose one of said persons, so having an equal and the highest number of votes, for Governor.

§ 5. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, the army and navy of this State.

§ 6. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of Government, civil and military, and may require information in writing from the officers of the Executive Department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.

§ 7. He shall see that the laws are faithfully executed.

§ 8. When any office shall from any cause become vacant, and no mode is provided by the Constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the Legislature, or at the next election by the people.

§ 9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the Legislature by proclamation, and shall state to both Houses, when assembled, the purpose for which they shall have been convened.

§ 10. He shall communicate by message to the Legislature at every session the condition of the State, and recommend such matters as he shall deem expedient.

§ 11. In case of a disagreement between the two Houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power to adjourn the Legislature to such time as he may think proper; provided it be not beyond the next time fixed for the meeting of the next Legislature.

§ 12. No person shall, while holding any office under the United States or this State, exercise the office of Governor, except as hereinafter expressly provided.

§ 13. The Governor shall have the power to grant reprieves and pardons after conviction, for all offenses except treason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions, and with such restrictions and limitations as he may think proper, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law relative to the manner of applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason he shall have the power to suspend the execution of the sentence until the case shall be reported to the Legislature at its next meeting, when the Legislature shall either pardon, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall communicate to the Legislature, at the beginning of every session, overy case of reprieve or pardon granted, stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the sentence, at its date, and the date of the pardon or reprieve. § 14. There shall be a Seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called "The Great Seal of the State of California." § 15. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the State of California, sealed with the Great Seal of the State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of State.

§ 16. A Lieutenant-Governor shall be elected at the same time and places, and in the same manner as the Governor; and his term of office, and his qualifications of eligibility,

shall also be the same. He shall be President of the Senate, but shall only have a casting vote therein. If during a vacancy of the office of Governor the Lieutenant-Governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign, die, or became incapable of performing the duties of his office. or be absent from the State, the President of the Senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy be filled, or the disability shall cease.

§ 17. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, or his removal from office, death, inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, resignation, or absence from the State, the powers and the duties of the office shall devolve upon the LieutenantGovernor for the residue of the term, or until the disability shall cease. But when the Governor shall, with the consent of the Legislature, be out of the State in time of war, and at the head of any military force thereof, he shall continue commander-in-chief of the military force of the State.

§ 18. A Secretary of State, a Comptroller, a Treasurer, an Attorney-General, and Surveyor-General, shall be chosen in the manner provided in this Constitution; and the term of office and eligibility of each shall be the same as are prescribed for the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor.

§ 19. The Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He shall keep a fair record of the official acts of the legislative and executive departments of the Government, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all matters relative thereto, before either branch of the Legislature, and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him by law.

§ 20. The Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Surveyor-General, shall be chosen by joint vote of the two houses of the Legislature, at their first session under this Constitution, and thereafter shall be elected at the same time and places, and in the same manner, as the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor.

21. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney-Generel, and Surveyor-General, shall each at stated times during their continuance in office, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which they shall have been elected; but neither of these officers shall receive for his own use any fees for the performance of his official duties.

ARTICLE VI.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

SECTION 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in a Supreme Court, in District Courts, in County courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The Legislature may also establish such municipal and other inferior courts as may be deemed necessary. § 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and two associate justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum.

§ 3. The Justices of the Supreme Court shall be elected at the general election by the qualified electors of the State, and shall hold their office for the term of six years from the first day of January next after their election; provided that the Legislature shall, at its first meeting elect a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, by a joint vote of both Houses, and so classify them that one shall go out of office every two years. After the first election the senior Justice in commission shall be the Chief Justice.

§ 4. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction in all cases when the matter in dispute exceeds two hundred dollars, when the legality of any tax, toll, or impost, or municipal fine is in question, and in all criminal cases amounting to felony or questions of law alone. And the said court, and each of the Justices thereof, as well as all district and County Judges, shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus at the instance of any person held in actual custody. They shall also have power to issue all other writs and process necessary to the exercise of their appellate jurisdiction, and shall be conservators of the peace throughout the State.

§ 5. The State shall be divided by the first Legislature into a convenient number of districts, subject to such alteration from time to time as the public good may require, for each of which a District Judge shall be appointed by the joint vote of the Legislature, at its first meeting, who shall hold his office for two years from the first day of January next after his election; after which said Judges shall be elected by the qualified electors of their respective districts, at the general election, and shall hold their office for the term of six years.

