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Powers of the Continent as to the influ- that Hildebrand, the restorer and second ence to be exercised over the next Papal founder of the Papacy, induced Nicholas election. Some German papers have gone II. whose election he had himself brought so far as to suggest that the rights an- about, to issue the Bull which may be said ciently enjoyed by the "Holy Roman Em- to constitute the Magna Charta of the Sapire" have now passed by inheritance to cred College, who are thereby created an the German Empire; to which the Ultra- ecclesiastical Senate, and entrusted with montane Voce della Verità replies, not with- the sole exercise of the franchise, which out some force, that "the Holy Roman they had formerly shared with the clergy Empire has been dead for sixty-six years, and people of Rome. The Bull declares and left no heir, and that the new Prussian the right to belong first to the Cardinal Empire has about as much to do with it Bishops, then to the Cardinal Clerks, and as Victor Emmanuel with Odoacer." The leaves the clergy and people only the of same journal adds that the power of ex- fice of acquiescing in their choice. The clusion allowed to France, Spain, and Aus- Romans are consoled by a rather vague tria was not a right, but a mere friendly provision that the Pope should be chosen concession, which may at any moment be by preference from the bosom of the Ronrecalled, and ought to be recalled when an Church, and a clause was inserted, those States have ceased to be protectors "saving the honour and reverence due to of the Catholic Church, and only tolerate our beloved son Henry (Henry IV., who it, as they tolerate Anabaptists, Jews, or was a child at the time), at present king, Quakers. Still less can any such privilege and who with God's favour, it may be be claimed for a Protestant Powerlike hoped, will become Emperor, as also to his Prussia, which is actually engaged in perse- successors, who may have personally accuting the Church. Meanwhile an anony-quired this right from the Apostolic See." mous pamphlet on the subject has ap- This proviso, intended to soothe the pride peared at Munich, or rather has been dis- of the Emperor, was often afterwards aptributed in diplomatic circles, for it seems pealed to in contests between the Papacy not to have been regularly published. and the Crown, and Gfrörer has even falOnly a hundred copies are in print, and len into the strange mistake of supposing the writer's name, as well as the party he it to be the origin of the veto afterwards represents, is matter of dispute. But it exercised by certain Catholic Powers. has been criticized in several Italian jour- The next great change was accomplished nals, and the alleged intention of the Curia more than a century later, by Alexander to refuse the right of veto in the next III., but it is not quite accurately described Conclave gives an additional interest to in the pamphlet as a withdrawal of the the subject. The motto of the pamphlet, rights-shadowy as such rights already which is taken from De Maistre, rather were-of the people and the Emperor, points to an Ultramontane authorship. Alexander was elected by a bare majority "Il y a une grande erreur dans la cour de in a very stormy Conclave, and his long Rome. Sa Sainteté se croit souverain, reign was embittered by the rivalry of puis pape. C'est tout le contraire." But three successive anti-Popes. The decree the contents would hardly bear out this be promulgated at the third Lateran supposition. It does not look like the Council, and which has remained in force work of a theologian or a journalist, and ever since, was to provide that no election the splendid get-up, for it is quite an should be valid without a majority of twoédition de luxe, suggests an official origin. thirds of the Cardinals present. At that time, as the author observes, the Papacy was in the ascendant, but a matter of such importance for the States of Europe as the clection of a Pope was not likely to be left in the hands of ecclesiastics to settle as they pleased; and both the Emperors and the Kings of France found means of exercising an indirect influence through Cardinals attached to their interests. And thus very gradually grew up that right of exclusion, which was at first exercised in various ways, but came in course of time to assume definite form and obtain formal recognition, though resting on no written law. It was strictly confined to the

The question is treated historically, and the author beings by pointing out from how early a date first the Greeks and then the Germans came to interfere in the election of the Pope, though their right to do so was, naturally, recognized or contested, as the case might be, according to circumstances. We may add, however, that never before the eleventh century was the notion entertained of making the election independent of the civil authority, still less of lodging the exclusive right in the hands of a select body of ecclesiastics. It was after the Emperor Henry III. had deposed one Pope and nominated several

