226.-15. usher-under-teacher.

227.-3. St. Paul's Churchyard: the street around St. Paul's Cathedral is so called; the book-shop referred to was Newbery's, for whom Goldsmith is supposed to have written Goody Two Shoes.-6. Life of Beau Nash, which is not reprinted: it had been twice reprinted when Macaulay wrote.-10. Sketches of London Society: the correct title is The Letters of a Citizen of the World.

228.-11. Inns of Court: see note on 82, 31.-37. The Dunciad: by Pope; the fourth book was published in 1742.

230.-2. Drury Lane, i. e., Drury Lane Theatre, where Garrick was manager as well as leading actor.-3. Covent Garden, i. e., the theatre there; for the Garden, see note on 70, 11.-11. False Delicacy: by Hugh Kelly.-16. very best scene: in Act III.-25. The Rehearsal: a play (1671) by the Duke of Buckingham and others, in which the faults of the Restoration dramas are wittily ridiculed; Bayes stands in part for Dryden, as poet laureate.— 32. The finest poem: the reference is to De Rerum Natura ("On the Nature of Things") by the Roman poet Lucretius (96 ?55 B. C.), on the physical and moral doctrines of Epicureanism; cf. 2, 19-20.

231.-37. Kelly and Cumberland: contemporary sentimental dramatists.

...

232.-17. Naseby: this village (where the Roundheads defeated the Royalists in 1645) is in the center of England, and Yorkshire is one of the northern counties; Goldsmith's mistake is much like saying that New York City is in Vermont.-20-21. Alexander Montezuma: the Macedonian conqueror and the Mexican Emperor (died 1520) were separated by eighteen centuries; it was Gibbon who thus trifled with the guileless historian of Greece.-30. southern signs: the signs of the zodiac that are on the south side of the equator.-31. Maupertuis: a French astronomer (1698-1759).

233.-12. bulks-frameworks projecting from the front of a shop.-19. Beauclerk: a cultivated gentleman of the day, very intimate with Doctor Johnson; he had a private library of 30,000 volumes.-28. Horace Walpole: son of the prime minister, Robert Walpole, and author of The Castle of Otranto (1764).—30. Chamier: Anthony Chamier (1725-1780), a friend of Johnson and his circle, being one of the original members of The Club"; he was at one time under-secretary of state.

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234.-38. damning with faint praise: Pope, Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, 201:-" Damn with faint praise."

235.-3. George Steevens: a Shakesperean scholar (1736-1800); "his life was one of constant quarrels from his habit of making anonymous attacks upon his friends in the newspapers, and his bad temper" (Century Dictionary of Names).-24. the Temple: one of the inns of court (see note on 82, 31); so called from the Knights Templars, who had their headquarters there in the days of the Crusades.-27. Clive: Robert Clive (1725-1774), who enormously extended the power of England in India, and was twice governor of Bengal; "Clive returned to England with a fortune of at least £300,000 (Encyclopædia Britannica).

236.-32. a little poem: Retaliation.

WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY.

OLIVER GOLDSMITH.

This sketch of Goldsmith is a part of the last lecture in a series of lectures delivered in England in 1851, and in America in 1852-1853.

238.-1-12. "Jeté sur cette boule," etc." Cast upon this ball, ugly, puny, suffering, suffocated in the crowd because I am not great enough, a touching plaint issues from my mouth. The good God says to me, 'Sing, sing, poor little one! Unless I deceive myself, to sing is my task here below. All those whom I thus amuse, will they not love me?"-13. Béranger-a French lyric poet (1780-1857).

239.-36. turf-peat; used extensively in Ireland for fuel. 241.-1. Æsop: an old tradition made the Greek fabulist very ugly and deformed.

242.-1. buckeen: in Ireland, a poor young man, without occupation, and aping the habits of the rich; the word is a diminutive of "buck," a dandy.-4. Temple: see note on 235, 24.

244.-2. Beattie: James Beattie (1735-1803), a Scotch poet of mediocre ability.-3. Sterne: Tristram Shandy (1759-1767) made Sterne a London lion in the early sixties, when Goldsmith was struggling for his daily bread.-7. Newbery: see note on 27, 3. 9. Coleman's: Coleman was the manager of the Covent Garden Theatre.-10. his delightful comedy: She Stoops to Conquer.

