EXERCISE 14.

Form sentences, containing the following words and prepositions.

.....

Ann. (Ann reads in her Bible.)

is a preposition, it shows the relation of the noun Bible to reads.

In.

ART. 51. A CONJUNCTION is a word. that is used to connect words or sentences; as,

He and I must go.

George is tall, but William is taller.

ART. 52. It is so called, because the word conjunction means a connecting or joining together.

ART. 53. PRINCIPAL CONJUNCTIONS: And, although, also, as: because, both, but: either, except: for: if: lest: neither, nor, notwithstanding: or: provided: since, so, still: than, that, then, therefore, though: unless: wherefore, whether: yet.

REM.-Notwithstanding is a conjunction or a preposition, according to its connection. See page 119, Art. 220.

EXERCISE 15.

Fill the blanks with conjunctions, and point out all the parts of speech. 1. William came, (though) Henry could not leave. Though... is a conjunction, because it connects the two sentences William came and Henry could not leave.'

Could leave is a verb. (Point out the other words as usual.)

2. Men admire virtue, ( 3. I can not leave home, ( 4. The wind blew fiercely ( 5. George visited the city, (

) it produces happiness.
) my sister will remain.
) the rain fell fast.
) Thomas remained at home.

EXERCISE 16.

Form sentences, each containing one of the following words and a conjunction

Went. (The ship went to sea, but it returned not.)

But...

Not.

is a conjunction, connects the two sentences.

is an adverb, qualifying returned. (Point out the nouns, &c.)

What is a conjunction? Why is it so

QUESTIONS.-) -Recite Exercise 14. called? Mention some. Recite Exercises 15, 16.

ART. 54. An INTERJECTION is a word that is used as an exclamation to express emotion; as,

Alas! my child!

Adieu! my friend!

ART. 55. It is so called, because the word interjection means something thrown in between, and it is often placed between other words; as, 'My friend, alas! is dead.'

ART. 56. PRINCIPAL INTERJECTIONS: Adieu, ah, aha, alack, alas, away: fy: ha, hail, halloo, hem, hey, heyday, hist, ho, hum, hush, hurra, huzza: indeed: la, lo: O, oh: pshaw: tush.

Hush.

EXERCISE 17.

1. Hush! vain dreamer.

is an interjection, because it is used as an exclamation; vain, an adjective, &c.; dreamer, a noun, &c.

2. Oh for fortune's smiles.

3. Hail! man of wisdom.

4. Hurra! for the bonnets of blue.

NUMEROUS EXERCISES of a simple character, on adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, are contained in the Author's Primary Grammar, pages 26 to 34 inclusive, which, it is taken for granted, the pupil has already studied.

From the preceding explanations it will be seen, that the words in the English language are divided into the following

QUESTIONS.-What is an interjection? Why is it so called? Mention some interjections. Recite Exercise 17. How many, and what are the parts of speech?

PARSING.

ART. 58. Parsing is describing,

1. The nature of words;

2. Their properties;

3. Their relation to each other in sentences.

The first step in parsing, viz., describing the nature of words, or telling what parts of speech they are, has been taught in the preceding pages.

The first example in the following Exercise contains all the parts of speech; and under it is a model for parsing them, as far as learned by the pupil.

EXERCISE 18.

Let the pupil parse each word.

1. True piety brings happiness to every heart, although, alas! we too often neglect it.

True

Piety

MODEL FOR PARSING.

is an adjective, qualifies the noun piety.
is a noun, a name; common, a general name.

[happiness.

Brings. is a verb, denotes action; transitive, the action passes over to Happiness. is a noun, a name; common, a generał name.

To.

...

is a preposition; shows the relation of heart to brings. Every. is an adjective; qualifies the noun heart.

Heart. is a noun, a name; common, a general name.

Alas

...

Although, is a conjunction; connects the two clauses. (See Art. 53.) is an interjection, because it is merely an exclamatory word. is a pronoun, stands for the persons speaking.

We.

Too.

Often.

....

is an adverb, because it qualifies the adverb often.

is an adverb, because it qualifies the verb neglect.