Crowns of Spain, France, and Germany; the earlier days of his pontificate, having beVenice, Tuscany, and Portugal have come a great nation. "What an Italian Pope claimed it, but the claim has never been began, an Italian prince has completed." allowed. Philip II. wished for a right, not It is difficult to determine how much there of exclusion, but of nomination, which was is of earnestness and how much of occult of course refused. It is impossible to de- irony in the following paragraph, which fine when the veto was first officially re- speaks of the Pope's present attitude, and cognized, but in 1644 the confessors of the his firm resistance to the seductive whisConclave declared the Cardinals to be pers of a party which hates Italy and all bound by it. It was formally exercised legitimate progress of the human mind, as by Austria in 1823 against Cardinal Sev- having gained for him universal respect. eroli, and, for the last time, in 1831, by Freed from the cares of State, "which hinSpain against Cardinal Giustiniani, who dered his divine mission without increashad been Nuncio at Madrid, and who ing his authority," he is said to rule the took the disappointment so keenly Church in complete independence. He is to heart that he was attacked with further said-on what evidence appears fever in consequence. But Austria, which not, and he publicly asserted less than a was most directly interested in the mat- week ago "that all guarantees are illusoter from her large Italian possessions, fa- ry"—to be fully convinced that the guarvoured the election of Pius VIII., while antees which the civil Powers would that of Leo X. was the work of the Italian read.ly give afford a far surer protection party, the French Cardinals who had been to the Church than the defunct temporal directed to exclude him having been out- power, which was weak at best, and so witted by a surprise; for the veto can often became the prey of foreign armies. only be exercised once, and only before If Pius IX. would but yield to the instincts the final election. Closely connected, we of his great heart, and reconcile himself may add, with this right of veto are the with the Kingdom of Italy, how great election manoeuvres with which the an- would be the advantage for the Church nals of Conclaves are filled, through the and for the world! But if not, he will plots of Cardinals to bring about some at least have lightened the task for his preconcerted result. The commonest of successor. The closing words of the painthese tricks-so common, indeed, as to be phlet we will give as they stand:almost an established custom is the naming of sham candidates by rival sections, generally with a view of eliciting the veto which would otherwise have been reserved for the candidate they really desire to elect, but which, once exercised, cannot be repeated. For the names of those Cardinals whom it wishes to exclude are always confided by each Court to some member of the Sacred College on whose fidelity it can rely, and who is to use his discretion in applying the veto at the right moment. But as every Cardinal takes an oath to vote for that candidate whom in his conscience he deems the worthiest, the question has been gravely discussed by canonists whether it is law ul for them, as a matter of strategical manoeuvring, to vote for a candidate whose election they do not intend or approve. Lawful or not, however, there can be no doubt of the ordinary practice.

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It will be for Italy a great and solemn moment when the Cardinals meet to elect a successor to Pius IX. She might perhaps feel tempted to desire to exercise the same influence on the Conclave as has been exercised for centurics past by the other great Catholic Powers. But Italy will refrain from that. Such a procedure would be inconsistent with the principle so often proclaimed of a free Church in a free State "; and it would meet with most determined resistance, although the same rights belong to her, as a Catholic Power, as to Spain, France, and Austria. On the other hand, Italy will exert a great moral influence over the Cardinals, most of whom are her sons; all the surroundings of place and time will remind them of their duty to their fatherland. They will have to consider whether it would not be better to establish an honourable peace, rich in blessings, thin to be perpetually recurring to claims hopelessly forfeited; in a word they will have to remember that it is their mission to complete what Pins IX. has begun. Nor will the other Catholic To return to the Munich pamphlet. it is their interest, too, that the Papacy should Governments put any pressure on the Conclave; After discussing the historical question, be reconciled with Italy, and this exhausting the author turns in conclusion to the ap- struggle cease. Nor have they any longer their proaching Conclave which will follow on old interest in excluding each other's candidates, the death of Pio Nono. He remarks on and turning the election, in which they take the the long and eventful reign of the present liveliest part, into a wild game of intrigues. Pope, and on the fact of Italy, by follow- And, moreover, inasmuch as they have more or ing in the path he himself pointed out in less followed the tendency of the age towards

