ART. 152. The MODES of verbs denote the manner in which an action or state of being is represented.

REM.-When we say, 'I love,' we speak of loving in a direct manner and when we say, ; 'If I love,' we speak of it in a doubtful manner. The verb love is here in different modes, or

denotes different manners of action.

ART. 153. The word mode is used, because it means manner: 'his mode of doing business,' 'his mode of living,' mean 'his manner of doing business,' 'his manner of living.'

ART. 154. Verbs have six modes: indicative, potential, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, and participial.

REM. To indicate all the varieties of manner of action or existence would be impossible, and therefore a few of the leading distinctions only are selected, and in each is grouped a number of modes, the name being taken from the leading idea.

Indicative Mode.

ART. 155. The Indicative Mode is used for declaring, or indicating; as,

ART. 156. This is called the indicative mode, because the word indicative means indicating, pointing out.

QUESTIONS.-What do the modes denote? Illustrate the definition? Why so called? What modes do verbs have? Are all the varieties of mode represented? Why not? From what is the name of a mode taken? For what is the indicative mode used? Why is it so called?

EXERCISE 55.

Give, as in the model below, the indicative mode of the following words.

ART. 157. The Potential Mode denotes power, possibility, liberty, obligation, duty, necessity, inclination, and determination; as,

This mode is also used for asking questions; as,

Can you study? Must I go?

ART. 158. This is called potential, because that word means able, having power.

REM. 1.-Though this mode is called potential from its leading idea, the several modes expressing liberty, duty, &c., are grouped with it, because they are of similar nature.

REM. 2. The indicative and potential modes are the only ones that can be used interrogatively.

EXERCISE 56.

Give, as in the model, the potential mode of the following words.

Repeat the interrogaWhat does the potential What other modes are grouped with this?

QUESTIONS. Repeat the forms used for declaring. tive forms. (See Exercise 55.) Recite Exercise 55. mode denote? Why so called?

Why? Which modes are used interrogatively? Give examples denoting power. (See Exercise 56, Model.)

ART. 159. The Subjunctive Mode denotes doubt or a condition, and is subjoined to another verb; as,

I will go, if you will call for me.

Here, the action of calling is represented as doubtful, or uncertain.

ART. 160. The word subjunctive means subjoined to, and this mode is so called, because it is generally subjoined to another verb, as in the example given, where the subjunctive, if you will call,' is subjoined to the verb, will go.'

ART. 161. The tenses of this mode are usually formed, by placing before the corresponding tenses of the indicative or potential mode any conjunction expressing doubt or uncertainty ; as, if, lest, except, unless, &c.; as,

If I had loved, If I could love, &c.

REM. The subjunctive is sometimes formed without the conjunction, by a change in the order of the words; as,

'Had I loved,' for 'If I had loved.'

'Could I love,' for If I could love,' &c.

QUESTIONS. Give examples denoting liberty. Necessity. Inclination or determination. Duty. Give some of its interrogative forms. Recite Exercise 56. What does the subjunctive mode denote? Why so called? How are the tenses of this mode usually formed? Give the examples. In what other way is this mode sometimes formed?

EXERCISE 57.

Give, as in the model below, the subjunctive mode of the following verbs.

Give the person, number, and mode of each verb in the following expressions.

is 3d per., sing. num., because its nom. he is, and ind. mode, because it asks a question in the indicative form.

In Ex. 2, learn is in the indicative mode, because it declares.
In Ex. 3, can learn is potential, because it denotes ability.

Imperative Mode.

ART. 162. The Imperative Mode is used for commanding, exhorting, entreating, and permitting; as,

Leave me not.

QUESTIONS.-Recite Exercises 57, 58. For what is the imperative mode

ART. 163. This mode is so called, because the word imperative means commanding.

REM. 1.—Besides commanding, other modes of action, as exhorting, &c., being of a similar nature, and expressed in a similar manner, are included in this mode.

REM. 2. The imperative mode is used only in the second person, and, therefore, always has you, or ye, or thou, for its nominative.

Infinitive Mode.

ART. 164. The Infinitive Mode is used to express an action or a state of being in a general and unlimited

ART. 165. This is so called, because the word infinitive means without limitation, and this mode is unlimited by person or number. It, therefore, has no nominative.

REM. The infinitive mode may generally be known by the sign to. For exception see Rule X, Rem. 3.

EXERCISE 59.

Give the imperative, and the two forms of the infinitive, in the following words. Inf. To call. To have called.)

Call. (Imp. Call.

ART. 166. The Participial Mode, or Participle, is that form of the verb which partakes of the nature of a verb and an adjective; as,

The birds flying away, soon disappeared.

QUESTIONS.-Why is the imperative mode so called? What is the leading idea as denoted by the word? What other modes of action are included in it? Why are they included? (Art. 163, Rem. 1.) What person has the imperative? What, then, is always its nominative? How is the infinitive mode used? Give examples. Why is this so called? Why has this mode no nominative? How may it generally be known? Recite Exercise 59. What is the participial mode?