§ 6. The District Courts shall have original jurisdiction in law and equity in all civil cases where the amount in dispute exceeds two hundred dollars, exclusive of interest

In all criminal cases not otherwise provided for, and in all issues of fact joined in the Probate Courts, their jurisdiction shall be unlimited.

7. The Legislature shall provide for the election by the people of a Clerk of the Supreme Court, and County Clerks, District Attorneys, Sheriffs, Coroners, and other nesessary officers; and shall fix by law their duties and compensation. County Clerks shall be ex officio, Clerks of the District Courts, in and for their respective counties.

§ 8. There shall be elected in each of the organized counties of this State, one County Judge, who shall hold his office for four years. He shall hold the county court, and perform the duties of Surrogate, or Probate Judge. The County Judge, with two Justices of the Peace, to be designated according to law, shall hold courts of sessions, with such criminal jurisdiction as the Legislature shall prescribe, and he shall perform such other duties as shall be required by law.

§ 9. The County Courts shall have such jurisdiction, in cases arising in Justices' Courts, and in special cases, as the Legislature may prescribe, but shall have no original civil jurisdiction except in such special cases.

§ 10. The times and places of holding the terms of the Supreme Court, and the general and special terms of the District Courts within the several districts shall be provided for by law.

§ 11. No judicial officer, except a Justice of the Peace, shall receive to his own use any fees or perquisites of office.

12. The Legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of all statute laws, and of such judicial decisions as it may deem expedient; and all laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person.

§ 13. Tribunals for conciliation may be established, with such powers and duties as may be prescribed by law; but such tribunals shall have no power to render judgment to be obligatory on the parties, except they voluntarily submit their matters in difference, and agree to abide the judgment, or assent thereto in the presence of such tribunal, in such cases as shall be prescribed by law.

§ 14. The Legislature shall determine the number of Justices of the Peace to be elected in each county, city, town, and incorporated village of the State, and fix by law their powers, duties, and responsibilities. It shall also determine in what case appeals may be made from Justices' courts to the county court.

§ 15. The Justice of the Supreme Court, and Judges of the District Court shall severally at stated times during their continuance in office, receive for their services a compensation, to be paid out of the treasury, which shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which they shall have been elected. The County Judges shall also severally, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation to be paid out of the county treasury of their respective counties, which shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which they shall have been elected.

16. The Justices of the Supreme Court and District Judges, shall be ineligible to any other office during the term for which they shall have been elected.

§ 17. Judges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, but may state the testimony and declare the law.

§ 18. The style of all process shall be, "The People of the State of California;" all the prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of the same.

ARTICLE VII.
MILITIA.

SECTION. 1. The Legislature shall provide by law for organizing and disciplining the militia, in such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incompatible with the Constitution and laws of the United States.

§ 2. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed, in such a manner as the Legislature shall from time to time direct, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. 3. The Governor shall have power to call forth the militia to execute the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.

ARTICLE VIII.
STATE DEBT.

The Legislature shall not in any manner create any debt or debts, liability or liabili ties, which shall singly or in the aggregate, with any previous debts or liabilities, exceed the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, except in case of war, to repel invasion or suppress insurrection, unless the same shall be authorized by some law for some single object or work, to be distinctly specified therein, which law shall provide ways and

means, exclusive of loans, for the payment of the interest of such debt or liability as it falls due, and also pay and discharge the principal of such debt or liability within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof, and shall be irrepealable until the principal and interest thereon shall be paid and discharged; but no such law shall take effect until, at a general election, it shall have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such election; and all money raised by authority of such law shall be applied only to the specific object therein. stated, or to the payment of the debt thereby created; and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each judicial district, if one be published therein, throughout the State, for three months next preceding the election at which it is submitted to the people.

ARTICLE IX.
EDUCATION.

SECTION 1. The Legislature shall provide for the election by the people of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall hold his office for three years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law, and who shall receive such compensation as the Legislature may direct.

§ 2. The Legislature shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improvement. The proceeds of all land that may be granted by the United States to this State for the support of schools, which may be sold or disposed of, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new states, under an act of Congress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several states of the Union, approved A. D. 1841; and all estate of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will, or heir, and also such per cent. as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all the rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the Legislature may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the State.