247.-25. Yvetot: a town in France, which, with its territory, was in the Middle Ages a little kingdom by itself, although dependent on the French crown.-33. Ranelagh and the Pantheon: Ranelagh Gardens, in a suburb of London, were the scene of rather wild entertainments; the Pantheon, in London, was a sort of urban Ranelagh.-34. Madame Cornelys: she was the manager of public social assemblies in London for some time. -35. the Jessamy Bride: an affectionate nickname given Miss Horneck.

248.-11. Hazlitt: William Hazlitt (1778-1830), the essayist; see 140 for an essay by him.-15. the younger Coleman: son of the theatre manager; see 244, 9; the story is told in his Random Records.

249.-10-11. "I plucked his gown," etc.: The Deserted Village, 184.-18-19. " compassion for another's woe": Pope, The Universal Prayer:-" Teach me to feel another's woe."-25. pensioners dependents; see 246, 13-15.

JOHN RUSKIN.

SELECTIONS FROM MODERN PAINTERS.

Ruskin began Modern Painters chiefly for the purpose of showing that J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851) was the greatest of nature painters; in order to demonstrate Turner's truthfulness to the facts of the natural world Ruskin gave elaborate descriptions

of natural phenomena, and it is from such sections that the passages here printed are taken.

THE SKY.

250.-Modern Painters, Part II., Section III., Chap. I., §§ 1-4. -18. it is quite certain: referring to this statement in 1875, Ruskin wrote: "At least I thought so when I was four-andtwenty. At five-and-fifty I fancy it is just possible there may be other creatures in the universe to be pleased, or, it may be, displeased, by the weather."

251.-3-4. Too bright or good," etc.: Wordsworth, She was a Phantom of Delight.

252.-3. the still small voice: 1 Kings xix. 11-13.

RUNNING WATER.

252.-Modern Painters, Part II., Section V., Chap. III., §§ 22-24.

THE SEA.

254.-Modern Painters, Part II., Section V., Chap. III., §§ 38-39 255.-7. the Academy: the Royal Academy of Arts, London, which holds an annual exhibition of paintings.

256.-14. sepulchral waves: the bodies of dead slaves are being thrown overboard.-14-15. incarnadines the multitudinous sea: Macbeth, II. ii. 60-63:

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Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood

Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather
The multitudinous seas incarnadine,

Making the green one red."

MOUNTAINS.

256.-Modern Painters, Part V., Chap. VII., § 4.-18. coteaux=

hillocks.

LEAVES MOTIONLESS.

257.-Modern Painters, Part VI., Chap. X., §§ 22-24.

AN IDEALIST'S ARRAIGNMENT OF THE AGE.

In 1871 Ruskin began a series of "Letters to the Workmen and Laborers of Great Britain," appearing monthly at first, and later at varying intervals. In the first letter, on Jan. 1, he explained his purpose as follows:-"But I simply cannot paint, nor read, nor look at minerals, nor do anything else that I like, and the very light of the morning sky, when there is any-which is seldom, now-a-days, near London-has become hateful to me, because of the misery that I know of, and see signs of where I know it not, which no imagination can interpret too bitterly. Therefore, as I have said, I will endure it no longer quietly; but henceforward, with any few or many who will help, do my poor best to abate this misery." In the second letter he gives a fanciful explanation of the title of the series, Fors Clavigera (“Chance,

the Club-bearer or the Key-bearer "), from which it appears that he wishes his readers to think of Fors as Force, Fortitude, and Fortune, and Clavigera as suggesting strength of Deed, strength of Patience, and strength of Law.

259.-25. Denmark Hill: in south London.—33. A king's lovesong: Song of Solomon ii. 11-13; Ruskin has made a few changes and omissions.

260.-19. Samaritan: John iv. 17.

261.-25. pietra dura“ ornamental work in inlay of hard stones, such as agate and jaspers" (Century Dictionary).

262.-23. Seven Lamps of Architecture: published in 1849. 263.-12. Holborn Viaduct: an elevated roadway in the center of London; it had recently been completed (in 1869), and London was proud of it as a triumph of engineering.—36. Chaucer: in The Flower and the Leaf, formerly attributed to Chaucer, the superiority of the leaf is shown.-37. First Psalm: Ps. i. 3:'his leaf also shall not wither."