the separation of Church and State, they too have lost their legitimate title to take part in the Conclave. Pius IX. has set his seal on this altered condition of things by reversing the unbroken precedent of all former centuries in not inviting the Governments to the Council. Thus the election will be free, and therefore full of blessing. If once the Pope is again wholly devoted to his lofty mission of leading men's hearts with wisdom and knowledge through example and self-sacrifice, he will have no more enemies, while as the true representative of Christ, he inscribes on his banner the evangelical words, pardon and love.

sentatives of those who, having been wounded by the thousand at La Hogue, were left untended and uncared for by the public ingratitude. Queen Mary, moved with compassion, set her heart upon providing shelter for her country's defenders, and urged upon her royal consort the propriety of converting one of the spare palaces into a hospital for crippled seamen. "While she lived, scarcely any step was taken towards the accomplishing of her favourite design; but it should seem that, as soon as her husband had lost her, he began her wishes. No time was lost; a plan was to reproach himself for having neglected furnished by Wren; and soon an edifice, surpassing that asylum which the magnificent Louis had provided for his soldiers, rose on the margin of the Thames."

The edifice remains; but the long-coated their artificial limbs, and their marvellous seamen with their three-cornered hats, tales of the dangers they had passed

who

Of Nelson and the North

Sang the glorious day's renown, and to whose yarns of storm and battle confiding juveniles "did seriously incline

The significance of these utterances depends of course on whether they emanate, as is rather suspected, from some shrewd member of the Curia who wishes to give a plausible character to its pretensions, or from a bona fide Liberal Catholic and friend of Italy, who earnestly desires peace, and has formed a brillant ideal in his own mind of the probable results of a separation of Church and State. Whether the three Great Powers who have a prescriptive right to the veto will care to claim it in the next Conclave, or prefer to trust to other means of exerting such influeuce as they may wish to use in the selection of a new Pope, it would be unsafe to predict. where are they? No longer they roam But while France stands aloof, and Aus- about the magnificent corridors, lie basktria and Spain, under constitutional Gov-ing in the sun, or meet in hall or chapel for ernments, are committed to what the Court common meal and common prayer. A few, of Rome regards as a policy of persecution, a very few remain, too old, too infirm, too there is every reason to expect that the much alone in the world, to be suffered to claim, if it is made, will be contested. It drift from that safe anchorage where no will be open of course to the Catholic Gov-storm can touch them, and where they ernments to decline to acknowledge a pon- await in calmuess and peace the signal tiff elected without their concurrence, and which shall summon them from this world two or three centuries ago, or perhaps to that which is to come. later, such would have been their natural course. But the age of anti-Popes is past, and the Conclave, whether acting with or without the official intervention of secular Powers, can hardly fail to appreciate the unwisdom of perpetuating a non possumus attitude from which the Papacy has nothing to gain and may have much to lose.

From Chambers's Journal, GREENWICH HOSPITAL. "FEW of those who now gaze on the noblest of European hospitals are aware that it is a memorial of the virtues of the good Queen Mary, of the love and sorrow of William, and of the great victory of La Hogue."

When these words were written by Lord Macaulay, Greenwich Hospital was still tenanted by the quaintly dressed repre

There is even a proposal to change the character and the genius of the place, and to convert the asylum for the old into a school for the young. How has all this come about?