Neglect. is a verb, denotes action; transitive, the action passes over to it. is a pronoun, because it stands for the noun piety.

It.

2. Industry leads to prosperity.

3. Honesty is the best policy.

4. Knowledge strengthens the mind.

5. Many men, women, and children live in cities.
6. The beginning of wisdom is the fear of the Lord.
7. We shall obtain information, if we study diligently.
8. Beauty very frequently injures the possessor of it.
9. The years of life, alas! how few and evil they are!

QUESTIONS.-What is parsing? What part has already been taught? Recite Exercises 18, 19.

10. The industrious man labors during the day, and he rests at night. 11. The trees of the forest bend and break beneath the wind. 12. Jane went to the city, and she purchased dresses and books. In Exam. 9, how is an adverb, qualifying few.

In Exam. 11, and is a conjunction; connects bend and break.

NOTE.-Exercises like the preceding may be divided into several lessons, or, if found too difficult, may be omitted until the book is reviewed. They will abundantly repay the labor of writing and parsing them. Each sentence should be short, and every word should be parsed, as far as the pupil has learned to do this.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.

(The questions in Italics may be omitted until the book is studied the second time.)

Name ten.

How may it

How are nouns

Name ten. What

How many and what are the parts of speech? NOUN. What is a noun? Why so called? be distinguished from the other parts of speech? divided? What is a proper noun ? Why so called? is a common noun? Name ten.

PRONOUN.-What is a pronoun? Why so called? Name the leading

pronouns.

Why so called?

ADJECTIVE.-What is an adjective? Which are called articles? From what is An derived? From what is The derived? When is An used? When A? How may an adjective be known? Name ten VERB. What is a verb? Why so called? How many, and what kinds of verbs? What is a transitive verb? Why so called? What is an intransitive verb? Why so called? How may a verb be known? Name ten.

called? What is the distincName ten adverbs.

Why so called? Name some.

ADVERB.-What is an adverb? Why so tion between an adjective and an adverb? PREPOSITION.-What is a preposition? CONJUNCTION. What is a conjunction? Why so called? Mention some. INTERJECTION.-What is an interjection? Why so called? Name some. What is parsing? Which step has been explained?

CHAPTER II.

PROPERTIES OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

THE TEACHER will recollect, that the matter in the two larger kinds of type may be studied as a first course, and that the questions to this part are in Roman letters. The matter in the smaller type, (like this note,) may be left, if thought best, until the book is studied the second time. The questions to this part are in Italics. The Exercises should be studied both times.

ART. 59. A PROPERTY of a part of speech is whatever belongs to it, as number and case to nouns; mode and tense to verbs, &c.

THE NOUN,

AND ITS PROPERTIES.

ART. 60. A NOUN is the name of any thing; as Henry, boy, Ohio, book, truth.

ART. 61. Proper nouns become common nouns, when they are used for a number of persons or things; as, 'The Johnsons,' 'The Jameses,' 'The twelve Caesars,' 'He is a true Washington.'

Here, the Johnsons, &c., are spoken of as if they were names common to a class.

REM.-Americans, Spaniards, Jews, &c., are words of the same kind. ART. 62. A collective noun denotes a number of persons or things, considered as one body; as, nation, assembly, flock.

ART. 63. An abstract noun presents an idea abstractly, or apart from any particular person or thing; as, greatness, wisdom, virtue, &c.

Greatness means not a great man nor a great mountain, but merely the quality, abstracted from every thing else.

ART. 64. Any word, sign, phrase, or sentence, may become a noun; as,

And is a conjunction.'

To love all men is a duty.'

'+denotes addition.'

"That he should go, is strange.'

Here, And,+, To love all men, and That he should go, are nouns.

QUESTIONS.-What is a property of a part of speech? Why is it so called? How many kinds of nouns ? (See

What is a noun? Art. 16, page 9.)

What is a proper noun? (Page 9.) Why so called? A common noun? (Page 9.) Why so called? When do proper nouns become common noun? Mention ten proper and ten common nouns. What is a collective noun? What is an abstract noun? What may become a noun?