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264.-10. Ascidians: low forms of marine life, popularly called sea-squirts.-19. my Savoyard guide: "One of the pleasantest friends I ever had in my life was a Savoyard guide, who could only read with difficulty. . . . But he was, without exception, one of the happiest persons I have ever known; and after lunch, when he had had his half bottle of Savoy wine, he would generally, as we walked up some quiet valley in the afternoon light, give me a little lecture on philosophy; and after I had fatigued and provoked him with less cheerful views of the world than his own, he would fall back to my servant behind me, and console himself with a shrug of the shoulders and a whispered, 'Le pauvre enfant, il ne sait pas vivre!' ('The poor child, he doesn't know how to live! ')" (Fors Clavigera, Letter IV.).—20. savoir vivre" to know how to live."-21-22. savoir mourir= "to know how to die."-27. Cœur de Lion's: Richard I., king of England 1189-1199, was surnamed "The Lion-Hearted."-Albert Dürer's: Dürer was a great German painter (1471-1528).

265.-14. Buxton and Bakewell: in Wales, where the scenery is of great beauty.-15. Vale of Tempe: a valley in Greece, famous for its beauty; Olympus, the fabled seat of the gods, was

near.

266.-25. a cream bowl: cf. L'Allegro:—

"Tells how the drudging goblin sweat
To earn his cream bowl duly set."

-27. stilts-plough-handles.

267.-5. familiar-familiar spirit, demon.-10. Virgil thought so: Georgics, II. 458-460:-"O greatly fortunate, if they had known their good, the tillers of the field, for whom, far from jarring strife, the most just earth itself pours forth from the ground an easy living."-19. Cumberland: a county in the northwest of England, containing a part of the beautiful Lake District. 268.-3. Hesse's: Heinrich Hesse (1798-1863), professor of painting and director of the art collections in Munich, decorated several of the churches there with frescoes of religious subjects. -7. Minerva: as the goddess of wisdom she presided over the useful and ornamental arts, including spinning and weaving.— 10. cinque-cento-fold: a reference to Italian art of the sixteenth

century (cinque cento is an abbreviated form of mille cinque cento, "a thousand five hundred," by which the Italians indicate the years 1500 to 1599); Ruskin also plays upon "five-hundred-fold " (see 1. 9).-20 "position of William ": in Letter I. Ruskin has told of a carpenter, William, who borrows a plane of another carpenter, and at the end of a year has to return a new plane, besides giving a plank for the use of the worn-out plane; he calls this situation the "position of William."

269.-22. German and French: the Franco-Prussian War was then raging.

271.-16. I am not rich: Ruskin inherited a comfortable fortune from his father, in 1864, but had already reduced it considerably by generosity and reform ventures of various sorts; eventually he lost it all, and in his last years was dependent upon the sale of his books.

272.—18. old potter in France: Bernard Palissy (1510?-1588). -24-25. to question the nativity of men: another fling at the doctrine that men have evolved from lower forms of life; cf. 264, 10-11,-26. Magi: Matt. ii. 11.

JOHN HENRY NEWMAN.

THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.

Newman, after a distinguished career in the Church of England and at Oxford University, joined the Roman Catholic Church in 1845. In 1864 Charles Kingsley, the clergyman and novelist, published a violent attack upon Newman, accusing him of insincerity and equivocation, and asserting that the Roman Catholic Church favored deceit. The attack aroused Newman to write Apologia pro Vita Sua ("Defence of His Own Life "), in which he traced the development of his religious opinions, to show his sincerity and conscientiousness at every step, and also defended the church of his adoption from the charges brought against it in connection with those against himself. The portion here printed is taken from Chapter IV.

274.-12. Transubstantiation: the change of the bread and wine of the eucharist into the body and blood of Christ.-18. Macaulay: in his review of Ranke's History of the Popes, in the Edinburgh Review, October, 1840.-33. the phenomena, i. e., the external appearance of the bread and wine.

275.-32. mood and figure: terms of logic for the various kinds of syllogisms used in formal reasoning.

276.-16. "lamentations," etc.: Ezek. ii. 10.-33. 66 having no hope," etc.: Eph. ii. 12.

278.-20. establishment of religion: the formation of a state church, such as the Church of England.

...

282.-4-6. in his own person . . . living stones: 1 Cor. iii. 16; 1 Pet. ii. 5.

283.-37. St. Athanasius: a Church father of the fourth century, the foremost defender of orthodoxy in his day.-38. St. Augustine: the greatest father of the Church (354-430), who put his stamp indelibly upon the theology of Latin Christianity.