On the 25th October 1694, letters-patent were passed under the Great Seal, granting to certain persons a parcel of ground at East Greenwich, "and the capital messuage commonly called by the name of the Palace of Greenwich, standing upon the said piece or parcel of ground," to the intent "that the premises should be converted and employed unto and for the use and service of a hospital for the relief of seamen, their widows and children, and an encouragement of navigation." On the 10th September 1695, additional letterspatent were issued, constituting the first Commissioners of Greenwich Hospital, and authorizing an annual payment out of the Treasury of a sum of money to defray ex

wards, the large landed property belong
ing to the family in the north of England,
together with all the Radcliffe property,
became forfeited to the crown.
The no-
tion of putting such property into the pub-
lic treasury was getting to be thought an-
tiquated, and fortunately it happened that
political and personal jealousy ran too high
to allow of a grant being made of it to any
private person or favourite. For twenty
years it remained in the hands of the sov-

penses; but this sum being inadequate in itself, and the continuance of the payments being uncertain, the act 7 and 8 William III. c. 21 was passed, providing "that every seaman whatsoever that shall serve his Majesty, his heirs, or successors, or any other person or persons whatsoever, in any of his Majesty's ships, or in any ship or vessel whatsoever belonging or to belong to any the subjects of England, or any other his Majesty's dominions, shall allow, and there shall be paid out of the wages of ev-ereign; but in 1735, an act of parliament ery such seaman to grow due for such his service, sixpence per mensem for the better support of the said hospital, and to augment the revenues thereof for the purposes aforesaid."

By this act, not only were seamen of the royal navy, for whose exclusive benefit the hospital was afterwards applied, required to pay the Greenwich sixpence, but the seamen of the mercantile marine, who for years received no benefit whatever from the hospital funds, were also called upon to contribute, and that in the same proportion.

The annual grant from the Treasury and the income derived from the Greenwich sixpence floated the royal hospital; but experience showed, that if the institution was to become the national benefit contemplated by the founders, it would be necessary either to endow it with property, of which the revenues should render it independent to a large extent of external aid, or that its expenses should form a permanent item of the Civil List. Waifs and strays of the public Exchequer were eagerly seized upon for bestowal on Greenwich Hospital. The first of these was netted in the year 1704, when L.6472, 1s. "being money or the proceeds of goods and merchandises which were taken with William Kidd, a notorious pirate, who was taken and executed several years since," and which had been, "on or about the oneand-thirtieth day of January one thousand seven hundred and four, paid into the receipt of the Exchequer, for public uses, by Richard Crawley, Esq., receiver of the goods of pirates and other perquisites of the Admiralty". were handed over "to and for the use and benefit of the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich."

(8 Geo. II. c. 23) was passed, by which, after payment of certain mortgages and certain annuities, the Derwentwater estates were vested in trustees on behalf of Greenwich Hospital.

This same act gave to merchant-seamen "maimed in fight against any enemy whatsoever of his Majesty," the same benefits of Greenwich as were enjoyed by seamen of the royal navy.

Excepting a grant of thirty thousand pounds made in 1749 out of the estate for the relief of the children of Charles Radcliffe, brother of the earl beheaded in 1715, the Derwentwater property has remained in the hands of Greenwich Hospital up to the present time, notwithstanding repeated efforts to win it again for the family, including the proceedings taken some three years since by the eccentric lady calling herself Countess of Derwentwater.

The annual proceeds of these endowments, and the fund formed by the Greenwich sixpence, constituted for many years the spending income of Greenwich. The great French war added several other sources of supply. Prize-money remaining unclaimed after three years was ordered to be given to the hospital; the shares due to deserters and "run men were afterwards added; privateers' men, and men in ships carrying letters of marque, were required to pay the sixpence a meath from wages; thirty-three shillings and fourpence per hundred pounds on the value of prizes, droits of Admiralty and bounty-money, was apportioned for the special purpose of giving officers pensions out of Greenwich funds; fines recoverable under the acts for the better regulation and government of seamen in the merchant-service, were made payable to Greenwich; and a heavy perThe next great windfall that came to centage was charged upon all money reGreenwich was that which now yields to it ceived by Her Majesty's ships for the cona revenue of fifty thousand pounds a year. veyance of freight, the amount so charged The young Earl of Derwentwater having going to the hospital. In 1817, doubt havbeen attainted of high-treason and executing arisen as to whether the several pered in 1715, and his brother, Charles Rad- centages payable were permanently payacliffe, having a'so been attainted, though | ble or only during the war, and question he was not executed for thirty years after- 'having also arisen as to the extent of the

percentage, an act was passed declaring the perpetuity of the payments, and fixing them at 5 per cent. upon the value of all prizes taken, upon all grants to the navy and marines, upon all bounty-money, and seizures"under the Revenue, Colonial, Navigation, or Slave Abolition Laws," and upon all droits of Admiralty.