§ 3. The Legislature shall provide for a system of common schools, by which a school shall be kept up and supported in each district at least three months in every year, and any district neglecting to keep and support such a school, may be deprived of its proportion of the interest of the public fund during such neglect.

§ 4. The Legislature shall take measures for the protection, improvement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or may hereafter be reserved or granted by the United States or any person or persons, to the State for the use of the university; and the funds accruing from the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose aforesaid, shall be and remain a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be applied to the support of said university, with such branches as the public convenience may demand for the promotion of literature, the arts and sciences, as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. And it shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds. of said university.

ARTICLE X.

MODE OF AMENDING AND REVISING THE CONSTITUTION.

SECTION 1. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be proposed in the Senate or Assembly; and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the Legislature then next to be chosen, and shall be published for three months next preceding the time of making such choice. And if, in the Legislature next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty of the Legislature to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner and at such time as the Legislature shall prescribe; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amedments by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the Legislature, voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become part of the Constitution.

§ 2. And if at any time two-thirds of the Senate and Assembly shall think it necessary to revise and change this entire Constitution, they shall recommend to the electors, at the next election for members of the Legislature, to vote for or against the Convention; and if it shall appear that a majority of the electors voting at such election have voted in favor of calling a Convention, the Legislature shall at its next session provide

by law for calling a Convention, to be holden within six months after the passage of such law: and such Convention shall consist of a number of members not less than that of both branches of the Legislature.

ARTICLE XI.

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.

SECTION 1. The first session of the Legislature shall be held at the Pueblo de San Jose, which place shall be the permanent seat of government until removed by law; provided, however, that two-thirds of all the members elected to each house of the Legislature shall concur in the passage of such law.

§ 2. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, either within this State or out of it; or who shall act as second, or knowingly aid or assist in any manner those thus offending, shall not be allowed to hold any office of profit, or to enjoy the right of suffrage under this Constitution.

§ 3. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, shall, before they enter on the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation :

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the State of California, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of according to the best of my ability." And no other oath, declaration or test, shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust.

§ 4. The Legislature shall establish a system of county and town governments, which shall be as nearly uniform as practicable throughout the State.

§ 5. The Legislature shall have power to provide for the election of a Board of Supervisors in each county; and these Supervisors shall jointly and individually perform such duties as may be prescribed by law.

§ 6. All officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, and all officers whose offices may hereafter be created by law, shall be elected by the people, or appointed as the Legislature may direct.

§7. When the duration of any office is not provided for by this Constitution, it may be declared by law, and if not so declared, such office shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment; nor shall the duration of any office not fixed by this Constitution ever exceed four years.

8. The fiscal year shall commence on the first day of July.

§ 9. Each county, town, city, and incorporated village, shall make provision for the support of its own officers, subject to such restrictions and regulations as the Legisla ture may prescribe.

§ 10. The credit of the State shall not in any manner be given or loaned to, or in aid of any individual, association, or corporation; nor shall the State directly or indi rectly become a stockholder in any association or corporation.

§ 11. Suits may be brought against the State in such manner, and in such courts, as shall be directed by law.

§ 12. No contract of marriage, if otherwise duly made, shall be invalidated for want of conformity to the requirements of any religious sect.

§ 13. Taxation shall be equal and uniform throughout the State. All property in this State shall be taxed in proportion to its value, to be ascertained as directed by law; but Assessors and Collectors of town, county, and State taxes shall be elected by the qualified electors of the district, county, or town in which the property taxed for State, county, or town purposes, is situated.

§ 14. All property, both real and personal, of the wife, owned or claimed by marriage, and that acquired afterwards by gift, devise, or descent, shall be her separate property: and laws shall be passed more clearly defining the rights of the wife, in relation as well to her separate property, as to that held in common with her husband. Laws shall also be passed providing for the registration of the wife's separate property.

§ 15. The Legislature shall protect by law from forced sale a certain portion of the homestead and other property of all heads of families.

§ 16. No perpetuities shall be allowed, except for eleemosynary purposes.

§ 17. Every person shall be disqualified from holding any office of profit in this State who shall have been convicted of having given, or offered a bribe, to procure his election or appointment.

§ 18. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, serving on juries, and from the right of suffrage, those who shall hereafter be convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, or other