stated that "this superb palace, with its long galleries and spacious colonnades, must, from the nature of the institution, become intolerably wearisome to men who are not totally incapable of taking part in any occupation or amusement. . . . It is not surprising that old sailors so circumstanced should resort to the alehouse, or to worse places."

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Out of the handsome income provided from the above-named sources, accommo- The conclusions arrived at by a departdation was found for about two thousand mental committee in 1863, and embodied seamen within the walls of Greenwich in a memorandum by the Duke of SomerHospital; the expenses of a school for the set in 1834, were decidedly to the effect education of eight hundred sons of seamen that the hospital no longer promoted the were defrayed; the wives and children of objects for which it was founded, and that seamen slain in the service were provided this great charitable institution supplies for; pensions to officers who had served very inadequately those wants which the long and well in the navy were allotted; national generosity would desire to meet." pensions to seamen who had done well, and The avidity with which pensioners availhad yet not been disabled, were author-ed themselves of a newly created privilege ized, under an act of the fifty-fifth of George III.; and finally, under an act passed in the early part of the same king's reign, a certain number of out-pensioners were sustained out of the funds of the hospital.

of so much leave of absence with pension in advance, to enable them to visit their friends, gave the cue to the direction which thoroughly beneficial reform should take. The memorandum already referred to pointed out that "the great body of pensioners can only obtain the advantages of a residence in this institution by the sacrifice of that perfect freedom, domestic comfort, and social independence, which no Englishman would willingly resign;" and proposed that none but the helpless, and infirm, and friendless, should be retained at the hospital, the whole of the remaining pensioners being sent with enlarged pensions to their homes; and that the general number of out-pensioners should be greatly and immediately increased.

Such, then, were the sources of revenue, such the persons relieved out of them, under the various acts relating to Greenwich Hospital passed up to the end of the great war. With long years of peace, not only did the demands upon the institution decrease, but the income, always in excess of requirements, improved and accumulated to a very considerable extent; so much so, indeed, that another and very important source of revenue was found in the dividends arising from the investment of some three millions of pounds. The Derwent- The suggestions made in this memoranwater estates improved greatly in value, dum were, with slight modifications of deand the general condition of the hospital tail, embodied in an act of Parliament in property was so good, as to enable it to July 1865, and have been found most benedispense in 1829 with the payment of the ficial in their operation. Greenwich hosGreenwich sixpence by seamen of the navy, pital was untenanted of all but the infirm, and, in 1831, by the seamen of the mer-who- by an arrangement which, recognizcantile marine. In 1835, the income of the hospital was upwards of one hundred and fifty thousand pounds a year, of which the Derwentwater estates yielded fifty thousand pounds.

ing the claims of the merchant-seamen who had so long contributed to Greenwich funds, placed a portion of the hospital at the disposal of the Dreadnought committee

were placed in charge of the Merchant It was found that while this princely in- Seamen's Society. The income of Greencome was in excess of the necessary ex- wich Hospital was redistributed in outpenditure, there was no power in the com- pensions to an extent which carried the missioners of the hospital materially to in- benefits of the institution to the utmost crease the beneficial scope of the institu- possible limits; a sum of four thousand tion. At the same time, it was found that pounds a year was also set aside for the the number of the inmates steadily de- benefit of infirm and disabled merchantcreased. Inquiry, directed in 1859, report-seamen; due provision was made for seed these facts, and also "the unwillingness of many seamen of the most valuable class to enter Greenwich Hospital." In explanation of the last fact, the commissioners

curing perpetual payment of the existing classes of pension to officers and seamen, and for the proper maintenance and relief of men in time of war. Sick and wounded

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